A Representação Do Feminino No Mundo De Oz, De L. Frank Baum

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A Representação Do Feminino No Mundo De Oz, De L. Frank Baum UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS MODERNAS PROGRAMA DE ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS E LITERÁRIOS EM INGLÊS SUBÁREA DE LÍNGUA A REPRESENTAÇÃO DO FEMININO NO MUNDO DE OZ, DE L. FRANK BAUM ANA CAROLINA LAZZARI CHIOVATTO São Paulo – SP 2017 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS MODERNAS PROGRAMA DE ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS E LITERÁRIOS EM INGLÊS SUBÁREA DE LÍNGUA A REPRESENTAÇÃO DO FEMININO NO MUNDO DE OZ, DE L. FRANK BAUM Ana Carolina Lazzari Chiovatto Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Linguísticos e Literários em Inglês, do Departamento de Letras Modernas da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Letras. Orientadora Profa. Dra. Elizabeth Harkot de la Taille São Paulo – SP 2017 Nome: CHIOVATTO, Ana Carolina Lazzari Título: A Representação do Feminino no Mundo de Oz, de L. Frank Baum Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Linguísticos e Literários em Inglês Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora Prof(a). Dr(a). Instituição: Julgamento: Assinatura: Prof(a). Dr(a). Instituição: Julgamento: Assinatura: Prof(a). Dr(a). Instituição: Julgamento: Assinatura: RESUMO Nos livros de L. Frank Baum cuja ação se desenvolve na Terra de Oz, as personagens femininas aparecem nas mais diversas funções, de protagonista a vilã, de fada a bruxa, de princesa a general, entre outras, sejam elas humanas, feéricas ou animais, desdobrando-se em diversos papéis e, desse modo, reproduzindo alguns estereótipos e quebrando outros. Diante desse campo fértil, o presente trabalho investiga as formas de representação do feminino empregadas na série, cuja primeira e mais conhecida obra é O Maravilhoso Mágico de Oz. Para tanto, a principal teoria a ser utilizada será a semiótica de linha francesa, com o suporte dos estudos comparatistas e dos estudos de gênero. Averiguamos se os livros da série de Oz trazem inovação na forma de representar o feminino. Como na própria introdução do primeiro livro o autor declarava escrever um conto de fadas moderno, investigou-se ainda a aparente diversidade na forma de manifestar o feminino em relação a outros contos de fada, como os de Charles Perrault e os dos irmãos Grimm. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: L. Frank Baum; Representação do Feminino; Estereótipos de Gênero; Semiótica; Contos de Fadas FEMALE REPRESENTATION IN THE WORLD OF OZ, BY L. FRANK BAUM ABSTRACT: In L. Frank Baum’s Oz books, a wide range of roles are performed by female figures: leading character and villain, fairy and witch, princess and general, among others, be they human, fairy or animal, thus reproducing some stereotypes while subverting others. In the face of such a profitable field of study, this dissertation researches female representation throughout the series, whose most renowned book is The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. French semiotics is the main theory underlying our study, aided by gender studies and comparative literature studies. We also sought to ascertain whether the first four books in Baum’s Oz series innovate in terms of female representation. As the first Oz book introduction asserted it was the author’s intention to write a modern fairytale, it was also explored in which ways Oz books represent female characters differently from other fairytales, such as those by Perrault and the Grimm brothers. KEYWORDS: L. Frank Baum; Female Representation; Gender Stereotypes; Semiotics; Fairytales Agradecimentos É necessário eleger uma ordem ao escrever os agradecimentos, o que pode transmitir uma falsa hierarquia da minha gratidão. Por isso, diga-se que eu precisei escolher uma, mas ela não é mais justa do que qualquer outra. Este trabalho não existiria sem cada uma das pessoas mencionadas e sem tantas outras que perpassaram meu caminho na vida acadêmica. Agradeço à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior – CAPES, por ter financiado minha pesquisa. Agradeço à minha queridíssima orientadora Elizabeth Harkot de la Taille pela confiança inabalável, pelas longas conversas sobre todos os assuntos, por toda a ajuda, pelos ótimos conselhos, pela infinita calma, pela compreensão e pelas sugestões brilhantes (pensando bem, má ideia: não sei listar tudo o que ela fez por mim). Agradeço à minha queridíssima supervisora do estágio de pesquisa na Universidade do Porto, Ana Luísa Amaral, pela calorosa recepção, pelos conselhos e pelas conversas, pelas indicações de leitura e por todas as sugestões, sem as quais este trabalho não conseguiria ser o mesmo. Agradeço ao professor Ivã Carlos Lopes, do Departamento de Linguística da FFLCH-USP, meu primeiro professor 1) na instituição, 2) de Letras e 3) de Semiótica. Aprendi com ele a base da semiótica francesa, mas tanto mais. Ele representou meu acolhimento na área de Letras e na USP. Agradeço pelos ótimos