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Proceedings of the 9 Annual Congress of the Southern African Society For Proceedings of the 9th annual congress of the Southern African August 18-August 20 Society For Veterinary 2010 Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Farm Inn – These proceedings represent author submissions to the SASVEPM executive Pretoria, committee and were the basis of oral presentations during the 9th annual SASVEPM congress. Republic of South Africa The views expressed in these Proceedings are not necessarily those of the Executive Committee of the Society ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following organisations provided support for the congress Pfizer Animal Health Onderstepoort Biological Products Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute KEYNOTE SPEAKER Dr Gideon Brückner President of the OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases CONTINUING EDUCATION PRESENTER Prof. Lucille Blumberg Deputy-Director: National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services ISBN 978-0-620-47979-0 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE HISTORY OF RIFT VALLEY FEVER IN SOUTH AFRICA ................................................................................. 6 N.J. Pienaar & P.N. Thompson RIFT VALLEY FEVER: CURRENT CONCEPTS AND RECENT FINDINGS............................................................ 12 R. G. Bengis, R. Swanepoel, M. De Klerk, N. J. Pienaar & G. Prinsloo A REVIEW OF THE PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF RIFT VALLEY FEVER ........................................ 15 L. Odendaal 1 * & L. Prozesky 2 AN ATYPICAL OUTBREAK OF RIFT VALLEY FEVER IN THE NORTHERN CAPE IN OCTOBER 2009 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 22 P. S. Kegakilwe 1 ONDERSTEPOORT RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS VACCINES .............................................................................. 25 B.F. von Teichman*, I. Louw*, A. Engelbrecht*, J.A. Heath* & T K Smit* MOLECULAR TYPING OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPES AMONG ANIMALS IN SOUTH AFRICA ........................................................................................................................................................................... 31 E. Madoroba 1* , A.K. Gelaw 1, T. Hlokwe 2 & M.S. Mnisi 2 AVIAN INFLUENZA IN SOUTH AFRICA: A REVIEW .............................................................................................. 36 C. Abolnik 1,2 REVIEW OF WILD BIRDS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AVIAN INFLUENZA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO WATERFOWL IN SOUTH AFRICA .......................................................... 44 D.J.Verwoerd AVIAN INFLUENZA IN COMMERCIAL POULTRY AND OSTRICH PRODUCTION SYSTEMS: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SURVEILLANCE ................................................................................................................... 49 D.M. Allwright 1 EVIDENCE OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS INFECTION IN CAPTIVE BIRDS AT NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS OF SOUTH AFRICA, PRETORIA ................................................................................... 53 C.E. Burger 1, E. Lane 2, B. Dlamini 2, E. Gaugh 4, R.M. Maluleke 1, J. Rankin 2, A. Kotze 2,3 & C. Abolnik 1,5 . SWINE INFLUENZA IN COMMERCIAL PIG PRODUCTION SYSTEMS ................................................................ 62 T.A. Gous 1 A SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING GALLEY WASTE DISPOSAL IN GAUTENG .................................................... 66 D. B. Petty 1 & E.V. Langenhoven RESURGENCE OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE IN THE SOUTHERN AFRICA DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC) REGION – CHALLENGES TO THE CONTROL STRATEGIES ......................................... 70 G. Thobokwe 1, O.G. Matlho 1, E.M. Fana 1 & S. Dibe 1 POSSIBLE EVIDENCE FOR SILENT CIRCULATION OF A SAT-3 FMD VIRUS IN CATTLE POPULATIONS ADJACENT TO GONAREZHOU NATIONAL PARK, ZIMBABWE. ............................................. 75 F. Jori 1,2* , A. Caron 2,4,5 , P.N. Thompson 3, D. Pfukenyi 6, M. de Garine-Wichatitsky 2,4 & L. Heath 7 RABIES IN THE EASTERN CAPE IN SOUTH AFRICA: PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DOG POPULATION, VACCINATION CAMPAIGN AND ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN DOGS* ................................................................................................................................................... 76 S.J. Van Sittert 1, G.W. Akol 1, B. Mlahlwa 1, J. Raath 2; J.M. Miyen 3 & C.T. Sabeta 3 4 THE CONTROL OF RABIES IN SOUTH AFRICA: WHAT WENT WRONG? (A need for a Holistic, Collaborative and Participatory approach) ....................................................................................................................... 