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Research and Development Of RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS AS NEW POTTED PLANTS FOR COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE: CASE STUDIES WITH LEWISIA SEED BIOLOGY AND DICENTRA POSTPRODUCTION PERFORMANCE by CHRISTIA M. ROBERTS B. Sc. (Agr.) (Hons.), The University of British Columbia, Canada, 1992 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Plant Science) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA December 1995 © ChristiaM. Roberts, 1995 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date g3.fr "D-gC-g-wyW^ H^gT DE-6 (2/88) ABSTRACT Commercial development of new flowering potted plants is stimulated by overproduction of major crops worldwide and consumer demand for new products. The process of product development was critically examined and the role of modern plant biology research in the development process was investigated using new, non-commercial plant genera for case studies in seed biology and postproduction longevity. This examination included a review of the history of ornamental plant cultivation and the scientific literature, and observation of projects in a major, international floriculture production centre. Development work was most often undertaken by private, international breeders and propagators of new crop cultivars. Some private producers conducted their own breeding programs and successfully introduced new products. Product development consultants and discipline-oriented scientists had a significant role in development work. Crucial components of the process included identification of a plant species with potential in floriculture, active involvement of flower producers, confidentiality and product promotion. One case study investigated the mechanism of seed dormancy, and seed treatments were tested to improve germination of Lewisia tweedyi and Lewisia cotyledon. These two lewisia species were found to have dramatically different percent:; and rates of germination under axenic conditions and in laboratory experiments. Decoating increased germination from 0 to 87% in L. tweedyi which suggests that the seed coat imposes dormancy in this species. The role of the coat in seed dormancy was supported by measurements of seed coats in transverse section under a scanning electron microscope. The L. t\v eedyi seed coat was found to be 22% thicker than the L. cotyledon coat. Scarification of seeds with liquid nitrogen, infusing gibberellic acid, and an 8 or 12-week stratification improved germination in both ii species. Another case study determined the display life of potted plants of Dicentra eximia, Dicentra formosa, and Dicentra spectabilis. More flowers opensd in a simulated interior environment room if the plants were treated before harvest with an anionic silver thiosulfate complex. This increase in flower number resulted in a 75% increase in the display life of D. eximia (to 14 days) and a 65% increase in the display life of D. formosa (to 28 days). A similar effect was achieved by producing the plants under supplemental irradiance which also increased plant height and decreased production time. Height of D. spectabilis could be controlled by the application of daminozide which had no effect on forcing time, flower number or display life of the plants. in TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii FORWARD viii 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IN FLORICULTURE 1 2.0 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW FLOWERING POTTED PLANTS 6 2.1 Origins of ornamental plant products 6 2.2 Sources of new potted plants 9 2.3 International centres of product development 10 2.4 Scientific investigations in plant biology 15 2.4.1 Plant search 15 2.3.2 Plant breeding and propagation 16 2.3.3 Growth control 17 2.3.4 Postproduction performance 18 2.5 Development of commercial products 19 2.5.1 Systematic methods in public development 19 2.5.2 Stages in private development 20 3.0 CASE STUDY: INVESTIGATION OF SEED COAT-IMPOSED DORMANCY AND SEED TREATMENTS TO IMPROVE GERMINATION IN LEWISIA SPECIES GROWN AS FLOWERING POTTED PLANTS 23 3.1 Abstract 23 3.2 Introduction 24 3.3 Material and Methods 27 3.4 Results 31 3.5 Discussion 37 4.0 CASE STUDY: APPLICATION OF SILVER THIOSULFATE AND SUPPLEMENTAL IRRADIANCE TO IMPROVE THE DISPLAY LIFE OF DICENTRA SPECIES FORCED AS FLOWERING POTTED PLANTS ... 41 4.1 Abstract 41 4.2 Introduction . 42 4.3 Material and Methods 43 4.4 Results 45 4.5 Discussion 52 5.