DOCSLIB.ORG

A Political Demography of the Refugee Question Palestinians in Jordan and Lebanon: Between Protection, Forced Return and Resettlement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Political Demography of the Refugee Question Palestinians in Jordan and Lebanon: Between Protection, Forced Return and Resettlement View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Cadmus, EUI Research Repository A POLITICAL DEMOGRAPHY OF THE REFUGEE QUESTION PALESTINIANS IN JORDAN AND LEBANON: BETWEEN PROTECTION, FORCED RETURN AND RESETTLEMENT Françoise De Bel-Air CARIM Research Reports 2012/02 Co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES A political demography of the refugee question Palestinians in Jordan and Lebanon: between protection, forced return and resettlement FRANÇOISE DE BEL-AIR Doctor of Demographics and Social Sciences CARIM EURO-MEDITERRANEAN CONSORTIUM FOR APPLIED RESEARCH ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION RESEARCH REPORT, CARIM-RR 2012/02 BADIA FIESOLANA, SAN DOMENICO DI FIESOLE (FI) © 2012, European University Institute Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. Requests should be addressed to [email protected] If cited or quoted, reference should be made as follows: [Full name of the author(s)], [title], CARIM Research Reports [series number], Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI):European University Institute, [year of publication]. THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THIS PUBLICATION CANNOT IN ANY CIRCUMSTANCES BE REGARDED AS THE OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy http://www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ http://www.carim.org/Publications/ http://cadmus.eui.eu CARIM The Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM) was created at the European University Institute (EUI, Florence), in February 2004 and co-financed by the European Commission, DG AidCo, currently under the Thematic programme for the cooperation with third countries in the areas of migration and asylum. Within this framework, CARIM aims, in an academic perspective, to observe, analyse, and forecast migration in Southern & Eastern Mediterranean and Sub- Saharan Countries (hereafter Region). CARIM is composed of a coordinating unit established at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (RSCAS) of the European University Institute (EUI, Florence), and a network of scientific correspondents based in the 17 countries observed by CARIM: Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Palestine, Senegal, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey. All are studied as origin, transit and immigration countries. External experts from the European Union and countries of the Region also contribute to CARIM activities. CARIM carries out the following activities: - Mediterranean and Sub-Saharan migration database; - Research and publications; - Meetings of academics and between experts and policy makers; - Migration Summer School; - Outreach. The activities of CARIM cover three aspects of international migration in the Region: economic and demographic, legal, and socio-political. Results of the above activities are made available for public consultation through the website of the project: www.carim.org For more information: Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (EUI) Convento Via delle Fontanelle 19 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole Italy Tel: +39 055 46 85 878 Fax: + 39 055 46 85 755 Email: [email protected] Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies http://www.eui.eu/RSCAS/ Abstract Refugees from Palestine are one of the oldest refugee populations in the world. And UN General Assembly Resolution 194, which anchors Palestinian refugees’ claims for their right of return to Palestine, is now 63 years old. Yet, in Jordan and Lebanon, the refugees’ main host countries, the Palestinian presence grew in importance in domestic politics through the 2000s. In Lebanon there were the political debates surrounding the granting of some civil rights to Palestinian refugees, which culminated mid-2010. In Jordan, controversies over political naturalisation stir up violent political debates. This essay explores the reasons behind the fact that, in Jordan and Lebanon, granting civil rights to refugees raises a lot of concern. It also examines how the civil rights issue cannot be separated from that of the protection of the Palestinian “cause”, the right of return. More generally, the report investigates the various perceived challenges and the outreach of Palestinian refugees’ settlement (tawtin) in each of the two countries, before and after the late 1980s-early 1990s. Return and resettlement were taken as the two extremes of a similar demographic policy, and therefore, proved to be powerful political tools for regimes and political actors, at the local, regional and international levels. The theoretical framework of political demography and the “political economy” of Palestinian refugee trends and policies in Jordan and Lebanon also allowed for the Palestinian issue to be resituated in the history and the socio-political context of each country; thus revealing