Arizona 1 Arizona

This article is about the U.S. state of Arizona. For other uses, see Arizona (disambiguation).

State of Arizona

Flag Seal

Nickname(s): The Grand Canyon State; The Copper State

Motto(s): Ditat Deus

Official language English

Demonym Arizonan

Capital Phoenix (and largest city)

Largest metro Phoenix Metropolitan Area

Area Ranked 6th

[1] - Total 113,990 sq mi (295,234 km2)

- Width 310 miles (500 km)

- Length 400 miles (645 km)

- % water 0.35

- Latitude 31° 20′ N to 37° N

- Longitude 109° 03′ W to 114° 49′ W

Population Ranked 15th

- Total 6,626,624 (2013 est)

- Density 57/sq mi (22/km2) Ranked 33rd

Elevation Arizona 2

[2] - Highest point Humphreys Peak 12,637 ft (3852 m)

- Mean 4,100 ft (1250 m)

- Lowest point Colorado River at the Sonora border 72 ft (22 m)

Admission to Union February 14, 1912 (48th)

Governor Jan Brewer (R)

Secretary of State Ken Bennett (R)

Legislature Arizona Legislature

- Upper house Senate

- Lower house House of Representatives

U.S. Senators John McCain (R) Jeff Flake (R)

U.S. House delegation 5 Democrats and 4 Republicans (list)

Time zones

- most of state Mountain: UTC -7 (no DST)

- Navajo Nation Mountain: UTC -7/-6

Abbreviations AZ, Ariz. US-AZ

[3] Website www.az.gov

Arizona State symbols

The Flag of Arizona

Animal and Plant insignia

Amphibian Arizona Tree Frog

Bird(s) Cactus Wren

Butterfly Two-tailed Swallowtail

Fish Apache trout

Flower(s) Saguaro Cactus blossom

Mammal(s) Ring-tailed Cat

Reptile Arizona Ridge-Nosed Rattlesnake

Tree Palo verde

Inanimate insignia

Colors Blue, Old Gold

Firearm Colt Single Action Army revolver

Fossil Petrified wood Arizona 3

Gemstone Turquoise

Mineral Fire agate

Rock Petrified wood

Ship(s) USS Arizona

Slogan(s) The Grand Canyon State

Soil Casa Grande

Song(s) "Arizona March Song" "Arizona" (alternate)

Route marker(s)

State Quarter

Released in 2008

Lists of United States state symbols

Arizona ( i/ɛrɪˈzoʊnə/; /ærɪˈzoʊnə/) (Navajo: Hoozdo Hahoodzo; O'odham: Alĭ ṣonak) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western United States and of the Mountain West states. It is the sixth largest and the 15th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. It has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, and one point in common with the southwestern corner of Colorado. Arizona's border with Mexico is 389 miles (626 km) long, on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California. Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, achieving statehood on February 14, 1912. It was previously part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain before being passed down to independent Mexico and later ceded to the United States after the Mexican-American War. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase. Arizona is noted for its desert climate in its southern half, with very hot summers and mild winters. The northern half of the state features forests of pine, Douglas fir, and spruce trees; the Colorado Plateau; some mountain ranges (such as the San Francisco Mountains); as well as large, deep canyons, with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff, Alpine, and Tucson. In addition to the Grand Canyon National Park, there are several national forests, national parks, and national monuments. About one-quarter of the state[4] is made up of Indian Reservations that serve as the home of a number of Native American tribes. Arizona 4

Etymology The name of the state appears to originate from an earlier Spanish name, Arizonac, derived from the O'odham name alĭ ṣonak, meaning “small spring”, which initially applied only to an area near the Mexican silver mining camp of Planchas de Plata, Sonora.[5][6] This is supported by the fact that that area is still known as alĭ ṣonak in the O'odham language.[7] Another possible origin is the Basque phrase haritz ona (“the good oak”).[8]

Geography and geology Main article: Geography of Arizona See also lists of counties, islands, rivers, lakes, state parks, national parks, and national forests. Arizona is located in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state in area, after New Mexico and before Nevada. Of the state's 113,998 square miles (295,000 km2), approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land and Native The Horseshoe Bend of the Colorado River. American reservations.

Arizona is well known for its desert landscape, which is rich in xerophyte plants such as the cactus. It is also known for its climate, which presents exceptionally hot summers and mild winters. Less well known is the pine-covered high country of the Colorado Plateau in the north-central portion of the state, which contrasts with the desert Basin and Range region in the southern portions of the state (see Arizona Mountains forests).

Like other states of the Southwest, Arizona has an abundance of mountains and plateaus in addition to its desert climate. Despite the West Mitten at Monument Valley state's aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest, a percentage comparable to modern-day France or Germany. The largest stand of Ponderosa pine trees in the world is contained in Arizona. The Mogollon Rim, a 1,998-foot (609 m) escarpment, cuts across the central section of the state and marks the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau, where the state experienced its second worst forest fire ever in 2002. Arizona belongs firmly within the Basin and Range region of North America. The region was shaped by prehistoric volcanism, followed by Blue Mesa at Petrified Forest National Park the cooling-off and related subsidence. The Grand Canyon is a colorful, steep-sided gorge, carved by the Colorado River, in northern Arizona. The canyon is one of the seven natural wonders of the world and is largely contained in the Grand Canyon National Park—one of the first national parks in the United States. President Theodore Roosevelt was a major proponent of designating the Grand Canyon area, visiting on numerous occasions to hunt mountain lion and enjoy the scenery. The canyon was created by Arizona 5

the Colorado River cutting a channel over millions of years, and is about 277 miles (446 km) long, ranges in width from 4 to 18 miles (6 to 29 km) and attains a depth of more than 1 mile (1.6 km). Nearly two billion years of the Earth's history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries cut through layer after layer of sediment as the Colorado Plateaus have uplifted.

Arizona is home to one of the most well-preserved meteorite impact sites in the world. The Barringer Meteorite Crater (better known The Grand Canyon. simply as “Meteor Crater”) is a gigantic hole in the middle of the high plains of the Colorado Plateau, about 25 miles (40 km) west of Winslow. A rim of smashed and jumbled boulders, some of them the size of small houses, rises 150 feet (46 m) above the level of the surrounding plain. The crater itself is nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) wide, and 570 feet (170 m) deep.

Arizona is one of two states that does not observe Daylight Saving Time (the other being Hawaii), except in the Navajo Nation, located in the northeastern region of the state.

San Francisco Peaks seen from Bellemont, Earthquakes Arizona

Generally, Arizona is at low risk of earthquakes, except for the southwestern portion which is at moderate risk due to its proximity to Southern California. On the other hand, Northern Arizona is at moderate risk due to numerous faults in the area. The regions that are at lowest risk in the state are near and west of Phoenix. The earliest Arizona earthquakes were recorded at Fort Yuma, on the California side of the Colorado River. They were centered near the Imperial Valley, or Mexico, back in the 1800s. The first damaging earthquake known to be centered within Arizona's borders occurred on

January 25, 1906, also including a series of other earthquakes centered Sonoran Desert at Saguaro National Park near Socorro, New Mexico. The shock was violent in Flagstaff. In 1887, Douglas felt the shock of a magnitude 7.2 earthquake with an epicenter 40 miles to the south in the Mexican state of Sonora.

In September of 1910, a series of fifty-two earthquakes caused a construction crew near Flagstaff to leave the area. In 1912, the year Arizona achieved statehood, on August 18, an earthquake caused a 50-mile crack in the San Francisco Range. In early January 1935, the state experienced a series of earthquakes, in the Yuma area and near the Grand Canyon. Arizona experienced its largest earthquake in 1959, Cathedral Rock near Red Rock Crossing in with a tremor of a magnitude 5.6. It was centered near Fredonia, in the Sedona northwestern part of the state near the border with Utah. The tremor was felt across the border in the neighboring states of Nevada and Utah.

Climate Arizona 6

Due to its large area and variations in elevation, the state has a wide variety of localized climate conditions. In the lower elevations, the climate is primarily desert, with mild winters and extremely hot summers. Typically, from late fall to early spring, the weather is mild, averaging a minimum of 60°F (16°C). November through February are the coldest months, with temperatures typically ranging from 40–75°F (4–24°C), with occasional frosts. About midway through February, the temperatures start to rise again, with warm days, and cool, breezy nights. The summer months of June through September bring a dry heat ranging from 90–120°F (32–49°C), with occasional high temperatures exceeding 125°F having been observed in the desert area. Arizona’s all-time record high is 128°F (53°C) recorded at Lake Havasu City on June 29, 1994, and July 5, 2007; the all-time record low of -40° was recorded at Hawley Lake on January 7, 1971. Due to the primarily dry climate, large diurnal temperature variations occur in less-developed areas of the desert above 2,500 feet. The swings can be as large as 50°F (28°C) in the summer months. In the state’s urban centers, the effects of local warming result in much higher measured night-time lows than in the recent past. Arizona has an average annual rainfall of 12.7 in (323 mm), which comes during two rainy seasons, with cold fronts coming from the Pacific Ocean during the winter and a monsoon in the summer. The monsoon season occurs towards the end of summer. In July or August, the dewpoint rises dramatically for a brief period. During this time, the air contains large amounts of water vapor. Dewpoints as high as 81°F (27°C) have been recorded during the Phoenix monsoon season. This hot moisture brings lightning, thunderstorms, wind, and torrential, if usually brief, downpours. These downpours often cause flash floods, which can turn deadly. In an attempt to deter drivers from crossing flooding streams, the Arizona Legislature enacted the Stupid Motorist Law. It is rare for tornadoes or hurricanes to occur in Arizona. The northern third of Arizona is a plateau at significantly higher altitudes than the lower desert, and has an appreciably cooler climate, with cold winters and mild summers, though the climate remains semiarid to arid. Extremely cold temperatures are not unknown; cold air systems from the northern states and Canada occasionally push into the state, bringing temperatures below 0 °F (−18 °C) to the northern parts of the state. Indicative of the variation in climate, Arizona is the state which has both the metropolitan area with the most days over 100°F (Phoenix), and the metropolitan area in the lower 48 states with the most days with a low temperature below freezing (Flagstaff).

