Introduction to an Alternative History of Money
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The Play's the Thing: a Theory of Taxing Virtual Worlds, 59 Hastings L.J
Hastings Law Journal Volume 59 | Issue 1 Article 1 1-2007 The lP ay's the Thing: A Theory of Taxing Virtual Worlds Bryan T. Camp Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Bryan T. Camp, The Play's the Thing: A Theory of Taxing Virtual Worlds, 59 Hastings L.J. 1 (2007). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol59/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Articles The Play's the Thing: A Theory of Taxing Virtual Worlds BRYAN T. CAMP* INTRODU CTION .............................................................................................. 2 I. THE VIRTUAL WORLDS OF MASSIVELY MULTIPLAYER ONLINE ROLE- PLAYING GAMES (MMORPGs) ...................................................... 3 A. STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED MMORPGs .......................... 4 i. Structured Gam es ....................................................................... 4 2. UnstructuredGam es .................................................................. 7 B. INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES ................................................... 8 i. In- World Transactions (IWT)................................................... 9 2. Real Money Trades (RMT)..................................................... -
Man and Machine in Thoreau. Joseph Lawrence Basile Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1972 Man and Machine in Thoreau. Joseph Lawrence Basile Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Basile, Joseph Lawrence, "Man and Machine in Thoreau." (1972). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2194. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2194 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. -
Karl Brunner and UK Monetary Debate
Finance and Economics Discussion Series Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C. Karl Brunner and U.K. Monetary Debate Edward Nelson 2019-004 Please cite this paper as: Nelson, Edward (2019). \Karl Brunner and U.K. Monetary Debate," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2019-004. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, https://doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2019.004. NOTE: Staff working papers in the Finance and Economics Discussion Series (FEDS) are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment. The analysis and conclusions set forth are those of the authors and do not indicate concurrence by other members of the research staff or the Board of Governors. References in publications to the Finance and Economics Discussion Series (other than acknowledgement) should be cleared with the author(s) to protect the tentative character of these papers. Karl Brunner and U.K. Monetary Debate Edward Nelson* Federal Reserve Board November 19, 2018 Abstract Although he was based in the United States, leading monetarist Karl Brunner participated in debates in the United Kingdom on monetary analysis and policy from the 1960s to the 1980s. During the 1960s, his participation in the debates was limited to research papers, but in the 1970s, as monetarism attracted national attention, Brunner made contributions to U.K. media discussions. In the pre-1979 period, he was highly critical of the U.K. authorities’ nonmonetary approach to the analysis and control of inflation—an approach supported by leading U.K. Keynesians. In the early 1980s, Brunner had direct interaction with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on issues relating to monetary control and monetary strategy. -
A Model of Bimetallism
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department A Model of Bimetallism François R. Velde and Warren E. Weber Working Paper 588 August 1998 ABSTRACT Bimetallism has been the subject of considerable debate: Was it a viable monetary system? Was it a de- sirable system? In our model, the (exogenous and stochastic) amount of each metal can be split between monetary uses to satisfy a cash-in-advance constraint, and nonmonetary uses in which the stock of un- coined metal yields utility. The ratio of the monies in the cash-in-advance constraint is endogenous. Bi- metallism is feasible: we find a continuum of steady states (in the certainty case) indexed by the constant exchange rate of the monies; we also prove existence for a range of fixed exchange rates in the stochastic version. Bimetallism does not appear desirable on a welfare basis: among steady states, we prove that welfare under monometallism is higher than under any bimetallic equilibrium. We compute welfare and the variance of the price level under a variety of regimes (bimetallism, monometallism with and without trade money) and find that bimetallism can significantly stabilize the price level, depending on the covari- ance between the shocks to the supplies of metals. Keywords: bimetallism, monometallism, double standard, commodity money *Velde, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago; Weber, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis and University of Minne- sota. We thank without implicating Marc Flandreau, Ed Green, Angela Redish, and Tom Sargent. The views ex- pressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the Fed- eral Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, or the Federal Reserve System. -
The Dynamics of Barter Trade Among Cebuano Farmers
