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Waiting for the Bloom: Correcting Policy Biases Against Arab Women’S Economic Rights

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Waiting for the Bloom: Correcting Policy Biases Against Arab Women’S Economic Rights Waiting for the bloom: Correcting policy biases against Arab women’s economic rights Nisreen Alami Paper prepared for the Expert group meeting “Women and Economic Empowerment in the Arab Transitions” ILO Regional Office for Arab States 21-22 May 2013 July 2013 1 Contents Introduction: .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Section 1: Overview of indicators related to women‘s labour force in the Arab region .............................. 5 Section 2: Trends in policy approaches towards Arab women‘s economic participation............................. 9 Section 3: Elements of a gender responsive development policy framework in the Arab world after the uprisings: ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 Section 4: Public policy instruments for gender responsive inclusive development: ................................. 16 Macroeconomic policies ......................................................................................................................... 17 Policy incentives for economic justice and social protection ................................................................. 20 National development planning and budgeting: ..................................................................................... 21 Accountability mechanisms for government performance: .................................................................... 24 Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................................. 26 References: .................................................................................................................................................. 28 2 Introduction: Soon after the Arab uprisings it became clear to citizens and political leaders that providing solutions to long-standing problems requires closer scrutiny of economic policy making, and ensuring that these policies are aligned with the demands of the popular movements behind the uprisings. Economic policies hold the key to job creation, poverty reduction, equality, social justice and dignity. The transition towards democratic political systems, robust economies and egalitarian societies therefore, cannot move forward without addressing structural biases that weigh down main components of economic life, particularly the labour market and access to decent jobs. This paper focuses specifically on the biases that have a direct impact on Arab women‘s labour force participation. The Arab male labour force participation rate (LFPR) (employed and unemployed) fares well compared to world averages (76 per cent in the Arab region compared to a world average of 77 per cent). However, despite this good performance, the Arab region stands as the lowest in the world in terms of LFPR, at 54 per cent compared to a world average of 64 per cent. This low ranking is attributed to the major gender gaps and inequalities faced by women in the labour market. At 26 per cent, the rate of Arab women‘s LFPR in 2010 was almost half the world average of 51 per cent. In 1980 Arab women‘s LFPR stood at 23 per cent, and it is evident that, demographic factors notwithstanding, the progress in increasing Arab women‘s LFPR over a period of 30 years did not exceed 3 per cent (Sadawi 1979). This data points to an alarming stagnation in policy responses related to Arab women‘s economic rights and opportunity. The significant gap between Arab female and male LFPR despite comparable, if not better education outputs among Arab females, has a high toll on Arab economies at large and demonstrates significant barriers to the realization of Arab women‘s rights. The underlying causes behind these gaps are numerous. However, a wide range of analyses often attribute this low participation to conservative societal values that confine women to the household. This paper argues that while social values play an important role, they may have received exaggerated emphasis that masked broader policy failures in creating employment and sustainable growth. The inability of economic policies to build inclusive and productive economies,1 coupled with severe gender biases that have largely ignored the growing female labour force, have resulted in a failure to absorb an increasing demand for jobs and a growing labour force (amongst women as well as the young men and young women reaching the working age). Job opportunities in the region, especially for women, remain scarce and policies have largely failed to address gender biases and discriminatory practices in the labour market. The story told by data on Arab women‘s LFPR points to two challenges. On the one hand, the growth in female LFPR over the past decades has been very slow. Despite the fact that the 1 The World Bank definition of inclusive growth is based on the work of the Commission of Growth and Development in 2008. Inclusive Growth refers both to the pace and pattern of growth, which are interlinked and must be addressed together. A rapid pace of growth is unquestionably necessary for substantial poverty reduction, but for this growth to be sustainable in the long run, it should be broad-based across sectors and inclusive of the large part of a country‘s labour force. The commission emphasizes equity, equality of opportunity, and protection in market and employment transitions as essential ingredients of any successful growth strategy. This definition implies a direct link between the macro and micro determinants of growth. 3 increase in women‘s entry into the labour market and the increased share of female youth in schools points to a positive trend of an increased supply of female labour force, this increase remains inadequate and the region remains well below world averages. On the other hand, the high unemployment rates amongst women (even when the supply of female labour force is low) compared to male unemployment rates shows a particular bias against women in labour market demand. This story demands an urgent policy response that tackles the negative conditions that have impacted upon the labour supply as well as the biases that exist in the labour demand side. It requires a comprehensive labour intensive policy approach as well as specific attention being given to Arab women‘s economic role as integral actors in the development of Arab economies. This paper aims to contribute to discussions on Arab women‘s economic participation in the transition period underway in the region following the Arab uprisings. It is intended to assist policy makers and civil society organizations as well as the International Labour Organization (ILO) and other United Nations (UN) agencies in identifying entry points for shaping a gender responsive inclusive economy. This paper is prepared in the context of the ILO‘s efforts to contribute to the integrated UN Development Group strategy for responding to the popular uprisings across the Arab region. This effort follows up on the publication of the ILO and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) report ―Rethinking Economic Growth: Towards Productive and Inclusive Arab Societies‖ that focused on identifying the requirements for inclusive development. It also builds on discussions at the ILO Regional Experts Meeting on ―Women‘s economic empowerment in the Arab transitions‖ that convened in Beirut in May 2013 and focused on the same topic.2 This paper focuses on the potential of policy reforms to address a host of structural biases. It argues that gender blindness and discriminatory approaches have not only impacted negatively on women, but have also placed the Arab region as a whole at the bottom of global performers in terms of growth, economic participation, productivity and employment. This paper will unpack the elements of a gender focused inclusive approach to economic growth where a balanced understanding of women‘s economic role and their care burdens form the basis for sound governance and economic management. This paper identifies a range of considerations that would facilitate a closer link between economic policy and social and political policy, and ensures that macroeconomic policy leads to positive impacts at the micro level. Section 1 of this paper reviews a number of key indicators related to Arab women‘s LFPR and extracts some basic observations from this review. Section 2 provides a broad analysis of policy approaches and outcomes that relate to Arab women‘s economic role in the past decades, and pinpoints deficits in those approaches that have contributed to the economic and political challenges in the region. Section 3 attempts to identify criteria upon which the post uprisings policy agenda should be assessed with regard to its response to Arab women‘s rights, and is in line with the popular demands for development, freedom and social justice. Section 4 identifies a number of strategic policy instruments that can facilitate the integration of a transformative vision for the future. These instruments include: a) macroeconomic policies, b) policy incentives for economic justice and social protection, c) national planning and budgeting, and d) accountability mechanisms for public performance. 2 See meeting report available in English and Arabic on the ILO website: http://www.ilo.org/beirut/events/WCMS_213397/lang--en/index.htm 4 Section 1: Overview of indicators related to women’s
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