conselhos. Agradeço também por ter aceitado ser suplente da minha banca de qualificação e por ter aceitado integrá-la de última hora – e pela arguição atenta e cuidadosa. Agradeço à professora Vima Lia de Rossi Martin, do Departamento de Letras Clássicas e Vernáculas da FFLCH-USP, por integrar minha banca de qualificação. Sua arguição foi encorajadora e enriqueceu muito os horizontes da minha pesquisa. Ao amado amigo Renato Razzino, por todo o apoio desde antes de meu ingresso no mestrado, pelas explicações semióticas, pelo encorajamento e pela amizade. Aos colegas do Grupo de Estudos Semióticos, pelo acolhimento. À colega semioticista Paula Sanchez, por ler meus primeiros trabalhos em análise semiótica e ajudar a minar minhas inseguranças com seus didáticos comentários e sugestões. Ao pessoal da secretaria de pós-graduação do Departamento de Letras Modernas (FFLCH-USP), em especial Edite e Junior, que fazem tudo funcionar, e que muito me ajudaram com questões burocráticas diversas. Ao pessoal da Cooperação Internacional da FFLCH-USP, por viabilizarem meu estágio de pesquisa no exterior. Ao pessoal da Cooperação Internacional da Universidade do Porto, em especial Cristina Santos, da Faculdade de Letras, pela paciência, pelos esclarecimentos sobre os processos burocráticos, pela assistência com o Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras português. Ao editor e amigo Tomaz Adour, da Vermelho Marinho, pela oportunidade de traduzir a obra de L. Frank Baum que tanto me encantou e virou corpus do meu mestrado. À amiga Natália Couto Azevedo, por me encorajar (e insistir) para eu tentar entrar no mestrado da USP, apesar dos meus muitos receios, por vir da área de Comunicação. A Enéias Farias Tavares, pelas oportunidades, pela confiança e pela amizade inspiradora e encorajadora. Aos meus pais, por seu papel na minha formação como pessoa e como acadêmica. A Adriana, Andréia, Pierluigi, Ana Cristina e Giovana, meus irmãos, sem os quais o mundo seria cinza. A Bruno Anselmi Matangrano agradeço por tanta coisa, que, se eu fosse enumerar, teria de classificar por ordem alfabética e usar legendas de cores na lista, e mesmo assim acabaria deixando a maior parte de fora. Para ele qualquer agradecimento é simplesmente insuficiente. Índice Introdução 7 Capítulo 1: Representação e Estereotipagem do Feminino 12 I. Representação de gênero e sociedade 12 II. A representação do feminino 16 III. A representação de modelos e a infância 18 IV. O Mundo de Oz, de L. Frank Baum, e sua relação com a representação do feminino 26 Capítulo 2: Personagens Humanas 35 I. Dorothy 35 II. Tia Em e Tio Henry 66 Capítulo 3: Personagens Animais 72 I. Rainha dos Ratos do Campo 72 II. Billina 83 III. Eureka 95 Capítulo 4: Personagens Feéricas 109 I. Bruxas Más 109 II. Bruxas Boas 122 III. General Jinjur 143 IV. Ozma/ Tip 156 Conclusão 168 Referências Bibliográficas 170 Anexos 176 I. Lista das obras de Oz, em ordem 176 II. Glossário das personagens de Oz 178 III. Glossário de obras literárias e fílmicas citadas 181 Índice de Figuras Figura 1 113 Figura 2 113 Figura 3 117 Figura 4 125 Figura 5 125 7 Introdução As reflexões contidas na presente dissertação não são fruto apenas do período do mestrado; elas se iniciaram com as traduções que realizei dos quatro primeiros volumes da série Mundo de Oz, de L. Frank Baum, já publicadas pela editora carioca Vermelho Marinho, entre 2014 e 2016. Mesmo após quase um século da morte do autor, o universo ficcional criado por L. Frank Baum (1856-1919) continua muito presente no imaginário ocidental, vide as constantes releituras – como Wicked (1996), de Gregory Macguire, que deu origem ao mundialmente famoso musical homônimo da Broadway, e o recente Dorothy precisa Morrer (2014), de Danielle Paige, por exemplo – e adaptações cinematográficas e televisivas, como o recente filme Oz: Mágico e Poderoso (2013), dos estúdios Disney, e Emerald City, de Matthew Arnold, que se encontra em pós-produção. Apesar disso, só o primeiro livro da série é bastante traduzido. Embora pouca gente saiba, após o estrondoso sucesso de O Maravilhoso Mágico de Oz, publicado em 1900, Baum escreveu mais treze livros, sendo que o último deles, Glinda de Oz, saiu postumamente, no ano de sua morte, em 1919. De todo este material, apenas o segundo e o terceiro volume tiveram tradução para o português; a partir do quarto, a série era totalmente inédita, o que muito nos chamou a atenção. Ao longo dos meus trabalhos de tradução com o primeiro livro, em 2013, e, sobretudo, com o segundo, intuí que a representação do feminino realizada pelo autor nas obras rompia, ao menos em parte, com os tradicionais estereótipos femininos dos contos de fadas e da literatura infantil considerada ―clássica‖. No segundo semestre daquele mesmo ano, frequentei uma disciplina da área de semiótica na qualidade de aluna ouvinte e percebi que a teoria seria muito poderosa para o tipo de análises aos quais me propunha, mesmo que à época eu ainda não soubesse exatamente qual seria o tema da minha pesquisa.
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