History Main article: History of Arizona Before the modern era, Arizona was home to many Native American Tribes. Hohokam, Mogollon and Anazasi(Navajo term) cultures were among the many that flourished throughout the entire state before the arrival of Marcos de Niza, a Spanish Franciscan, in 1539. He explored parts of the state and made contact with native inhabitants, probably the Sobaipuri. The expedition of Spanish explorer Coronado entered the area in 1540–1542 during its search for Cíbola. Father Kino was the next European in the region. A member of the Society of Jesus, he led the development of a chain of missions and converted many of the Indians to Christianity in the Pimería Alta (now southern Arizona The North Rim of the Grand Canyon. and northern Sonora) in the 1690s and early 18th Arizona 7

century. Spain founded presidios (“fortified towns”) at Tubac in 1752 and Tucson in 1775. When Mexico achieved its independence from Spain in 1821, what is now Arizona became part of the Territory of Nueva California, also known as Alta California.[9] In the Mexican–American War (1847), the US occupied Mexico City and pursued its claim to much of northern Mexico, including what later became Arizona. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) specified that, in addition to language and cultural rights of the existing inhabitants being considered as inviolable, the sum of US$15 million in compensation (equivalent to about $409 million in 2012[10]) be paid to the Republic of Mexico.[11] In 1853, the land below the Gila River was acquired from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase. Arizona was administered as part of the Territory of New Mexico until southern New Mexico seceded from the Union as the Confederate Territory of Arizona on March 16, 1861.

Arizona was recognized as a Confederate Territory by presidential proclamation of Jefferson Davis on February 14, 1862. This is the first official use of the name. Arizona supported the Confederate cause with men, horses, and supplies. Formed in 1862 Arizona Scout Companies fought with the Confederate Army throughout the war. Arizona has the farthest recorded Western engagement of the war, the Battle of Picacho Pass. A new Arizona Territory, consisting of the western half of New Mexico Territory was declared in Washington, D.C., on February 24, Geronimo 1863. The new boundaries would later form the basis of the state.

Although names, including “Gadsonia”, “Pimeria”, “Montezuma” and “Arizuma” had been considered for the territory,[12] when President Lincoln signed the final bill, it read “Arizona”, and the name became permanent. (Montezuma was not the Aztec emperor, but the sacred name of a divine hero to the Pima people of the Gila River Valley, and was probably considered—and rejected—for its sentimental value before the name “Arizona” was settled upon.) Brigham Young sent Mormons to Arizona in the mid- to late 19th century. They founded Mesa, Snowflake, Heber, Safford, and other towns. They also settled in the Phoenix Valley (or “Valley of the Sun”), Tempe, Prescott, and other areas. The Mormons settled what became northern Arizona and northern New Mexico, but these areas were located in a part of the former New Mexico Territory. During the Mexican Revolution from 1910 to 1920, several battles were fought in the Mexican towns just across the border from Arizonan border settlements. Throughout the revolution, Arizonans were enlisting in one of the several armies fighting in Mexico. The Battle of Ambos Nogales in 1918, other than Pancho Villa’s 1916 Columbus Raid in New Mexico, was the only significant engagement on US soil between American and Mexican forces. The battle resulted in an American victory.

After US soldiers were fired on by Mexican federal troops, the American garrison then launched an assault Children of the Depression-era migrant workers, Pinal County, 1937. into Nogales, Mexico. The Mexicans eventually Arizona 8

surrendered after both sides sustained heavy casualties. A few months earlier, just west of Nogales, an Indian War battle occurred, thus being the last engagement in the American Indian Wars which lasted from 1775 to 1918. The participants in the fight were US soldiers stationed on the border and Yaqui Indians who were using Arizona as a base to raid the nearby Mexican settlements, as part of their wars against Mexico. Arizona became a US state on February 14, 1912. Arizona was the 48th state admitted to the US and the last of the contiguous states to be admitted. Cotton farming and copper mining, two of Arizona’s most important statewide industries, suffered heavily during the Great Depression, but during the 1920s and 1930s, tourism began to be the important Arizonan industry it is today. Dude ranches, such as the K L Bar and Remuda in Wickenburg, along with the Flying V and Tanque Verde in Tucson, gave tourists the chance to experience the flavor and life of the “Old West”. Several upscale hotels and resorts opened during this period, some of which are still top tourist draws; they include the Arizona Biltmore Hotel in central Phoenix (opened 1929) and the Wigwam Resort on the west side of the Phoenix area (opened 1936). Eleanor Roosevelt at the Gila River relocation center, April 23, 1943 Arizona was the site of German POW camps during World War II and Japanese-American internment camps. The camps were abolished after World War II. The Phoenix area site was purchased after the war by the Maytag family (of major home appliance fame), and is currently the site of the Phoenix Zoo. A Japanese-American internment camp was located on Mount Lemmon, just outside of the state’s southeastern city of Tucson. Another POW camp was located near the Gila River in eastern Yuma County. Because of wartime fears of Japanese invasion of the west coast, all Japanese-American residents in western Arizona were required to reside in the war camps.

Arizona was also home to the Phoenix Indian School, one of several federal institutions designed to forcibly assimilate Native American children into Anglo-American culture. Children were often enrolled into these schools against the wishes of their parents and families. Attempts to suppress native identities included forcing the children to cut their hair and take on English names. Arizona’s population grew tremendously after World War II, in part because of the development of air conditioning, which made the intense summers more comfortable. According to the Arizona Blue Book (published by the Arizona Secretary of State’s office each year), the state population in 1910 was 294,353. By 1970, it was 1,752,122. The percentage growth each decade averaged about 20% in the earlier decades and about 60% each decade thereafter. In the 1960s, the establishment of retirement communities, special age-restricted subdivisions catering exclusively to the needs of senior citizens who wanted to escape the harsh winters of the Midwest and the Northeast began. Sun City, established by developer Del Webb and opened in 1960, was one of the first such communities. Green Valley, south of Tucson, was another such community and was designed to be a retirement subdivision for Arizona’s teachers. Many senior citizens arrive in Arizona each winter and stay only during the winter months; they are referred to as snowbirds. In March 2000, Arizona was the site of the first legally binding election to nominate a candidate for public office ever held over the internet.[13] In the 2000 Arizona Democratic Primary, under worldwide attention, Al Gore defeated Bill Bradley, and voter turnout increased more than 500% over the 1996 primary. Three ships named USS Arizona have been christened in honor of the state, although only USS Arizona (BB-39) was so named after statehood was achieved. Arizona 9

Demographics Main article: Demographics of Arizona

A population density map of Arizona.

Historical population Census Pop. %±

1860 6,482 —

1870 9,658 49.0%

1880 40,440 318.7%

1890 88,243 118.2%

1900 122,931 39.3%

1910 204,354 66.2%

1920 334,162 63.5%

1930 435,573 30.3%

1940 499,261 14.6%

1950 749,587 50.1%

1960 1,302,161 73.7%

1970 1,745,944 34.1%

1980 2,718,215 55.7%

1990 3,665,228 34.8%

2000 5,130,632 40.0%

2010 6,392,017 24.6%

Est. 2013 6,626,624 3.7% Arizona 10

[14] Sources: 1910-2010 2013Note that early censuses may not include Native Americans in Arizona

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Arizona was 6,626,624 on July 1, 2013, a 3.5% increase since the 2010 United States Census. Arizona remained sparsely settled for most of the 19th century.[15] The 1860 census reported the population of “Arizona County” to be 6,482, of whom 4,040 were listed as “Indians”, 21 as “free colored” and 2,421 as “white”.[16][17] In 1980, the Census Bureau reported Arizona's population as 16.2% Hispanic, 5.6% Native American, and 74.5% non-Hispanic white. Arizona’s continued population growth puts an enormous stress on the state’s water supply.[18] As of 2011, 61.3% of Arizona's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.[19] The population of metropolitan Phoenix increased by 45.3% from 1991 through 2001, helping to make Arizona the second fastest growing state in the U.S. in the 1990s (the fastest was Nevada).[20] As of January 2012, the population of the Phoenix area is estimated to be over 4.3 million.