their specific challenges. The essay shows that the granting of civil rights to Palestinians is hampered by its politically-destabilising significance in host countries, where civil rights are constructed as citizenship-bound privileges. Therefore, debates on Palestinian refugees flag up deepening rifts within Jordanian and Lebanese citizenries, and diverging views on political “imagined communities” (Anderson, 1991). In Jordan, such a rift has been deepened by the recent emergence of nationalist movements and by the tensions which emerged in the wake of the Arab uprisings. Representations of national populations as closed, de jure and ethnic-based increasingly oppose views of nationhood as open, de facto and assimilationist. Résumé : Une démographie politique de la question des réfugiés. Les Palestiniens en Jordanie et au Liban, entre protection, retours forcés et réinstallation ? Les réfugiés de Palestine constituent maintenant l’une des plus anciennes populations de réfugiés au monde. En 2011, soixante-trois ans se sont écoulés depuis l’adoption de la résolution 194 de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, qui fonde les revendications palestiniennes d’un droit au retour des réfugiés de 1948 en Palestine. En Jordanie et au Liban, principaux pays d’accueil des réfugiés palestiniens, la question des réfugiés a cependant pris une importance accrue sur les scènes politiques nationales et régionale depuis les années 2000. Au Liban, des débats intenses entourent en 2010 les projets débattus au Parlement d’attribuer certains droits civils aux réfugiés palestiniens. Dans le même temps en Jordanie, des mesures contradictoires de naturalisations politiques de réfugiés mais aussi de privations de nationalité créent nombre de tensions. Cet essai cherche à expliquer pourquoi, dans ces deux pays, la question de l’attribution de droits civils aux réfugiés fait l’objet d’autant de controverses, et reste indissociable de la protection de la cause palestinienne du droit au retour. Plus généralement, cette étude explore les divers enjeux attribués, au Liban et en Jordanie, à l’éventualité d’une réinstallation des réfugiés palestiniens (tawtin), avant et après la période-charnière de la fin des années 1980-début des années 1990. Le retour et la réinstallation sont envisagés comme les deux extrêmes d’une même politique démographique et, en conséquence, comme de puissants instruments manipulables par les régimes en place et l’ensemble des acteurs politiques impliqués, sur les scènes domestique, régionale et internationale. Le cadre théorique de la démographie politique et de l’ « économie politique » des populations permet de dépasser les discours convenus sur la question des réfugiés et les modalités de son « règlement ». Ce cadre dévoile l’étendue des enjeux des exodes de 1948 et 1967, et permet d’expliquer les mesures directes et indirectes appliquées aux réfugiés et déplacés depuis lors, en resituant ces dynamiques et ces mesures au sein de l’histoire et du contexte socio-politique caractérisant ces deux pays. L’étude montre que l’attribution de droits civils aux réfugiés est freinée par la construction politique de ce type de droits en termes de privilège réservé aux citoyens et clients des régimes en place. Les débats sur le sujet des réfugiés trahissent les fractures divisant les populations libanaise et jordanienne comme « communautés imaginées » (Anderson, 1991), fractures creusées, dans le cas de la Jordanie, à la faveur des « printemps » arabes et de l’émergence récente de nombreux courants nationalistes. Des représentations des populations nationales comme fermées, de jure et à base ethnique s’opposent ainsi à d’autres conceptions de la nation comme ouverte, de facto et assimilationniste. En conclusion, l’étude évoque la possibilité de contourner le blocage politique lié aux enjeux du nombre des réfugiés palestiniens au sein des populations nationales et à l’intransigeance d’Israël touchant à l’application de la résolution 194. Un projet d’incorporation de la Jordanie au sein du Conseil de Coopération du Golfe discuté mi-2010 aurait peut-être pu amorcer un changement de perception de la question des réfugiés et de leurs droits sociaux, par un changement d’échelle géo- démographique et politique, mais aussi économique, grâce
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses A study of the ideology of Palestinian Arab nationalism since 1948 Nottingham, Judith How to cite: Nottingham, Judith (1973) A study of the ideology of Palestinian Arab nationalism since 1948, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10102/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk A STUDY OF THE IDEOLOGY OF PALESTINIAN . ' ARAB NATIONALISM SINCE 19^8 . by JUDITH NOTTINGHAM THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF M.A. ,ABSTRACT In the first half of the nineteenth century, the predominant ideas in Palestine, as in the rest of the Arab world, were of freedom from European rule. This was gradually achieved, at least formally,, and new ideas of pan-Arabism and unity became ascendant. The old Palestinian nationalist parties disintegrated in face of the ne^^r ideas and the loss of part of Palestine to the Jews.