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 55 6.0 REFERENCES 57 iv LIST OF TABLES Page 2.1 Potted plant taxa in commercial production with representative floriculture crops. 8 2.2 Commercial potted plants rank in sales value in British Columbia, Denmark, and Holland 13 3.1 Percent germination and mean time to germination in Lewisia cotyledon, Lewisia tweedyi, Lewisia tweedyi 'Alba', Lewisia tweedyi 'Rosea', and Lewisia tweedyi 'Elliot's Variety' after 32 weeks under axenic conditions. Seeds were evaluated in a growth room at constant 19°C with a 16-hr photoperiod or after a 4-wk chilling at 4°C in the dark before transfer to the growth room 32 3.2 Percent germination and mean time to germination in Lewisia tweedyi and Lewisia cotyledon after 10 weeks in a growth cabinet at IS ± 2°C with a 16-hr photoperiod 33 3.3 Percent germination in Lewisia tweedyi and Lewisia cotyledon scarified in liquid nitrogen (LN2) or non-scarified control, and soaked for 24 hours in 0, 1.0 or 10.0 mM gibberellic acid (GA3) in acetone after pre-chilling at 3 ± 0.5°C for 0, 2, 4, 8 or 12 weeks. Seeds were evaluated over 10 weeks at 18 ± 2°C with a 16-hr photoperiod 34 3.4 Mean weeks to germination in Lewisia tweedyi and Lewisia cotyledon scarified in liquid nitrogen (LN2) or non-scarified control, and soaked for 24 hours in 0, 1.0 or 10.0 mM gibberellic acid (GA3) in acetone after pre-chilling at 3 ± 0.5°C for 0, 2, 4, 8 or 12 weeks. Seeds were evaluated over 10 weeks at 18 ± 2°C with a 16-hr photoperiod 35 4.1 Effects of natural irradiance or natural 8 to 10-hr photoperiod supplemented with 50 umol m"2 s"1 of artificial light on Dicentra eximia and Dicentra formosa 'Bachanal' mean plant height at harvest and duration of forcing at 10.3°C mean temperature 46 4.2 Effects of daminozide on Dicentra spectabilis mean plant height at harvest and duration of forcing at 10.3°C mean temperature under natural irradiance. 53 v LIST OF FIGURES Page 3.1 Scanning electron micrographs of lewisia seed, (a) Lewisia tweedyi seed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (b) L. tweedyi arilloid seed appendage and seed coat surface. Scale bar = 200 um. (c) Lewisia cotyledon seed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (d) L. cotyledon hilar region and seed coat surface. Scale bar =100 um 26 3.2 Close up of Lewisia tweedyi seed coat surface scarified by (a) a 15 minute immersion in liquid nitrogen or (b) non-treated control. Scale bars =10 um. 29 3.3 Number of weeks to germination after moist pre-chilling at 3 ± 0.5°C for 0, 2, 4, or 8 weeks in Lewisia cotyledon and 0, 2, 4, 8, or 12 weeks in Lewisia tweedyi. Seeds were evaluated over 10 weeks at 18 ± 2°C with a 16-hr photoperiod 36 3.4 Centrospermae seed structure and seed coat thickness in lewisia. (a) Lewisia tweedyi transverse section showing peripheral embryo and centrally- located perisperm. (b) Close up of L. tweedyi seed coat showing diameter (arrows) of 73 um. (c) Lewisia cotyledon transverse section, (d) Close up of L. cotyledon seed coat showing diameter (arrows) of 57 um. Scale bars of whole sections = 1 mm; scale bars of coat diameters = 100 um 38 4.1 Number of open flowers per plant in Dicentra eximia after greenhouse forcing under natural irradiance (NI) or natural 8 to 10-hr photoperiod supplemented with 50 umol m"2s_1 of artificial light (HPS) at 10.3°C mean temperature 47 4.2 Whole-plant display life of greenhouse-forced Dicentra eximia, Dicentra formosa 'Bachanal', and Dicentra spectabilis treated with 0.1 or 1.0 mM silver thiosulfate (STS) or non-treated control 48 4.3 Number of open flowers per plant in Dicentra eximia (a), Dicentra formosa 'Bachanal' (b), and Dicentra spectabilis (c) treated with 0.1 or 1.0 mM silver thiosulfate (STS) or non-treated control 49 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Each member of my graduate committee has supported and encouraged my interest in floriculture while sharing their expertise and providing guidance for this work. I thank Dr. Gerald B. Straley for sharing his knowledge and love of ornamental plants with me, and for always being generous with his time. Mr. George Ravenek has advised me regarding commercial floriculture standards and facilitated collaborative projects with flower growers. I appreciate his serving as industrial supervisor for the United Flower Growers Co-op Association, sponsors of my Science Council of British Columbia G.R.E.A.T. Scholarship. I thank Dr. F. Brian Holl for keeping my interests in floriculture in the forefront while ensuring that I met University requirements and standards.
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