According to the 2010 United States Census, Arizona had a population of 6,392,017. In 2010, illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 7.9% of the population. This was the second highest percentage of any state in the U.S.[21]

Race and ethnicity View of suburban development in the Phoenix metropolitan area The racial makeup of the state was: • 73.0% White • 4.1% Black or African American • 4.6% Native American and Alaska Native • 2.8% Asian, 0.2% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander • 11.9% from Some Other Race • 3.4% from Two or More Races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 29.6% of the state’s population. Non-Hispanic Whites formed 57.8% of the total population.[22]

Arizona Racial Breakdown of Population

[23] [24] [25] Racial composition 1990 2000 2010 White 80.8% 75.5% 73.0% Native 5.5% 5.0% 4.6% Black 3.0% 3.1% 4.1% Asian 1.5% 1.8% 2.8% Native Hawaiian and - 0.1% 0.2% other Pacific Islander Other race 9.1% 11.6% 11.9% Arizona 11

Two or more races - 2.9% 3.4%

Arizona’s five largest ancestry groups, as of 2009, were: 1. Mexican (27.4%); 2. German (16.0%); 3. Irish (10.8%); 4. English (10.1%); 5. Italian (4.6%).

Languages

Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in Arizona

Language Percentage of population (as of 2010)

Spanish 20.80%

Navajo 1.48%

German 0.39%

Chinese (including Mandarin) 0.39%

Tagalog 0.33%

Vietnamese 0.30%

Other North American Indigenous Languages (especially Native American Languages of Arizona) 0.27%

French 0.26%

Arabic 0.24%

Apache 0.18%

Korean 0.17%

As of 2010, 72.90% (4,215,749) of Arizona residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 20.80% (1,202,638) spoke Spanish, 1.48% (85,602) Navajo, 0.39% (22,592) German, 0.39% (22,426) Chinese (which includes Mandarin,) 0.33% (19,015) Tagalog, 0.30% (17,603) Vietnamese, 0.27% (15,707) Other North American Indigenous Languages (especially Native American Languages of Arizona), and French was spoken as a main language by 0.26% (15,062) of the population over the age of five. In total, 27.10% (1,567,548) of Arizona's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English. Arizona is home to the largest number of speakers of Native American languages in the 48 contiguous states, as over 85,000 individuals reported speaking Navajo,[26] and 10,403 people reported Apache, as a language spoken at home in 2005. Arizona’s Apache County has the highest concentration of speakers of Native American Indian languages in the United States.[27] Arizona 12

Important cities and towns See also: List of localities in Arizona, List of cities in Arizona (by population) and List of Arizona counties Phoenix, located in Maricopa County, is the largest city in Arizona and also the state capital. Other prominent cities in the Phoenix metro area include Mesa (the third largest city in Arizona), Glendale, Peoria, Chandler, Buckeye, Sun City, Sun City West, Fountain Hills, Surprise, Gilbert, El Mirage, Avondale, Tempe, Tolleson and Scottsdale, with a total metropolitan population of just over 4.3 million.[28] With a metro population of just over one million, Tucson is the state's second largest city, and is located in Pima County, approximately 110 miles (180 km) southeast of Phoenix. It is home to the University of Arizona. The Prescott metropolitan area includes the cities of Prescott, Cottonwood, Camp Verde and numerous other towns spread out over the 8,123 square miles (21,000 km2) of Yavapai County area. With 212,635 residents, this cluster of towns forms the third largest metropolitan area in the state. The city of Prescott (population 41,528) lies approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwest of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Situated in pine tree forests at an elevation of about 5,500 feet (1,700 m), Prescott enjoys a much cooler climate than Phoenix, with average summer highs in the upper 80s Fahrenheit and winter temperatures averaging 50 °F (10 °C). Yuma is center of the fourth largest metropolitan area in Arizona. It is located near the borders of California and Mexico. It is one of the hottest cities in the United States with an average July high of 107 °F (42 °C). (The same month's average in Death Valley is 115 °F (46 °C).) The city also features sunny days about 90% of the year. The Yuma Metropolitan Statistical Area has a population of 160,000. Yuma also attracts many winter visitors from all over the United States. Flagstaff is the largest city in northern Arizona, and is situated at an elevation of nearly 7,000 feet (2,100 m). With its large Ponderosa Pine forests, snowy winter weather and picturesque mountains, it is a stark contrast to the desert regions typically associated with Arizona. It sits at the base of the San Francisco Peaks the highest mountain range in the state of Arizona, with Humphreys Peak, the highest point in Arizona at 12,633 feet (3,851 m). Flagstaff has a strong tourism sector, due to its proximity to numerous tourist attractions including: Grand Canyon National Park, Sedona, and Oak Creek Canyon. Historic U.S. Route 66 is the main east-west street in the town. The Flagstaff metropolitan area is home to 134,421 residents and the main campus of Northern Arizona University. Lake Havasu City known as "Arizona's playground" resides on the Colorado River and is named after Lake Havasu. Lake Havasu City has a population of about 53,000 people. It is famous for huge spring break parties, sunsets and the London Bridge. Lake Havasu City was founded by Robert P. McCulloch in 1963. It has 2 colleges, Mohave Community College and ASU.

Religion

As of the year 2010, the Association of Religion Data Archives reported that the three largest denominational groups in Arizona were The Catholic Church, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints and non-denominational Evangelical Protestants. The Catholic Church has the highest number of adherents in Arizona (at 930,001), followed by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 392,918 members reported and then non-denominational Evangelical Protestants, reporting 281,105 adherents. The religious body with the largest number of congregations is The

The Spanish mission of San Xavier del Bac, founded in 1700. Arizona 13

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (with 805 congregations) followed by the Southern Baptist Convention (with 323 congregations). According to a 2007 survey conducted by The Pew Forum, the religious affiliation of the people of Arizona was 40% Protestant, 25% Roman Catholic, 4% LDS (Mormon), 1% Jehovah Witness, 1% Jewish, 1% Buddhist, 0.5% Muslim and 0.5% Hindu. Atheists, deists and other unaffiliated people stood at 22%.

Economy See also: Arizona locations by per capita income The 2011 total gross state product was $259 billion. This figure gives Arizona a larger economy than such countries as Ireland, Finland, and New Zealand. The composition of the state's economy is moderately diverse; although health care, transportation and the government remain the largest sectors. The state’s per capita income is $40,828, ranking 39th in the U.S. The state had a median household income of US$50,448, making it 22nd in the country and just below the U.S. national mean. Early in its history, Arizona’s economy relied on the "five C's": copper (see Copper mining in Arizona), cotton, cattle, citrus, and climate (tourism). Copper is still extensively mined from many expansive open-pit and underground mines, accounting for two-thirds of the nation’s output.

Employment

The state government is Arizona’s largest employer, A sunset in the Arizona desert near Scottsdale. The climate and imagery are two factors behind Arizona's tourism industry. while Wal-Mart is the state’s largest private employer, with 17,343 employees (2008). As of June 2010, the state’s unemployment rate was 9.6%.[29] Nearly 70 percent of the land in Arizona is owned by the U.S. government, which leases a portion of the public domain to ranchers or miners.

Largest employers

According to the Arizona Republic, the largest private employers in the state as of 2010 were:[30]

Arizona's Meteor Crater is a tourist attraction. Arizona 14

Rank Company Employees Industry

1 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. 30,000 Discount retailer

2 Banner Health 28,353 Health care

3 Wells Fargo & Co. 14,000 Financial services

4 Bank of America Corp. 13,000 Financial services

5 McDonald's Corp. 12,770 Food service

6 Apollo Group Inc. 12,000 Educational services

7 Kroger Co. 12,000 Grocery stores

8 Raytheon Co. 11,500 Defense (missile manufacturing)

9 JP Morgan Chase & Co. 10,500 Financial services

10 Honeywell International Inc. 9,716 Aerospace manufacturing

11 Intel Corp. 9,700 Semiconductor manufacturing

12 Target Corp. 9,300 Discount retailer

13 US Airways 8,926 Airline

14 Catholic Healthcare West 8,291 Health care

15 Home Depot Inc. 8,000 Retail home improvement

16 Walgreen Co. 7,750 Retail drugstores

17 Safeway Stores Inc. 7,500 Grocery stores

18 American Express Co. 7,465 Financial services

19 Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. 7,000 Mining

20 Pinnacle West Capital Corp. 6,900 Electric utility

21 Bashas' 6,641 Grocery stores

22 Scottsdale Healthcare 6,556 Health care

23 UA Healthcare 6,000 Health care

24 Circle K Corp. 5,690 Convenience stores

25 General Dynamics 5,026 Defense, information systems and technology

26 Boeing Co. 4,800 Aerospace manufacturing

27 (tie) Carondelet Health Network 4,690 Health care

27 (tie) Mayo Foundation 4,522 Health care

29 CVS Caremark Corp. 4,500 Pharmaceutical services (including retail drugstores)

30 Salt River Project 4,346 Utility supplier

31 Costco Inc. 4,151 Membership warehouse club/discount retailer

32 Abrazo Health Care 4,089 Health care

33 Albertsons Inc. 4,000 Grocery stores, retail drugstores

34 FedEx Corp. 3,918 Courier, logistics services

35 Southwest Airlines Co. 3,857 Airline

36 Marriott International 3,522 Resorts and hotels

37 CenturyLink, Inc. 3,200 Telecommunications

38 United Parcel Service 3,170 Package delivery Arizona 15

39 John C. Lincoln Health Network 3,166 Health care

40 USAA 3,045 Financial services

41 Charles Schwab & Co. Inc. 3,001 Financial services

42 Freescale Semiconductor 3,000 Semiconductor manufacturing

43 IBM Corp. 3,000 Technology services

44 Cox Communications Inc. 2,997 Telecommunications

45 TMC HealthCare 2,966 Health care

46 Verizon Wireless 2,901 Mobile network operator

47 Cigna HealthCare of AZ 2,865 Health care

48 Grand Canyon University 2,818 Educational services

49 Starbucks Coffee Co. 2,783 Food service

50 Go Daddy Group Inc. 2,754 Domain name registry/Web hosting service

In southern Arizona, the top ten largest public employers, as of 2011, were:[31]