UV Journal of Research 2013 The dynamics of barter trade among Cebuano farmers Zosima A. Pañares1 Agnes C. Sequiño2 Graduate School1 University of the Visayas1 College of Commerce2 University of San Jose-Recoletos2 [email protected] Submitted: March 21, 2012 Accepted: February 5, 2013 ABSTRACT Barter is an old process of doing business in the olden times without the use of money. It is surprising to note that, during this age of technology and borderless commercialization, barter is still useful and is even used with technology. The study aimed to document the Moreover, both the economic and social implications are recorded in relation to Filipino barter system used by Cebuano farmers to find out if this business process is still profitable. with service; and (3) extended barter system. Moreover, the farmers from northern and culture. The findings revealed three types of barter: (1) goods with goods; (2) goods their goods directly to consumers for money. Barter system revealed the peace-loving naturesouthern and Cebu generosity realized of that Cebuanos. the barter system was more profitable for them than selling Keywords: barter, extended barter, business, entrepreneurship, economics I. INTRODUCTION pose a problem on barter system. However, even A long time ago there was no money – no coins with the aforementioned problems, bartering has and no paper bills. Before money was invented people had to get their food, clothing and other Educators, 2001). needs by bartering things. Barter comes from a also Mostits benefits of the to time, the tradersbartering (Online was Museuma good French word, barater, which means “to trade.” way of getting things. -
An Owerview of the Cryptocurrencies; the Theory of Money Perspective
Cilt/Volume:1, Sayı/Issue:2, Yıl/Year:2020, Sayfa/Page:147-165 ISSN: 2717-7890 Gönderilme Tarihi (Received): 07/08/2020, Kabul Tarihi (Accepted): 07/09/2020, İnceleme Makalesi (Review Article) AN OWERVIEW OF THE CRYPTOCURRENCIES; THE THEORY OF MONEY PERSPECTIVE Necip İhsan ARIKAN1 Abstract Before the invention of writing, which took place around 3200 B.C., commercial activities were carried out with small symbols named "Token", each representing different goods and services. It can be claim that the crypto tokens and crypto coins used today are digital and current versions of historical Tokens. As there is no regular transition from commodity money to fiat money, the transition from paper money to digital will not be outright just like a symmetrical line. Indeed, history is not a linear process. 2008 and 2009 were the years when both the global crisis happened where the trust in the traditional financial system was shaken and Bitcoin and its derivatives emerged as alternative de facto fiscal instruments. It is observed that crypto currencies still cannot fulfil the three basic functions of money. However, in the historical process, the definition and characteristics of money have changed and developed. Based on this thesis and the effect of smart contracts, the cryptocurrency community claims that cryptocurrencies are / will be more than money. Key Words: Cryptocurrency, the theory of money, blockchain, bitcoin, money 4.0 PARA TEORİSİ IŞIĞINDA KRİPTO PARALARA DAİR GENEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Özet M.Ö. 3200 yıllarında gerçekleşen yazının icadından önce ticari faaliyetler; her biri farklı mal ve hizmeti temsil eden “Token” isimli küçük sembollerle yapılmaktaydı. -
Working Paper No. 39, Neoliberalism As a Variant of Capitalism
Portland State University PDXScholar Working Papers in Economics Economics 12-12-2019 Working Paper No. 39, Neoliberalism as a Variant of Capitalism Justin Pilarski Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/econ_workingpapers Part of the Economic History Commons, and the Economic Theory Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Pilarski, Justin "Neoliberalism as a Variant of Capitalism, Working Paper No. 39", Portland State University Economics Working Papers. 39. (12 December 2019) i + 14 pages. This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Working Papers in Economics by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Neoliberalism as a Variant of Capitalism Working Paper No. 39 Authored by: Justin Pilarski A Contribution to the Working Papers of the Department of Economics, Portland State University Submitted for: EC445 “Comparative Economic Systems” 12 December 2019; i + 14 pages Prepared for Professor John Hall Abstract: Economic systems evolve over time in adapting to the needs and deficiency of the system. This inquiry seeks to establish Neoliberalism as—in the language of Barry Clark—a variant of capitalism that evolved out of retaliation of the regulated variant of capitalism. We utilize Barry Clark’s work on the evolution of economic systems in establishing the pattern of adaptation in American capitalism. Then we establish and analyze the neoliberal variant of capitalism in how this evolution retaliated against the existing system rather than adapting the preceding variant. -
South Head Youth Parasha Sheet
BS”D South Head Youth! Parasha Sheet Parashat! Pekudei The Jewish people spend a whole three months building the Mishkan for Hashem. They sew together the clothes for the Kohanim and the Kohen Gadol, they constructed the holy vessels for the Mishkan, they built the gold-coated wooden beams and silver coated sockets that held the beams together and they embodied the curtain which served as the roof of the Mishkan. The clothing of the Kohanim and Kohen Gadol were designed and sewn by two great craftsman, Betzalel and Ohaliav. When it comes to making the Kohen Gadol’s apron, a very intricate design is used. The apron is blended with six different colors of thread, one which is a fine gold. They ask to make the Kohen Gadol’s Chosen (breastplate) on their own - they weave the breastplate, ” cut the the stones engraving them with the names of the twelve tribes and then secure them on the woven breastplate. Finally when all the work is finished by the Jewish people Moshe performs a quick inspection of all the items. To his amazement, each item exactly matches the fiery visions that Hashem had shown him on Mount Sinai! Moshe is so filled with awe that he blesses the Jewish people that Hashem should indeed dwell in the Mishkan which they have so lovingly built for Him. Now that they have been blessed, the Jewish people try to connect the beams to erect the Mishkan, but unfortunately, every time they try to do so the Mishkan just collapses. Every craftsman, builder and developer who had played a large role in the building of the Mishkan attempted to erect the Mishkan but to no avail. -
