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Brochure, Sensor Technology, Ballistics

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Brochure, Sensor Technology, Ballistics Ballistics Kistler system solutions for ballistic applications www.kistler.com Absolute Attention for tomorrow’s world Kistler develops solutions for challenges in measurement technology with a portfolio that comprises sensors, electronics, systems and services. We push the frontiers of physics in fields such as emission reduction, quality control, mobility and vehicle safety: our products deliver top performance to meet the standards of tomorrow’s world, providing the ideal basis for Industry 4.0. This is how we pave the way for innovation and growth – for our customers, and with our customers. Kistler: the byword for advances in engine Measurement technology from Kistler By supporting all the stages in networked, monitoring, vehicle safety and vehicle ensures top performance in sport digitalized production, Kistler’s systems dynamics. Our products deliver data that diagnostics, traffic data acquisition, maximize process efficiency and cost- plays a key part in developing efficient cutting force analysis and many other effectiveness in the smart factories of vehicles for tomorrow’s world. applications where absolutely reliable the next generation. measurements are required despite extreme conditions. 2 www.kistler.com Contents Kistler solutions for ballistic applications 4 Various measuring arrangements 7 Special applications 8 Measuring chain 9 System overview 10 System components 11 Calibration and dynamic verification of pressure sensors for ballistics applications 12 Typical system configuration for continuous calibration 14 Re-calibration intervals for ballistic applications 15 www.kistler.com 3 Kistler solutions for ballistic applications Quartz, the heart of the transducer Kistler has been developing and producing piezoelectric quartz sensors for measuring pressure since 1957. These have stood the test of time and supplied reliable results under even the most extreme conditions. Quartz crystal is an excellent piezoelectric material. The following properties make it particularly ideal for use in pressure transducers: • Outstanding stability • High mechanical strength • High rigidity • Wide temperature range • Sensitivity little affected by temperature • No hysteresis • Extremely good linearity Why use piezoelectric sensors for internal ballistics pressure measurement? PiezoStar crystals are just one of many innovations from Kistler. It is a physical property of some crystals, such as quartz, that if you mechanically deform them, e.g. by applying a load, they will generate a very small electrical charge, in the order of picocoulombs. This phenomenon is called the piezoelectric effect, and the fact that this charge generation is both repeatable and highly responsive to dynamic change makes sensors based on this technology, i.e. quartz based piezoelectric sensors, ideal for ballistic pressure measurements. When quartz experiences a mechanical load, it presents a charge proportional to the load. 4 www.kistler.com Ballistic terms fired. An accelerometer detects the moment when the trigger enables the mechanism to strike the primer of a cartridge with The industry defines the different areas of ballistics applications as the firing pin. follows: To monitor the pressure in the chamber with either drilled cartridge Internal ballistics or case mouth configuration, the high pressure sensor Type 6215 Internal ballistics are events inside the gun that occur from the time measures up to 6,000 bar. For shot shell ammunition, the Type the firing pin strikes the primer until the bullet exits the muzzle. 6239A allows a tangential measurement and therefore omits Measuring parameters of the primer is one of the most critical the need of drilling the plastic case. Port pressure measurements parts of acceptance tests to ensure safety and quality of along the barrel and at the end of the muzzle can also be done ammunition. It relates to the study of events inside the barrel with Kistler sensors. during an extremely short time frame. This can be down to a millisecond for small caliber rounds and up to a few milliseconds Transitioning into the domain of the external ballistic phase, for larger calibers. the flash at the muzzle can be detected for rate of fire measurement (ROF) or speed measurement, when the time of External ballistics the bullet leaving the barrel is of interest using the Flash Detector External ballistics are events that occur from the time the bullet Type Z21406-FD02. Measuring the projectile speed at specific leaves the muzzle until it strikes the ground/target downrange. distances, the Type 2521A light screen offers highest accuracy and a simple setup. Customer specific solutions like for e.g. wall Terminal ballistics mounted screens, redundant dual screens or different sizes can be Terminal ballistics is the science of what happens when a bullet made. With the measured speed and the mass of the projectile, strikes a target. the energy can also be determined. Advice from the experts For terminal ballistics parameters, the Type 2523A target system There are