Ranking Institution/Agency Employees (2011)

1 University of Arizona 10,481

2 State of Arizona 8,866

3 Davis–Monthan Air Force Base 8,462

4 Tucson Unified School District 6,709

5 U.S. Army Intelligence Center and Fort Huachuca 6,225

6 Pima County 6,403

7 City of Tucson 4,930

8 Tohono O'odham Nation 4,350

9 United States Border Patrol 3,530

10 Pinal County 2,340

Taxation Arizona collects personal income taxes in five brackets: 2.87%, 3.20%, 3.74%, 4.72% and 5.04%. The state transaction privilege tax is 5.6%; however, county and municipal sales taxes generally add an additional 2%. The state rate on transient lodging (hotel/motel) is 7.27%. The state of Arizona does not levy a state tax on food for home consumption or on drugs prescribed by a licensed physician or dentist. However, some cities in Arizona, including Phoenix at 2%, do levy a tax on food for home consumption. All fifteen Arizona counties levy a tax. Incorporated municipalities also levy transaction privilege taxes which, with the exception of their hotel/motel tax, are generally in the range of 1-to-3%. These added assessments could push the combined sales tax rate to as high as 10.7%. Arizona 16

Single Tax Rate Joint Tax Rate

0 – $10,000 2.870% 0 – $20,000 2.870%

$10,000 – $25,000 3.200% $20,001 – $50,000 3.200%

$25,000 – $50,000 3.740% $50,001 – $100,000 3.740%

$50,000 – $150,001 4.720% $100,000 – $300,001 4.720%

$150,001 + 5.040% $300,001 + 5.040%

Transportation Main article: Transportation in Arizona

Highways

Interstate Highways

I‑8 | I‑10 | Future I‑11 | I‑15 | I-17 | I-19 | I‑40

U.S. Routes

US 60 | US 64 | US 70 | US 89 | US 93 | US 95 | Entering Arizona on I-10 from New Mexico US 160 | US 163 | US 180 | US 191 Main interstate routes include I-17, and I-19 traveling north-south, I-8, I-10, and I-40, traveling east-west, and a short stretch of I-15 traveling northeast–southwest through the extreme northwestern corner of the state. In addition, the various urban areas are served by complex networks of state routes and highways, such as the Loop 101, which is part of Phoenix’s vast freeway system.

Public transportation, Amtrak, and intercity bus The Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas are served by public bus transit systems. Yuma and Flagstaff also have public bus systems. Greyhound Lines serves Phoenix, Tucson, Flagstaff, Yuma, and several smaller communities statewide. A light rail system, called Valley Metro Light Rail, has recently been completed in Phoenix; it connects Central Phoenix with the nearby cities of Mesa and Tempe. The system officially opened for service in December 2008. In May 2006, voters in Tucson approved a Regional Transportation Plan (a comprehensive bus transit/streetcar/roadway improvement program), and its funding via a new half-cent sales tax increment. The centerpiece of the plan is a light rail streetcar system (possibly similar to the Portland Streetcar in Oregon) that A Navajo man on horseback in Monument Valley will travel through the downtown area, connecting the main University of Arizona campus with the Rio Nuevo master plan area on the western edge of downtown. Arizona 17

Amtrak Southwest Chief route serves the northern part of the state, stopping at Winslow, Flagstaff, Williams and Kingman. The Texas Eagle and Sunset Limited routes serve South-Central Arizona, stopping at Tucson, Maricopa, Yuma and Benson. Phoenix's Amtrak service was canceled in 1996, and now an Amtrak bus runs between Phoenix and the station in Maricopa.

Aviation See also: List of airports in Arizona Airports with regularly scheduled commercial flights include: Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (IATA: PHX, ICAO: KPHX) in Phoenix (the largest airport and the major international airport in the state); Tucson International Airport (IATA: TUS, ICAO: KTUS) in Tucson; Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport (IATA: AZA, ICAO: KIWA) in Mesa; Yuma International Airport (IATA: NYL, ICAO: KNYL) in Yuma; Prescott Municipal Airport (PRC) in Prescott; Flagstaff Pulliam Airport (IATA: FLG, ICAO: KFLG) in Flagstaff, and Grand Canyon National Park Airport (IATA: GCN, ICAO: KGCN, FAA: GCN), a small, but busy, single-runway facility providing tourist flights, mostly from Las Vegas. Phoenix Sky Harbor is currently 7th busiest airport in the world in terms of aircraft movements, and 17th for passenger traffic.[32][33] Other significant airports without regularly scheduled commercial flights include Scottsdale Municipal Airport (IATA: SCF, ICAO: KSDL) in Scottsdale, and Deer Valley Airport (IATA: DVT, ICAO: KDVT, FAA: DVT) home to two flight training academies and the Nation's busiest general aviation airport.

Law and government Main article: Government of Arizona See also: Arizona Constitution, United States congressional delegations from Arizona, List of Arizona Governors, Political party strength in Arizona and Arizona Revised Statutes

Capitol complex

The state capital of Arizona is Phoenix. The original Capitol building, with its distinctive copper dome, was dedicated in 1901 (construction was completed for $136,000 in 1900), when the area was still a territory. Phoenix became the official state capital with Arizona's admission to the union in 1912.

The House of Representatives and Senate buildings

were dedicated in 1960, and an Executive Office The Arizona State Capitol, Phoenix Building was dedicated in 1974 (the ninth floor of this building is where the Office of the Governor is located). The original Capitol building was converted into a museum. The Capitol complex is fronted and highlighted by the richly landscaped Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza, named after Wesley Bolin, a governor who died in office in the 1970s. Numerous monuments and memorials are on the site, including the anchor and signal mast from the USS Arizona (one of the U.S. Navy ships sunk in Pearl Harbor) and a granite version of the Ten Commandments. Arizona 18

State legislative branch The Arizona Legislature is bicameral (like the legislature of every other state except Nebraska) and consists of a thirty-member Senate and a 60-member House of Representatives. Each of the thirty legislative districts has one senator and two representatives. Legislators are elected for two-year terms. Each Legislature covers a two-year period. The first session following the general election is known as the first regular session, and the session convening in the second year is known as the second regular session. Each regular session begins on the second Monday in January and adjourns sine die (terminates for the year) no later than Saturday of the week in which the 100th day from the beginning of the regular session falls. The President of the Senate and Speaker of the House, by rule, may extend the session up to seven additional days. Thereafter, the session can only be extended by a majority vote of members present of each house. The current majority party is the Republican Party, which has held power in both houses since 1993. Arizona state senators and representatives are elected for two-year terms and are limited to four consecutive terms in a chamber, though there is no limit on the total number of terms. When a lawmaker is term-limited from office, it is not uncommon for him or her to run for election in the other chamber. The fiscal year 2006–07 general fund budget, approved by the Arizona Legislature in June 2006, is slightly less than $10 billion. Besides the money spent on state agencies, it also includes more than $500 million in income- and property tax cuts, pay raises for government employees, and additional funding for the K–12 education system.

State executive branch

State of Arizona Elected Officials Governor Jan Brewer (R) Secretary of State Ken Bennett (R) Attorney General Tom Horne (R) State Treasurer Doug Ducey (R) Superintendent of Public Instruction John Huppenthal (R) State Mine Inspector Joe Hart (R)

Corporation Commissioners • Gary Pierce (R) • Brenda Burns (R) • Bob Stump (R) • Robert Burns (R) • Susan Bitter Smith (R)

Arizona’s executive branch is headed by a governor, who is elected to a four-year term. The governor may serve any number of terms, though no more than two in a row. Arizona is one of the few states that does not maintain a governor’s mansion. During office the governors reside within their private residence, and all executive offices are housed in the executive tower at the state capitol. The current governor of Arizona is Jan Brewer (R). She assumed office after Janet Napolitano had her nomination by Barack Obama for Secretary of Homeland Security confirmed by the United States Senate. Arizona has had four female governors including the current Governor Jan Brewer, more than any other state. Other elected executive officials include the Secretary of State, State Treasurer, State Attorney General, Superintendent of Public Instruction, State Mine Inspector and a five-member Corporation Commission. All elected officials hold a term of four years, and are limited to two consecutive terms (except the office of the state mine inspector, which is exempt from term limits). Arizona is one of seven states that do not have a specified lieutenant governor. The secretary of state is the first in line to succeed the governor in the event of death, disability, resignation, or removal from office. The line of Arizona 19

succession also includes the attorney general, state treasurer and superintendent of public instruction. Since 1977, four secretaries of state and one attorney general have risen to Arizona's governorship through these means.