77 I. Lwanga-Iga 1 & S.H Kroll-Lwanga-Iga THE ROLE OF ZOONOTIC VECTOR BORNE VIRUSES AS NEUROLOGICAL PATHOGENS IN HORSES AND WILDLIFE IN SOUTH AFRICA .......................................................................................................... 85 M. Venter M 1,2* , S. Human 2, C.van Eeden 2, S. van Niekerk 2, J. Williams 3, J. Steyl 3, T. Gerdes 4 & R. Swanepoel 1 MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SHUNI VIRUS, A CAUSE FOR ENCEPHALITIC DISEASE IN HORSES IN SOUTH AFRICA ........................................................................................................................................ 90 C. Van Eeden 1, S. Human 1 , S. Van Niekerk 1, J.H. Williams 2, T. Gerdes 3, E. Van Wilpe 4, L. Odendaal 5, A. Viljoen 6, R. Swanepoel 7 & M. Venter 1,8 SINDBIS AND MIDDELBURG VIRUSES AS A CAUSE OF DISEASE IN ANIMALS IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 93 S. Human 1, J. Steyl 2, J. Williams 2, R. Last 3, S. Van Niekerk 1 & M. Venter 1, 4* PATHOLOGY OF RECENTLY DIAGNOSED FATAL NEUROTROPIC ARBOVIRAL INFECTIONS IN HORSES IN SOUTH AFRICA ........................................................................................................................................ 97 J.H. Williams 1, S. Human 2, C. Van Eeden 2, G.H. Gerdes 3, E. Van Wilpe 4, T. Meiring 4, L. Odendaal 4, C. Donnellan 4, A. Viljoen 4, P. Page 4, M. Sanz 4 & M. Venter 2,5 . IMPROVED DETECTION OF AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS VIRUS IN NATURALLY INFECTED HORSES: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY .......................................................................................................................... 101 C.T. Weyer 1* , M. Quan 1, C. Joonè 1 & A.J.Guthrie 1 DEVELOPMENT OF AN AHSV VP7/WNV ENVELOPE DOMAIN III RECOMBINANT AS A SUBUNIT VACCINE CANDIDATE FOR PROTECTION AGAINST WEST NILE VIRUS..................................... 104 J.L.D. Mentoor 1, Q.C. Meyer 2, M. Venter 3, & H. Huismans 4. CAN BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS HIDE IN THE BEEF AND GAME MEAT WE EAT? .......................................... 107 M. Van der Merwe 1 & A.L. Michel 2 PARTICIPATORY RISK ANALYSIS TO ENSURE FOOD SAFETY OF EDIBLE OFFAL FROM GAME MEAT ............................................................................................................................................................................. 111 S. Ramrajh 1, C.M.E. McCrindle 1 & A.W. Heeb 1 CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER CONTROL IN SOUTH AFRICA 2008-09: RESULTS OF THE DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE ......................................................................................... 120 G.W. Akol 1* & B.A. Lubisi 2 VACCINATION OF DOMESTIC PIGS WITH A NATURALLY ATTENUATED STRAIN OF AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS ................................................................................................................................................. 126 P. Mutowembwa 1, R. Souto, J. van Heerden & L. Heath EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF VARROASIS IN HONEY BEE IN GOLESTAN PROVINCE, IRAN ................ 129 S. Bokaie* 1, M. Mehrabadi 2 & L. Sharifi 3 RAPID SPACIAL AND TEMPORAL OUTBREAK INVESTIGATIONS USING CELL PHONE TECHNOLOGY: A PILOT STUDY ............................................................................................................................. 134 N.D. Qekwana*, C.M.E. McCrindle & A. Masipa A USER FRIENDLY DISEASE DATABASE FOR STATE VETERINARY OFFICES ............................................. 141 J.L. Kotzé 1 5 WESTERN CAPE ANIMAL DISEASE NOTIFICATION SYSTEM – A WEB BASED SPATIAL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................................... 145 J.D. Grewar 1* & F.C. Basson 1 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AS A TOOL CONTRIBUTING TOWARDS AN EFFECTIVE ANIMAL - HUMAN ECOSYSTEM .............................................................................................................................................. 150 S.H. Kroll-Lwanga-Iga 1 & I. Lwanga-Iga 1 Proceedings of the 9th annual congress of the Southern African Society For Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine. 18-20 August 2010. Farm Inn, Republic of South Africa 6 THE HISTORY OF RIFT VALLEY FEVER IN SOUTH AFRICA N.J. Pienaar & P.N. Thompson INTRODUCTION Rift Valley Fever was first identified in 1931 in the Rift Valley of East Africa. It is a vector borne Phlebovirus spread mostly by mosquitoes. This disease causes abortions and deaths in young sheep, cattle and goats. Rift Valley Fever is also a zoonosis and causes a mild flu-like disease in humans, although it can have serious complications such as ocular disease, encephalitis, haemorrhagic disease and even death in a small proportion of affected humans. Humans become infected by coming into contact with blood of infected animals. It is therefore mostly an occupational disease (Swanepoel & Coetzer (2004)). This disease is associated with above normal rainfall
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