    [Show full text]
  • Jordan – Palestinians – West Bank – Passports – Citizenship – Fatah
    Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: JOR35401 Country: Jordan Date: 27 October 2009 Keywords: Jordan – Palestinians – West Bank – Passports – Citizenship – Fatah This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions 1. Please provide background on the issue of Jordanian citizenship for persons of West Bank Palestinian descent. 2. What is the overall situation for Palestinian citizens of Jordan? 3. Have there been any crackdowns upon Fatah members over the last 15 years? 4. What kind of relationship exists between Fatah and the Jordanian authorities? RESPONSE 1. Please provide background on the issue of Jordanian citizenship for persons of West Bank Palestinian descent. Most Palestinians in Jordan hold a Jordanian passport of some type but the status accorded different categories of Palestinians in Jordan varies, as does the manner and terminology through which different sources classify and discuss Palestinians in Jordan. The webpage of the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) states that: “All Palestine refugees in Jordan have full Jordanian citizenship with the exception of about 120,000 refugees originally from the Gaza Strip, which up to 1967 was administered by Egypt”; the latter being “eligible for temporary Jordanian passports, which do not entitle them to full citizenship rights such as the right to vote and employment with the government”.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Palestinian Identity in Jordan and Saudi Arabia
    i Abstract Title of Thesis: Distinctions in Diaspora: A Comparative Study of Palestinian Identity in Jordan and Saudi Arabia Erin Hahn, Bachelor of Arts, 2020 Thesis directed by: Professor Victor Lieberman The Palestinian refugee crisis is an ongoing, divisive issue in the Middle East, and the world at large. Palestinians have migrated to six out of seven continents, and formed diaspora communities in all corners of the world. Scholars affirm that the sense of Palestinian national identity is recent, only having formed as a response to the Israeli occupation of the 20th century. This thesis explores the factors that constitute that identity, and asks the question: How have the policies implemented by the Jordanian and Saudi Arabian governments influenced the formation of a national identity among Palestinians in both countries? Through conducting semi-structured interviews, it became apparent that policies of the host countries can have a powerful influence on the formation of identity among groups of displaced people. I argue that Palestinians in Jordan have widely developed a dual sense of national identity, in which they identify with both Jordan and Palestine, to varying degrees. In contrast, due to the more exclusive policies enacted by Saudi Arabia, Palestinians living there feel more isolated from their community, and do not identify as Saudi Arabian. Palestinian identity does not look the same between the two groups, the differences can be traced to policy. This thesis will explore the current state of Palestinian identity in
    [Show full text]
  • CEPS Middle East & Euro-Med Project
    CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN POLICY WORKING PAPER NO. 6 STUDIES JULY 2003 Searching for Solutions PALESTINIAN REFUGEES HOW CAN A DURABLE SOLUTION BE ACHIEVED? TANJA SALEM This Working Paper is published by the CEPS Middle East and Euro-Med Project. The project addresses issues of policy and strategy of the European Union in relation to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the wider issues of EU relations with the countries of the Barcelona Process and the Arab world. Participants in the project include independent experts from the region and the European Union, as well as a core team at CEPS in Brussels led by Michael Emerson and Nathalie Tocci. Support for the project is gratefully acknowledged from: • Compagnia di San Paolo, Torino • Department for International Development (DFID), London. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed are attributable only to the author in a personal capacity and not to any institution with which he is associated. ISBN 92-9079-429-1 CEPS Middle East & Euro-Med Project Available for free downloading from the CEPS website (http://www.ceps.be) Copyright 2003, CEPS Centre for European Policy Studies Place du Congrès 1 • B-1000 Brussels • Tel: (32.2) 229.39.11 • Fax: (32.2) 219.41.41 e-mail: [email protected] • website: http://www.ceps.be CONTENTS 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Background.....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Jordan – Palestinians – Gaza – Discrimination – Unemployment – Passports
    Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: JOR34052 Country: Jordan Date: 1 December 2008 Keywords: Jordan – Palestinians – Gaza – Discrimination – Unemployment – Passports This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions 1. Please provide detailed information on the status of Palestinians from Gaza in Jordan, their socio-economic circumstances; the discrimination they encounter with respect to employment, access to services and property rights; and the degree of hardship faced by members this group in their day to day lives. 2. Country information suggests that Palestinians from Gaza are allowed to work in the private sector in Jordan. Please provide a realistic assessment of this proposition in the context of Jordan’s official and unofficial employment rates; the level of Palestinians’ participation in the private (unskilled) work force; their rate of success in finding employment, and information suggesting that between 30% and 60% of Palestinians live below poverty levels in Jordan. 3. What is the extent of assistance provided by UNRWA to Palestinians from Gaza living in Jordan? 4. Are Palestinians from Gaza prevented from obtaining driver’s licenses in Jordan? 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping the Legal Obstacles Palestinians Face in Jordan
    Mapping the Legal Obstacles Palestinians Face in Jordan Arab Renaissance for Democracy and Development (ARDD)-Legal Aid is a Jordanian non-governmental organization established in 2010, operating across Jordan and with regional programs through our partners in Iraq and Lebanon. The organization’s mission is to actively contribute as a civil society organization to a just and stable society, free of inequity and conflict. We empower marginalized groups to acquire and enjoy their universal rights and freedoms by representing their needs and mobilizing relevant duty bearers to conform to human rights, good governance and the rule of law. Published by ARDD-Legal Aid Complex No 8 Khalil Mardam St. 11193 Jordan First Published in May 2015 © ARDD-Legal Aid 2015 ARDD-Legal Aid would like to thank Domenique Sherab for her efforts in writing this report. Mapping the Legal Obstacles Palestinians Face ‘any person with previous Palestinian Nationality except Jews before the date of May 15 1948 residing in the Kingdom during the period from December 1949 20 and February 16 in Jordan - April 2015 1954 is considered a Jordanian citizen.’(quoted in Hejoj 2007). This review outlines the various legal challenges that face Palestinians The right to nationality has enabled the right to education, medical care, work, property living in Jordan. As a consequence of their time of arrival and place of ownership, travel and state protection (Shiblak 2006). However these rights are time origin, Palestinians are treated with varying degrees of hospitality from and location bound and, thus, are not offered to all Palestinians residing in Jordan. As the Jordanian state.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliographies
    VOLUME II MIDDLE EAST PEACE NEGOTIATIONS WORKING GROUP ON REFUGEES GROUPE DE TRAVAIL SURLES REFUGIES NEGOCIATIONS POUR LA PAIX AU MOYEN-ORIENT Bibliographies 92--0801-00 Middle East Expert and Advisory Services Fund Phase I prepafi produced for project r - .. I ...... ~ E F 0 R R E no access restriction k University Toronto Canada BRIEFING BOOK INDEX Volume I Section I - References Section II - Contacts Volume II Section III - Bibliographies 1. Israel-Arab Conflict - General 2. Palestinian Refugees - General 3. Sample Annotated Bibliography - Palestinian Refugees 4. Jews from Arab Lands 5. Repatriation - General Bibliographies-Disclaimer *All the five bibliographies in Section III (Volume II) are samples. The source material for the bibliographies is primarily in English and the selection is limited. At present, sources other than in English (Hebrew, Arabic, French and other languages) are not included. Therefore, the current document should be utilised only as a prototype. It is an acknowledged need that future work must include preparation of (multi-lingual) exhaustive bibliographies on Repatriation, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Palestinian Refugees and Jews in Arab Lands as well as Kurdish Refugees. **The format used for the entries is as follows: Author (year) "Title of the article" in Title of the Journal. Vol. #(series#): page#. - or - Title of the Book. Place of Publication: Publishing Company. number of pp. Abstract: Keywords: BIBLIOGRAPHY !: ARAB-rSRAELI CONFLICT - GENERAL :1937) The Palestine Royal (Peel) Commission Report. Keywords: Arab states; Europe (1965} Israel and the Uniced Nacions, Report of Study Group. Keywords: Israel; United ~ations General Assembly; Law; self-determination (1977) Tb.e Palestinian Arab National .'1ovement: From Riots to Rebellion, 1929-1939, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Understanding the Struggle for Palestinian Human Rights
    A Guide to Understanding the Struggle for Palestinian Human Rights © Copyright 2010, The Veritas Handbook. 1st Edition: July 2010. Online PDF, Cost: $0.00 Cover Photo: Ahmad Mesleh This document may be reproduced and redistributed, in part, or in full, for educational and non- profit purposes only and cannot be used for fundraising or any monetary purposes. We encourage you to distribute the material and print it, while keeping the environment in mind. Photos by Ahmad Mesleh, Jon Elmer, and Zoriah are copyrighted by the authors and used with permission. Please see www.jonelmer.ca, www.ahmadmesleh.wordpress.com and www.zoriah.com for detailed copyright information and more information on these photographers. Excerpts from Rashid Khalidi’s Palestinian Identity, Ben White’s Israeli Apartheid: A Beginner’s Guide and Norman Finkelstein’s This Time We Went Too Far are also taken with permission of the author and/or publishers and can only be used for the purposes of this handbook. Articles from The Electronic Intifada and PULSE Media have been used with written permission. We claim no rights to the images included or content that has been cited from other online resources. Contact: [email protected] Web: www.veritashandbook.blogspot.com T h e V E R I T A S H a n d b o o k 2 A Guide to Understanding the Struggle for Palestinian Human Rights To make this handbook possible, we would like to thank 1. The Hasbara Handbook and the Hasbara Fellowships 2. The Israel Project’s Global Language Dictionary Both of which served as great inspirations, convincing us of the necessity of this handbook in our plight to establish truth and justice.