State judicial branch The Arizona Supreme Court is the highest court in Arizona. The court currently consists of one chief justice, a vice chief justice, and three associate justices. Justices are appointed by the governor from a list recommended by a bipartisan commission, and are re-elected after the initial two years following their appointment. Subsequent re-elections occur every six years. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction in death penalty cases, but almost all other appellate cases go through the Arizona Court of Appeals beforehand. The court has original jurisdiction in a few other circumstances, as outlined in the state constitution. The court may also declare laws unconstitutional, but only while seated en banc. The court meets in the Arizona Supreme Court Building at the capitol complex (at the southern end of Wesley Bolin Plaza). The Arizona Court of Appeals, further divided into two divisions, is the intermediate court in the state. Division One is based in Phoenix, consists of sixteen judges, and has jurisdiction in the Western and Northern regions of the state, along with the greater Phoenix area. Division Two is based in Tucson, consists of six judges, and has jurisdiction over the Southern regions of the state, including the Tucson area. Judges are selected in a method similar to the one used for state supreme court justices. Each county of Arizona has a superior court, the size and organization of which are varied and generally depend on the size of the particular county.

Counties Arizona is divided into political jurisdictions designated as counties. As of 1983 there were 15 counties in the state, ranging in size from 1,238 square miles (3,210 km2) to 18,661 square miles (48,330 km2).

Arizona Counties

[34] County name County seat Year founded 2010 population Percent of total Area (sq. mi.) Percent of total

Apache St. Johns 1879 71,518 1.12 % 11,218 9.84 %

Cochise Bisbee 1881 131,346 2.05 % 6,219 5.46 %

Coconino Flagstaff 1891 134,421 2.10 % 18,661 16.37 %

Gila Globe 1881 53,597 0.84 % 4,796 4.21 %

Graham Safford 1881 37,220 0.58 % 4,641 4.07 %

Greenlee Clifton 1909 8,437 0.13 % 1,848 1.62 %

La Paz Parker 1983 20,489 0.32 % 4,513 3.96 %

Maricopa Phoenix 1871 3,817,117 59.72 % 9,224 8.09 %

Mohave Kingman 1864 200,186 3.13 % 13,470 11.82 %

Navajo Holbrook 1895 107,449 1.68 % 9,959 8.74 %

Pima Tucson 1864 980,263 15.34 % 9,189 8.06 %

Pinal Florence 1875 375,770 5.88 % 5,374 4.71 %

Santa Cruz Nogales 1899 47,420 0.74 % 1,238 1.09 %

Yavapai Prescott 1865 211,033 3.30 % 8,128 7.13 %

Yuma Yuma 1864 195,751 3.06 % 5,519 4.84 %

Totals: 15 6,392,017 113,997 Arizona 20

Federal representation Arizona's two United States Senators are John McCain (R), the 2008 Republican Presidential Nominee, and Jeff Flake (R). Arizona's representatives in the United States House of Representatives are Ann Kirkpatrick (D-1), Ron Barber (D-2), Raul Grijalva (D-3), Paul Gosar (R-4), Matt Salmon (R-5), David Schweikert (R-6), Ed Pastor (D-7), Trent Franks (R-8), and Kyrsten Sinema (D-9). Arizona gained a ninth seat in the House of Representatives due to redistricting based on Census 2010.

Political culture

Presidential elections results

Year Republican Democratic

2012 53.65% 1,233,654 44.59% 1,025,232

2008 53.60% 1,230,111 45.12% 1,034,707

2004 54.87% 1,104,294 44.40% 893,524

2000 50.95% 781,652 44.67% 685,341

1996 44.29% 622,073 46.52% 653,288

1992 38.47% 572,086 36.52% 543,050

1988 59.95% 702,541 38.74% 454,029

1984 66.42% 681,416 32.54% 333,854

1980 60.61% 529,688 28.24% 246,843

1976 56.37% 418,642 39.80% 295,602

1972 61.64% 402,812 30.38% 198,540

1968 54.78% 266,721 35.02% 170,514

1964 50.45% 242,535 49.45% 237,753

1960 55.52% 221,241 44.36% 176,781

See also: Elections in Arizona, Political party strength in Arizona

Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of March 1, 2012[35]

Party Number of Voters Percentage

Republican 1,131,802 36%

Democratic 1,002,937 32%

Unaffiliated 1,011,679 32%

Total 3,146,418 100%

From statehood through the late 1940s, Arizona was primarily dominated by the Democratic Party. During this time period, the Democratic candidate for the presidency carried the state each election, with the only exceptions being the elections of 1920, 1924 and 1928—all three of which were national Republican landslides. Since the election of Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952, however, the state has voted consistently Republican in presidential elections. Arizona voted Republican in every presidential election from 1952 to 1992, with Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan winning the state by particularly large margins. During this forty-year span, it was also the only state not to be carried by a Democrat at least once. Arizona 21

The closest that a Democrat came to carrying the state during this time was Lyndon Johnson in 1964, who lost the state by less than 5,000 votes to Arizona Senator and native Barry Goldwater (This was the most closely contested state in what was otherwise a landslide victory for Johnson that year). Democrat Bill Clinton ended this streak in 1996 when he won Arizona by a little over two percentage points (Clinton had previously come within less than two percent of winning Arizona's electoral votes in 1992). However, Clinton’s victory has proven to be an exception, as the state has continued to support Republican presidential candidates by solid margins in every election since. In recent years, the Republican Party has also dominated Arizona politics in general. The fast-growing Phoenix and Tucson suburbs became increasingly friendly to Republicans from the 1950s onward. During this time, many "Pinto Democrats", or conservative Democrats from rural areas, became increasingly willing to support Republicans at the state and national level. While the state normally supports Republicans at the federal level, Democrats are often competitive in statewide elections; two of the last five governors have been Democrats. On March 4, 2008, John McCain effectively clinched the Republican nomination for 2008, becoming the first presidential nominee from the state since Barry Goldwater in 1964. Arizona politics are dominated by a longstanding rivalry between its two largest counties, Maricopa County and Pima County—home to Phoenix and Tucson, respectively. The two counties have almost 75 percent of the state's population and cast almost 80 percent of the state's vote. They also elect a substantial majority of the state legislature. Maricopa County is home to almost 60 percent of the state's population, and most of the state's elected officials live there. It has voted Republican in every presidential election since 1948. This includes the 1964 run of native son Barry Goldwater; he would not have carried his home state had it not been for a 20,000-vote margin in Maricopa County. Similarly, while McCain won Arizona by eight percentage points in 2008, the margin would have likely been far closer if not for a 130,000-vote margin in Maricopa County. In contrast, Pima County, home to Tucson, and most of southern Arizona have historically been more Democratic. While Tucson's suburbs lean Republican, they hold to a somewhat more moderate brand of Republicanism than is common in the Phoenix area. Arizona rejected a same-sex marriage ban in a referendum as part of the 2006 elections. Arizona was the first state in the nation to do so. Same-sex marriage was already not recognized in Arizona, but this amendment would have denied any legal or financial benefits to unmarried homosexual or heterosexual couples. In 2008, Arizona voters passed Proposition 102, an amendment to the state constitution to define marriage as a union of one man and one woman, though by a narrower majority than similar votes in a number of other states.[36] In 2010, Arizona passed SB 1070, called the toughest illegal immigration legislation in the nation, igniting a fierce debate between supporters and detractors of the law. The United States Supreme Court heard arguments March 18, 2013, regarding the validity of the Arizona law that tries to keep illegal immigrants from voting by demanding all state residents show documents proving their U.S. citizenship before registering to vote in national elections.

Same-sex marriage A November 2011 Public Policy Polling survey found that 44% of Arizona voters supported the legalization of same-sex marriage, while 45% opposed it and 12% were not sure. A separate question on the same survey found that 72% of respondents supported legal recognition of same-sex couples, with 40% supporting same-sex marriage, 32% supporting civil unions, 27% opposing all legal recognition and 1% not sure. Arizona Proposition 102, known by its supporters as the Marriage Protection Amendment, appeared as a legislatively referred constitutional amendment on the November 4, 2008 ballot in Arizona, where it was approved: 56.2%-43%. It amended the Arizona Constitution to define marriage as between one man and one woman.[37] Arizona 22

Education

Elementary and secondary education Public schools in Arizona are separated into about 220 local school districts which operate independently, but are governed in most cases by elected county school superintendents; these are in turn overseen by the Arizona State Board of Education (a division of the Arizona Department of Education) and the state Superintendent of Public Instruction (elected in partisan elections every even-numbered year when there is not a presidential election, for a four-year term). In 2005, a School District Redistricting Commission was established with the goal of combining and consolidating many of these districts.

Higher education

Arizona is served by three public universities: Arizona State University, the University of Arizona, and Northern Arizona University. These schools are governed by the Arizona Board of Regents. Private higher education in Arizona is dominated by a large number of for-profit and "chain" (multi-site) universities.[38] Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott and The University of Arizona located in Tucson. Prescott College are Arizona's only non-profit four-year private colleges.[39] Arizona has a wide network of two-year vocational schools and community colleges. These colleges were governed historically by a separate statewide Board of Directors but, in 2002, the state legislature transferred almost all oversight authority to individual community college districts.[40] The Maricopa County Community College District includes 11 community colleges throughout Maricopa County and is one of the largest in the nation.