three internationally recognized standards to control provides precise target data of the projectile coordinates as well as safety and quality of firearms ammunition. NATO regulates further statistical data. primarily standards in production for military issued ammunition, while C.I.P. and SAAMI focus on production standards for All these measurands are acquired by one central data acquisition ammunition made for the civil market. unit, the Type 2519A transient recorder. It can measure with up to 10 MS/s and can have 1 – 4 charge inputs as well as 1 – 4 voltage C.I.P. or Commission Internationale Permanente pour l’épreuve inputs. Statistics and a variety of calculation modules make des armes à feu portatives has many member countries across the analysis of the measured data very efficient. The raw data the globe, while SAAMI is The Sporting Arms and Ammunition will always remain and be stored, even if additional modifications Manufacturers’ Institute and primarily operates in North America. have been made to the signal. A simple report generator provides all data according to the standards. Calibration of the sensors Kistler provides complete solutions to cover the requirements and verification of the measuring chain can also be provided. and high standards of C.I.P. and NATO EPVAT Tests. For The ballistic system can be integrated to a Manufacturing the examination of internal ballistics procedures, Kistler provides Execution System (MES). measurement solutions to detect the initiation of a round being Kistler also provides consulting and training services. Complete measuring chain unifying internal and external ballistic measurements and data acquisition. www.kistler.com 5 The optimal sensor for internal ballistics Kistler sets the standard in pressure measurement for ballistics. high pressure sensors are always met. From a new generation Piezoelectric technology was introduced to the field of of products, NATO has accepted the high pressure sensor ballistics by Kistler in the 1960s. In 1971, the high pressure Type 6215 as the new standard and replacement for 6203. sensor Type 6203 was stipulated by NATO as the standard for Especially for medium or large calibers, the Kistler portfolio offers ammunition tests. Kistler's continuous development program a highly accurate pressure sensor with a range up to 10,000 bar. is designed to ensure that your changing requirements for Technical data Type 6217A 6215... 6213B* 6239A Type Type 1699AA0,5 1699AA0,5 Type 1699AA0,5 1 0 0 KIAG 10-32 KIAG 10-32 4,8 KIAG 10-32 neg. KIAG 10-32 neg. ø4,8 6 ±0,05 ø6 ø6 HEX 5/16" SW8 6 4,75 SW 8 0,187 9 SW 8 ø9 3 ø9 38 37,4 1,47 36, 5 37,35 M10x1 (6239AA_) 3/8-24 UNF (6239AB_) 29,5 swivel 0,86 21,85 18 nut 18 15,8 5 6,1 0,24 5 4,7 0 0 0 10,5 -0,05 ø8,5 ø10,5 0,05 6,25 h7 -0,015 0 0,246 h7 -0,0006 M12x1 M10x1 M12x1 Key features • High sensitivity • NATO approved • Highest pressure • High sensitivity • 3 connector options (AC/225 LCGDSS- range • Shoulder sealing • Front-sealing SG1) • Reference sensor design • Excellent long-term • Front-sealing version • Different thread stability and service • Excellent long-term • Front-sealing options life stability and service • Excellent long-term life stability and service life Measuring range bar 0 ... 2,000 0 ... 6,000 0 ... 10,000 0 ... 1,500 Overload bar 2,400 6,600 11,000 2,000 Sensitivity pC/bar –13 –1.4 –1.2 –5.6 Natural frequency kHz >180 >240 >150 >300 Linearity %FSO <±0.5 <±1 <±0.5 ≤±0.5 Acceleration sensitivity mbar/g <2 <5 <5 axial ≤0.001 radial ≤0.0005 Operating temperature range °C –50 ... 200 –50 ... 200 –50 ... 200 –40 … 160 Thread M12x1 M10x1 M12x1 M10x1 or 3/8–24 UNF Connection KIAG 10–32 neg./ KIAG 10–32 neg. KIAG 10–32 neg. 10–32 UNF BNC/TNC Applications mortar tube pressure, internal ballistic ballistic and hydraulic shot shell ammunition, airbag, safety systems, pressure for small pressure tangential and energetic material calibers recessed measurement, general purpose sensor Detailed technical specifications can be found in the sensor specific data sheet. * Premium accuracy: Lin. ≤±0.3 Acc. sens. ≤0.2 – on request 6 www.kistler.com Various measuring arrangements Different measuring positions are suitable for specific information, from the analysis of the entire gas pressure cycle to peak pressure values, to closed bomb and other ballistic applications. Research & Development Ammunition acceptance testing and velocity timing, research & development Cartridge chamber Cartridge mouth measurement Pressure measurement along Tangential pressure measurement the barrel measurement • Comprehensive information • Fast pressure rise, where • Fast pressure rise, for • Tangential measurement on the burning of the powder oscillations are possible excellent timing of in the chamber allows for • Pressure measurement with • No machining on the measurement pressure measurement of high quality, no oscillations cartridge necessary, therefore • Expect lower pressure plastic shot shell cartridges • Work intensive due to spot simple and fast characteristic at port or without the need to drill it drilling the cartridge case • Applications mostly for muzzle position than in the • C.I.P.
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