    [Show full text]
  • My Voice Is My Weapon: Music, Nationalism, and the Poetics Of
    MY VOICE IS MY WEAPON MY VOICE IS MY WEAPON Music, Nationalism, and the Poetics of Palestinian Resistance David A. McDonald Duke University Press ✹ Durham and London ✹ 2013 © 2013 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ♾ Cover by Heather Hensley. Interior by Courtney Leigh Baker Typeset in Minion Pro by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data McDonald, David A., 1976– My voice is my weapon : music, nationalism, and the poetics of Palestinian resistance / David A. McDonald. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-8223-5468-0 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-8223-5479-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Palestinian Arabs—Music—History and criticism. 2. Music—Political aspects—Israel. 3. Music—Political aspects—Gaza Strip. 4. Music—Political aspects—West Bank. i. Title. ml3754.5.m33 2013 780.89′9274—dc23 2013012813 For Seamus Patrick McDonald Illustrations viii Note on Transliterations xi Note on Accessing Performance Videos xiii Acknowledgments xvii introduction ✹ 1 chapter 1. Nationalism, Belonging, and the Performativity of Resistance ✹ 17 chapter 2. Poets, Singers, and Songs ✹ 34 Voices in the Resistance Movement (1917–1967) chapter 3. Al- Naksa and the Emergence of Political Song (1967–1987) ✹ 78 chapter 4. The First Intifada and the Generation of Stones (1987–2000) ✹ 116 chapter 5. Revivals and New Arrivals ✹ 144 The al- Aqsa Intifada (2000–2010) CONTENTS chapter 6. “My Songs Can Reach the Whole Nation” ✹ 163 Baladna and Protest Song in Jordan chapter 7. Imprisonment and Exile ✹ 199 Negotiating Power and Resistance in Palestinian Protest Song chapter 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Ammani Youth- Paradoxical Citizens on the Margins Holly L
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations Spring 2019 Ammani Youth- Paradoxical Citizens on the Margins Holly L. Smith Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Geography Commons Recommended Citation Smith, H. L.(2019). Ammani Youth- Paradoxical Citizens on the Margins. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/5159 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AMMANI YOUTH- PARADOXICAL CITIZENS ON THE MARGINS by Holly L. Smith Bachelor of Arts Eastern University, 1999 Master of Arts University of South Carolina, 2015 ___________________________________________ Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2019 Accepted by: Amy Mills, Major Professor Caroline R. Nagel, Committee Member Jessica E. Barnes, Committee Member Karen Culcasi, Committee Member Rami F. Daher, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Holly L. Smith, 2019 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION To SmithTeamSix- four of whom agreed to the ‘year of the hot lunch’ only to have it turn into three years of hot lunches… before giving up and learning to pack their own lunches. Cameron, Carter, Cobin, and Calleigh this journey was a team effort and I thank you for your telling me, “Mom- DO YOUR WORK!” and to the fifth- for always cheering me on and sustaining the team- Troy you are my rock.
    [Show full text]
  • Stateless Again RIGHTS Palestinian-Origin Jordanians Deprived of Their Nationality WATCH
    Jordan HUMAN Stateless Again RIGHTS Palestinian-Origin Jordanians Deprived of their Nationality WATCH Stateless Again Palestinian-Origin Jordanians Deprived of their Nationality Copyright © 2010 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-575-X Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org February 2010 1-56432-575-X Stateless Again Palestinian-Origin Jordanians Deprived of their Nationality Summary .................................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 4 Methodology ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hamas: Background and Issues for Congress
    Hamas: Background and Issues for Congress Jim Zanotti Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs December 2, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41514 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Hamas: Background and Issues for Congress Summary This report and its appendixes provide background information on Hamas, or the Islamic Resistance Movement, and U.S. policy towards it. It also includes information and analysis on (1) the threats Hamas currently poses to U.S. interests, (2) how Hamas compares with other Middle East terrorist groups, (3) Hamas’s ideology and policies (both generally and on discrete issues), (4) its leadership and organization, and (5) its sources of assistance. Finally, the report raises and discusses various legislative and oversight options related to foreign aid strategies, financial sanctions, and regional and international political approaches. In evaluating these options, Congress can assess how Hamas has emerged and adapted over time, and also scrutinize the track record of U.S., Israeli, and international policy to counter Hamas. Hamas is a Palestinian Islamist military and sociopolitical movement that grew out of the Muslim Brotherhood. The United States, Israel, the European Union, and Canada consider Hamas a terrorist organization because of (1) its violent resistance to what it deems Israeli occupation of historic Palestine (constituting present-day Israel, West Bank, and Gaza Strip), and (2) its rejection of the off-and-on peace process involving Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) since the early 1990s. Since Hamas’s inception in 1987, it has maintained its primary base of political support and its military command in the Gaza Strip—a territory it has controlled since June 2007—while also having a significant presence in the West Bank.
    [Show full text]