Arizona State University located in Tempe. Public universities in Arizona

• Arizona State University, (Sun Devils) Tempe/Phoenix/Mesa • Northern Arizona University, (Lumberjacks) Flagstaff/Yuma/Prescott • University of Arizona, (Wildcats) Tucson/Sierra Vista and UA Agricultural Center in Yuma

Private colleges and universities in Arizona Arizona 23

• American Indian College • Midwestern University • Apollo College • Northcentral University • Arizona Christian University • Ottawa University • Art Center College of Design • University of Phoenix • Art Institute of Tucson • Phoenix School of Law • Art Institute of Phoenix • Prescott College • A.T. Still University • Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine • Brown Mackie College • Thunderbird School of Global Management • Collins College • University of Advancing Technology • Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University • Western Governors University • Grand Canyon University • Western International University • International Baptist College

Community colleges

• Arizona Western College • Maricopa County Community College District • Central Arizona College • Mesa Community College • Cochise College • Mohave Community College • Coconino Community College • Northland Pioneer College • Diné College • Paradise Valley Community College • Eastern Arizona College • Phoenix College • Chandler-Gilbert Community College • Pima Community College • Estrella Mountain Community College • Rio Salado Community College • GateWay Community College • Scottsdale Community College • Glendale Community College • South Mountain Community College • Yavapai College

Sports Professional sports teams in Arizona include:

Club Sport League Championships

Arizona Cardinals Football National Football League 2 (1925, 1947)

Phoenix Suns Basketball National Basketball Association 0

Arizona Diamondbacks Baseball Major League Baseball 1 (2001)

Arizona Coyotes Ice hockey National Hockey League 0

Arizona Rattlers Arena Football Arena Football League 4 (1994, 1997, 2012, 2013)

Arizona Sundogs Ice hockey Central Hockey League 1 (2007–08)

Phoenix Mercury Basketball Women's National Basketball Association 2 (2007, 2009)

Arizona United SC Soccer USL Pro 0

FC Tucson Soccer USL Premier Development League 0

Due to its numerous golf courses, Arizona is home to several stops on the PGA Tour, most notably the Phoenix Open, held at the TPC of Scottsdale, and the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship at the Ritz-Carlton Golf Club in Marana. With three state universities and several community colleges, college sports are also prevalent in Arizona. The intense rivalry between Arizona State University and the University of Arizona predates Arizona's statehood, and is Arizona 24

the oldest rivalry in the NCAA. The thus aptly named Territorial Cup, first awarded in 1889 and certified as the oldest trophy in college football, is awarded to the winner of the “Duel in the Desert,” the annual football game between the two schools. Arizona also hosts several bowl games in the Bowl Championship Series. The Fiesta Bowl, originally held at Sun Devil Stadium, is now held at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale. University of Phoenix Stadium was also home to the 2007 BCS National Championship Game and hosted Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008. It will host the state's first Pro Bowl on January 25, 2015, and Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, 2015. The Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl is held at Sun Devil Stadium. Auto racing is another sport known in the state. Phoenix International Raceway in Avondale is home to NASCAR race weekends twice a year. Firebird International Raceway near Chandler is home to drag racing and other motorsport events.

Baseball

Arizona is a popular location for Major League Baseball spring training, as it is the site of the Cactus League. The only other location for spring training is in Florida with the Grapefruit League. The Los Angeles Dodgers have a new spring training facility in Phoenix owned by Glendale which opened in 2009, making them the 14th team in Arizona. Spring training has been somewhat of a tradition in Arizona since 1947 (i.e. the Cleveland Indians in Tucson until 1991, and the San Diego Padres in Yuma until 1992) despite the fact that the state did not have its own major league team until the state was awarded the Diamondbacks in Phoenix as an expansion team. The state hosts the A spring training game between the two Chicago teams, the Cubs and the White Sox, at HoHoKam Park in Mesa. following teams:

• Arizona Diamondbacks in Salt River Fields. • Chicago Cubs in HoHoKam Park of Mesa. • Chicago White Sox in Camelback Ranch-Glendale of Phoenix. • Cincinnati Reds in Goodyear Ballpark. • Cleveland Indians in Goodyear Ballpark. • Colorado Rockies in Salt River Fields. • Kansas City Royals in Surprise Stadium. • Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in Tempe Diablo Stadium. • Los Angeles Dodgers in Camelback Ranch-Glendale of Phoenix. • Milwaukee Brewers in Maryvale Baseball Park of Phoenix. • Oakland Athletics in Phoenix Municipal Stadium, but also in Indian School Park in Scottsdale. • San Diego Padres in Peoria Sports Complex. • San Francisco Giants in Scottsdale Stadium, but also in Papago Park of Phoenix. • Seattle Mariners in Peoria Sports Complex, but also in Chandler. • Texas Rangers in Surprise Stadium. Besides being home to spring training, Arizona is also home to two other baseball leagues, Arizona Fall League and Arizona Winter League. The Fall League was founded in 1992 and is a minor league baseball league designed for players to refine their skills and perform in game settings in front of major and minor league baseball scouts and team executives, who are in attendance at almost every game. The league got exposure when Michael Jordan started Arizona 25

his time in baseball with the Scottsdale Scorpions. The Arizona Winter League, founded in 2007, is a professional baseball league of four teams for the independent Golden Baseball League. The games are played in Yuma at the Desert Sun Stadium, but added two new teams in the California desert, and one more in Sonora for the 2008 season.

Art and culture

Visual arts and museums See also: List of museums in Arizona Phoenix Art Museum, located on the historic Central Avenue corridor in Phoenix, is the Southwest’s largest collection of visual art from across the world. The museum displays international exhibitions alongside the Museum’s collection of more than 18,000 works of American, Asian, European, Latin American, Western American, modern and contemporary art, and fashion design. With a community education mandate since 1951, Phoenix Art Museum holds a year-round program of festivals, live performances, independent art films and educational programs. The museum also has PhxArtKids, an interactive space for children; photography exhibitions through the Museum’s partnership with the Center for Creative Photography; the landscaped Sculpture Garden and dining at Arcadia Farms. Arizona is a recognized center of Native American art, with a number of galleries showcasing historical and contemporary works. The Heard Museum, also located in Phoenix, is a major repository of Native American art. Some of the signature exhibits include a full Navajo hogan, the Mareen Allen Nichols Collection containing 260 pieces of contemporary jewelry, the Barry Goldwater Collection of 437 historic Hopi kachina dolls, and an exhibit on the 19th century boarding school experiences of Native Americans. The Heard Museum has about 250,000 visitors a year. Sedona, Jerome, and Tubac are known as a budding artist colonies, and small arts scenes exist in the larger cities and near the state universities.

Film See also: List of films shot in Arizona Several major Hollywood films, such as Billy Jack, U Turn, Waiting to Exhale, Just One of the Guys, Can't Buy Me Love, Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, The Scorpion King, The Banger Sisters, Used Cars, and Raising Arizona have been made there (as indeed have many Westerns). The 1993 science fiction movie Fire in the Sky, which was actually based on a reported alien abduction in the town of Snowflake, was set in Snowflake, but filmed in the Oregon towns of Oakland, Roseburg, and Sutherlin.

The climax of the 1977 Clint Eastwood film The Gauntlet takes place in downtown Phoenix. The final Monument Valley in the northeastern part of the state is famous for segments of the 1984 film Starman take place at its scenery and Hollywood Western films. Meteor Crater outside Winslow. The Jeff Foxworthy comedy documentary movie Blue Collar Comedy Tour was filmed almost entirely at the Dodge Theatre. Arguably one of the most famous examples could be Alfred Hitchcock's classic film Psycho. Not only was some of the film shot in Phoenix, but the main character is from there as well. Arizona 26

Some of the television shows filmed or set in Arizona include The New Dick Van Dyke Show, Medium, Alice, The First 48, Insomniac with Dave Attell, Cops, and America's Most Wanted. The 1974 film Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, for which Ellen Burstyn won the Academy Award for Best Actress, and also starred Kris Kristofferson, was set in Tucson, the TV sitcom Alice, which was based on the movie was set in Phoenix. Twilight was also set in Phoenix at the beginning and the end of the film.

Music Main article: Music of Arizona Arizona is prominently featured in the lyrics of many Country and Western songs, such as Jamie O'Neal's hit ballad "There Is No Arizona". George Strait's "Oceanfront Property" uses "ocean front property in Arizona" as a metaphor for a sucker proposition. The line "see you down in Arizona Bay" is used in a Tool song in reference to the possibility (expressed as a hope by comedian Bill Hicks) that Southern California will one day fall into the ocean. "Arizona" was the title of a popular song recorded by Mark Lindsay. Arizona is mentioned by the hit song "Take It Easy" written by Jackson Browne and Glenn Frey and performed by the Eagles. Arizona is also mentioned in the Beatles' song "Get Back," credited to John Lennon and Paul McCartney; McCartney sings: "JoJo left his home in Tucson, Arizona, for some California grass." Arizona's budding music scene is helped by emerging bands, as well as some well-known artists. The Gin Blossoms, Chronic Future, Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers, Jimmy Eat World, Caroline's Spine, and others began their careers in Arizona. Also, a number of punk and Rock bands got their start in Arizona, including JFA, The Feederz, Sun City Girls, The Meat Puppets, The Maine, The Summer Set, and more recently Authority Zero and Digital Summer. Arizona also has many singers and other musicians. Singer, songwriter and guitarist Michelle Branch is from Sedona. Chester Bennington, the lead vocalist of Linkin Park, Bob Stubbs a former member and drummer of the band Social Distortion lives in Arizona, and mash-up artist DJ Z-Trip are both from Phoenix. One of Arizona's better known musicians include shock rocker Alice Cooper, who helped define the genre. Maynard James Keenan, the lead singer of the bands, Tool, A Perfect Circle, and Puscifer, calls the town of Cornville his current home. Other notable singers include country singers Dierks Bentley and Marty Robbins, folk singer Katie Lee, Fleetwood Mac's Stevie Nicks, CeCe Peniston, Rex Allen, 2007 American Idol winner Jordin Sparks, and Linda Ronstadt. Dale Noe received the CMA songwriter of the year award in 1969 for his song "Its Such A Pretty World Today". Arizona is also known for its heavy metal scene, which is centered in and around Phoenix. In the early to mid-90's it included bands such as Job for a Cowboy, Knights of the Abyss, Eyes Set To Kill, blessthefall, and Abigail Williams. The band Soulfly calls Phoenix home and Megadeth lived in Phoenix for about a decade. Beginning in and around 2009, Phoenix began to host a burgeoning dessert rock / sludge metal underground, (ala' Kyuss in 90's California) led by bands like Wolves of Winter, Asimov and Dead Canyon. Arizona 27

Miscellaneous topics

Notable people Some famous Arizonans involved in politics and government are: • Former United States Secretary of Transportation Mary Peters • Former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor • Former Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist • Former U.S. Senator Dennis DeConcini • Maricopa County Sheriff Joe ArpaioWikipedia:Citation needed • Former Graham County Sheriff Richard MackWikipedia:Citation needed • National Education Association President Dennis Van Roekel • Junior Republican Senator Jon Kyl, former Senate Minority Whip. • Presidential candidate (2000, 2008) and Senior Republican Senator John McCain • Presidential candidate (1964) and former U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater • Former Governor, Secretary of the Interior, and Presidential candidate (1988) Bruce Babbitt • Presidential candidate (1976) and former Arizona congressman Mo Udall and his brother Secretary of the Interior Stewart UdallWikipedia:Citation needed • Former U.S. Senator Carl HaydenWikipedia:Citation needed • Former United States Solicitor General Rex E. Lee. • Former Governor and Secretary of Homeland Security in the Obama Administration Janet Napolitano • Former Surgeon General of the United States Richard Carmona Arizona notables in culture and the arts include: • Labor leader and civil rights pioneer Cesar Estrada Chavez was from San Luis, near YumaWikipedia:Citation needed • Actors Emma Stone and Gail Edwards • Author Zane Grey • Architect Frank Lloyd Wright • Disc sports (Frisbee) pioneer Ken Westerfield currently lives in Bisbee • Film director Steven Spielberg grew up in Scottsdale, as did David Spade and Wonder Woman star Lynda Carter • Musicians Chester Bennington of Linkin Park (Phoenix), Alice Cooper (Phoenix), Stevie Nicks of Fleetwood Mac (Phoenix), Maynard James Keenan of Tool, A Perfect Circle, and Puscifer (Jerome), Linda Ronstadt (Tucson), Michelle Branch (Sedona) • Musicians in the bands Meat Puppets (Phoenix/Tempe), Authority Zero (Mesa), Gin Blossoms (Tempe), Chronic Future (Scottsdale), Jimmy Eat World (Mesa), The Format (Glendale), and Stellar Kart (Phoenix). • Poet Jim Simmerman of Flagstaff • Frederick Sommer, an artist/photographer, moved to Tucson in 1931 and lived in Prescott from 1935 to 1999 • Rancher and political insider John G.F. Speiden - Jay Six Ranch For a complete list, see List of people from Arizona. Arizona 28

State symbols

• Arizona state amphibian: Arizona Treefrog (Hyla eximia) • Arizona state bird: Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) • Arizona state butterfly: Two-tailed Swallowtail (Papilio multicaudata) • Arizona state colors: Federal Blue and old gold • Arizona state fish: Apache trout (Oncorhynchus apache) • Arizona state flag: Flag of the State of Arizona • Arizona state flower: Saguaro blossom (Carnegiea gigantea) • Arizona state fossil: Petrified wood • Arizona state gemstone: Turquoise • Arizona state mammal: Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus) • Arizona state motto: Ditat Deus (Latin God enriches) • Arizona state neckwear: Bolo tie • Arizona state reptile: Arizona Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake (Crotalus Cactus Wren willardi) • Arizona state seal: Great Seal of the State of Arizona • Arizona state slogan: Grand Canyon State • Arizona state songs: "Arizona March Song" (by Margaret Rowe Clifford) and "Arizona" (by Rex Allen, Jr.)[41] • Arizona state tree: Palo Verde (Parkinsonia) • Arizona state gun: Colt Single Action Army revolver

References

[1] "2010 Census State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates" (http:/ / www. census. gov/ geo/ www/ 2010census/ statearea_intpt. html). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 14, 2012. [2] Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.

[3] http:/ / www. az. gov

[4] All about Arizona (http:/ / www. sheppardsoftware. com/ usaweb/ snapshot/ Arizona. htm). sheppardsoftware.com. Retrieved September 21, 2010. [5] Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 47 [6] McClintock, James (1916). Arizona, Prehistoric, Aboriginal, Pioneer, Modern: The Nation’s Youngest Commonwealth within a Land of Ancient Culture. Chicago: The S.J. Clarke Publishing Co. [7] Saxton, Dean, Saxton, Lucille, & Enos, Susie. (1983). Dictionary: Tohono O'odham/Pima to English, English to Tohono O'odham/Pima. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press [8] Donald Garate, 2005, "Arizonac, a twentieth-century myth", Journal of Arizona History 46(2), pp. 161–184 [9] Timothy Anna et al., Historia de México. Barcelona: Critica, 2001, p. 10.

[10] Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2014 (http:/ / www. minneapolisfed. org/ community_education/ teacher/ calc/ hist1800. cfm). Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved February 27, 2014. [11] Mexican-American War as accessed on March 16, 2007 at 7:33 MST AM

[12] http:/ / www. pima. gov/ cmo/ sdcp/ Archives/ reports/ Cult. html

[13] Arizona Democrats authorize Internet Voting for March 11 Advisory Primary (http:/ / www. thegreenpapers. com/ News/ 19991003-0. html)

[14] Resident Population Data - 2010 Census (http:/ / 2010. census. gov/ 2010census/ data/ apportionment-pop-text. php)

[15] Arizona (state, United States) (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 34807/ Arizona). Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

[16] " Arizona – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990. (http:/ / blueprod. ssd. census. gov/ population/ www/ documentation/ twps0056/

tab17. pdf)" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. .

[17] Census.gov Arizona - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990 (http:/ / www. census. gov/ population/ www/ documentation/ twps0056/

tab17. pdf)

[18] " Arizona at a crossroads over water and growth (http:/ / www. azcentral. com/ arizonarepublic/ viewpoints/ articles/ 0309vip-udall0309. html)". The Arizona Republic. March 9, 2008. Arizona 29

[19] " Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot (http:/ / www. cleveland. com/ datacentral/ index. ssf/

2012/ 06/ americas_under_age_1_populatio. html)". The Plain Dealer. June 3, 2012.

[20] " Ranking Tables for Metropolitan Areas: 1990 and 2000 (http:/ / www. census. gov/ population/ cen2000/ phc-t3/ tab05. txt)." United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Retrieved on July 8, 2006. [21] second to Nevada with 8.8% in 2010

[22] American FactFinder - Results (http:/ / factfinder2. census. gov/ faces/ tableservices/ jsf/ pages/ productview.

xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_QTPL& prodType=table) [23] Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States,

Regions, Divisions, and States (http:/ / www. census. gov/ population/ www/ documentation/ twps0056/ twps0056. html)

[24] Population of Arizona: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts (http:/ / censusviewer. com/ state/ AZ)

[25] 2010 Census Data (http:/ / www. census. gov/ 2010census/ data/ )

[26] 2005 American Community Survey. Retrieved from the data of the MLA (http:/ / www. mla. org/ map_data), July 13, 2010

[27] Arizona has most Indian language speakers (http:/ / www. upi. com/ Top_News/ US/ 2011/ 12/ 11/

Arizona-has-most-Indian-language-speakers/ UPI-82861323650994/ #ixzz1gM3HQRxc). upi.com Accessed December 12, 2011. [28] Phoenix Business Journal, Sep 2, 2011, page 4

[29] Bls.gov (http:/ / www. bls. gov/ lau/ ); Local Area Unemployment Statistics

[30] " Arizona Republic 100: State's biggest employers (http:/ / www. azdatapages. com/ datacenter/ business/ arizona-republic-top-100. html)." Arizona Republic.

[31] " Southern Arizona Major Employers (http:/ / www. treoaz. org/ data-center-largest-employers. aspx)." Tucson Regional Economic Opportunities. [32] World's busiest airports by traffic movements [33] World's busiest airports by passenger traffic [34] "Table 1. The Counties and the Most Populous Incorporated Places in 2010 in Arizona: 2000 and 2010". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved

January 8, 2012. (http:/ / 2010. census. gov/ news/ xls/ mail_part_rates. xls)

[35] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Arizona& action=edit

[36] Ban on gay unions solidly supported in most of Arizona (http:/ / www. azstarnet. com/ metro/ 265756)

[37] AZ pro-civil unions, remembers Goldwater fondly (http:/ / www. publicpolicypolling. com/ pdf/ 2011/ PPP_Release_AZ_1130424. pdf)

[38] College Navigator – Arizona (http:/ / nces. ed. gov/ collegenavigator/ ?s=AZ& ct=2+ 3& ic=1) National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education

[39] College Navigator – Four-Year Schools in Arizona (http:/ / nces. ed. gov/ collegenavigator/ ?s=AZ& ct=2+ 3& ic=1& pg=2& id=105589) National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education [40] 2002 Legislature – HB 2710, which later became ARS 15-1444

[41] Kids' Page – Arizona State Songs (http:/ / www. azsos. gov/ public_services/ kids/ kids_state_songs. htm)

Further reading • Bayless, Betsy, 1998, Arizona Blue Book, 1997–1998. Phoenix, Arizona.

• McIntyre, Allan J., 2008, The Tohono O'odham and Pimeria Alta. (http:/ / www. arcadiapublishing. com/ mm5/

merchant. mvc?Screen=PROD& Product_Code=9780738556338) Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina. (ISBN 978-0-7385-5633-8). • Miller, Tom (editor), 1986, Arizona: The Land and the People. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. (ISBN 978-0-8165-1004-7). • Officer, James E., 1987, Hispanic Arizona, 1536–1856. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. (ISBN 978-0-8165-0981-2).

• Thomas, David M. (editor), 2003, Arizona Legislative Manual. In Arizona (http:/ / www. azleg. state. az. us/

alispdfs/ Council/ legman2003. pdf) Phoenix, Arizona, Arizona Legislative Council. Google Print. Retrieved January 16, 2006. • Trimble, Marshall, 1998, Arizona, A Cavalcade of History. Treasure Chest Publications, Tucson, Arizona. (ISBN 978-0-918080-43-1).

• Woosley, Anne I., 2008, Early Tucson. (http:/ / www. arcadiapublishing. com/ mm5/ merchant.

mvc?Screen=PROD& Product_Code=9780738556468) Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina. (ISBN 978-0-7385-5646-8). Arizona 30

External links Official state government website

• Official Website of the State of Arizona (http:/ / www. az. gov/ ) Other Reference links

• Arizona State Guide, from the Library of Congress (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ rr/ program/ bib/ states/ arizona/

index. html)

• Arizona Regional Accounts Data (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20020819164839/ http:/ / www. bea. doc. gov/

bea/ regional/ map/ map. asp?po=AZ) at the Wayback Machine (archived August 19, 2002)

• Arizona Demographic Data from FedStats (http:/ / www. fedstats. gov/ qf/ states/ 04000. html)

• Arizona Indicators, state's central resource for information on a wide range of topics (http:/ / www.

arizonaindicators. org/ )

• Energy Data & Statistics for Arizona (http:/ / www. eia. gov/ state/ state-energy-profiles. cfm?sid=AZ)

• Arizona State Databases (http:/ / wikis. ala. org/ godort/ index. php/ Arizona) – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Arizona state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.

• Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records (http:/ / www. lib. az. us/ )

• Arizona (http:/ / ballotpedia. org/ Arizona) at Ballotpedia

• Arizona (http:/ / judgepedia. org/ index. php/ Arizona) at Judgepedia

• Arizona (http:/ / sunshinereview. org/ index. php/ Arizona) at Sunshine Review

• Arizona (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ North_America/ United_States/ Arizona) at DMOZ

• Geographic data related to Arizona (http:/ / www. openstreetmap. org/ browse/ relation/ 162018) at OpenStreetMap Tourism Information links

• Official Arizona Office of Tourism (http:/ / www. arizonaguide. com/ )

• Arizona Game & Fish Department (Hunting, Boating & Fishing) (http:/ / www. azgfd. gov/ )

• Arizona State Parks (http:/ / azstateparks. com/ index. html)

• American Southwest, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary (http:/ / www. nps.

gov/ history/ nr/ travel/ amsw/ )

• Arizona (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ North_America/ United_States/ Arizona/ ) at DMOZ

Preceded by List of U.S. states by date of Succeeded by New Mexico statehood Alaska Admitted on February 14, 1912 (48th)

Coordinates: 34°N 112°W (http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Arizona& params=34_N_112_W_region:US-AZ_type:adm1st_scale:3000000) Article Sources and Contributors 31 Article Sources and Contributors

Arizona Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=615856429 Contributors: -=Raptor=-K, 1-800-94-Jenny, 128.12.181.xxx, 1297, 12george1, 1oddbins1, 24 biggest fan, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, 29.12, 72Dino, 78.26, 7george7, A2Kafir, A3RO, ABF, AMP7, AMRDeuce, ARHAPSTF, AZ8196, AZCactus1, AZunderestimated91, Aabujbarah, Aaron football12, Abqwildcat, Absabsabs, Acather96, Acroterion, Acsenray, Adashiel, Addshore, AdjustShift, Adjwilley, Adrian.benko, Aeusoes1, Aeyn Edwards, Afitillidie13, Against the current, Agateller, Ahassan05, Aherold, Ahoerstemeier, Aille, Airplaneman, Aivazovsky, Ajraddatz, Alai, Alansohn, Alarics, Aldaron, Aleksa Lukic, Alex43223, AlexiusHoratius, Alexsautographs, Alexwcovington, Alfio, Alisterbarrett.king, Allen3, Altruistic Egotist, AlysTarr, Amaury, Amazonien, American Law School, Ampoirier7, Anastrophe, Anaxial, Andre Engels, Andrei Stroe, AndrewVincent123, Androcoles, Andy Marchbanks, Andy120290, Angr, Anna Lincoln, AnnaFrance, Another-sailor, Antandrus, AnthonyNgo, Anwestov, Apeloverage, Aphaia, Apollo1758, Applepickereater, Arbor to SJ, ArglebargleIV, Arizona info, Arms & Hearts, Aronarnybrucejohnson, Arrabbikum, Art LaPella, Arthur Petrelli, AstroNomer, Atethnekos, AtmanDave, Atub1, AuburnPiIot, AuburnPilot, Aude, Audiosmurf, AugPi, Aure1ius9, Avant Guard, Avicennasis, Avoided, Awb10, AxSkov, AySz88, Az81964444, Azscooter1, Aztom2, Azwatchdog, BBird, BD2412, BSveen, Bad carpet, Balloonguy, Barek, Barfooz, BaronLarf, Baronnet, BarretB, Barrycarlyon, Bassbonerocks, BdawgIGH, Beetstra, Bek the Conqueror, Beland, Beloki, BenBaker, Bender235, Benhealy, Benjh40, Benkalt, Bentley4, Bentogoa, Betacommand, Bg860d, Bgwhite, Bhadani, Bill-Klinton, Billhpike, Billy Hathorn, Bkonrad, Blair P. Houghton, Blanchardb, BlankVerse, Bleakcomb, Blondeguynative, BlueAzure, Bmclaughlin9, Bmv 1978, BoNoMoJo (old), Bobo192, Bobrayner, Bongwarrior, Booksworm, Booner47, Borber, BorgHunter, Bped1985, Brainboy109, Branden, Brandonsnow5681, Branson03, Bravo1, Brian0918, Brianazdc, Brion VIBBER, Bronx Discount Liquor, Brothejr, Brusegadi, Bsadowski1, Bsmith60, Btphelps, Buaidh, Bubba hotep, Bubblesnfudgelg, Bucketsofg, Buddha24, Bulba2036, Bullshark44, Burnwelk, Buster2058, Butwhatdoiknow, BuzyBody, CBDunkerson, CJLL Wright, CPAScott, CR85747, Cadiomals, Cal112, Calabe1992, CalicoCatLover, Call me Bubba, Calmer Waters, Calvin 1998, Camlibbybro1999, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanDo, Canada1776, CanadianCaesar, CanadianLinuxUser, CanisRufus, Cannolis, Canthusus, Caponer, Capricorn42, Captain Wikify, Captain picard's bald head, CardinalDan, Cardinalsam, Carter, Cascadia, Castiel The Angel, Catgut, Cburnett, Cchow2, Cdbravo, Ceemo, Cenarium, Centauro del Norte, Chadlupkes, Chanheigeorge, Chicken Parm, Chnou, Choalbaton, Chowbok, Chris j wood, Chris the speller, Chris28470, ChrisGualtieri, ChrisRuvolo, Chrisch, Chrislk02, Chrismiceli, Chun-hian, Chuunen Baka, Citicat, Civil Engineer III, ClairSamoht, Clarince63, Clarkbhm, Closedmouth, Codex Sinaiticus, Colorado River, Combuchan, CommonsDelinker, Compguy11, Conk 9, Conversion script, Coolcaesar, CopperSquare, Cornellrockey, Corriebertus, Cottonshirt, Courcelles, Cquan, Cranedavid, Cripipper, Crystallina, Csassi, Cst17, Curieux, Curtis Clark, Cutie8967, D Monack, D. 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