Complementary Currencies: Mutual Credit Currency Systems and the Challenge of Globalization
Complementary Currencies: Mutual Credit Currency Systems and the Challenge of Globalization Clare Lascelles1 Abstract Complementary currencies—currencies operating alongside the official currency—have taken many forms throughout the last century or so. While their existence has a rich history, complementary currencies are increasingly viewed as anachronistic in a world where the forces of globalization promote further integration between economies and societies. Even so, towns across the globe have recently witnessed the introduction of complementary currencies in their region, which connotes a renewed emphasis on local identity. This paper explores the rationale behind the modern-day adoption of complementary currencies in a globalized system. I. Introduction Coined money has two sides: heads and tails. ‘Heads’ represents the state authority that issued the coin, while ‘tails’ displays the value of the coin as a medium of exchange. This duality—the “product of social organization both from the top down (‘states’) and from the bottom up (‘markets’)”—reveals the coin as “both a token of authority and a commodity with a price” (Hart, 1986). Yet, even as side ‘heads’ reminds us of the central authority that underwrote the coin, currency can exist outside state control. Indeed, as globalization exerts pressure toward financial integration, complementary currencies—currencies existing alongside the official currency—have become common in small towns and regions. This paper examines the rationale behind complementary currencies, with a focus on mutual credit currency, and concludes that the modern-day adoption of complementary currencies can be attributed to the depersonalizing force of globalization. II. Literature Review Money is certainly not a topic unstudied. -
Chapter 11: Monetary System Instructions: These Are the Notes for Chapter 11
Lecture notes for Chapter #11 Prof. Bilen Chapter 11: Monetary System Instructions: These are the notes for Chapter 11. Make sure you review the material pre- sented here and read the corresponding chapters on the textbook: Chapter 21 on Mankiw. • Barter. Exchange of one good or service for another. { Was the only method used until Lydians first used money (coins) in 700 B.C. Barter: Problems • Barter requires a double coincidence of wants. { Two people have to want each others goods or services. • People spend significant time searching for others to trade with. { Waste of scarce resources: time! • Money fixes the double coincidence of wants problem! The Three Functions of Money 1. Medium of exchange: Buyers give money to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services. • Solves the barter problems! 2. Unit of account: Makes measuring monetary value of goods and services easy. • Easy comparisons: $10 vs. $2000. 3. Store of value: You can hold onto your money today and spend it tomorrow: does not perish (except for inflation). 1 Lecture notes for Chapter #11 Prof. Bilen Two Types of Money 1. Commodity Money: Money that takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value. • Intrinsic: has value even not used as money. • E.g. gold coins, cigarettes in prisons. 2. Fiat Money: Money without intrinsic value, used as money because of government decree. • E.g. the U.S. dollar. u Central Bank and Monetary Policy • Monetary system is the mechanism that provides money to a country's economy. { Where money comes from: the central bank! • Central bank is an institution that oversees the banking system and regulates the money supply. -
Chapter 9 MONEY Q.1. What Is Barter?
Chapter 9 MONEY Q.1. What is barter? Explain the difficulties of Barter system. Ans: Trade of goods with other goods without using money is called barter. This system was in practice before the invention of money. Following are the problems/difficulties of barter: • Lack of double coincidence of wants: The main difficulty of barter system is the lack of double coincidence of wants. In a barter system a person who wants to exchange his goods must find some person who is willing to exchange his commodity with his commodity. For example, a person possessed wheat, which he wanted to exchange for cloth. He could not succeed in acquiring cloth until he met someone who not only had cloth but was also willing to exchange with wheat. • Lack of store of value: The barter system suffered the lack of storing the value. There is no way of storing of wealth for a long period. Some commodities lose their value with the passage of time. Some commodities, such as milk, fish, vegetable, wheat, and cotton lose value with the passage of time. Such commodities could not store for a long period. • Lack of measure of value: It was very difficult to measure the value of the goods with other goods as we can measure the value of everything with the help of money today. Because, there was nothing that could measure the value of each good commonly. For example, it was difficult to tell how much milk should be given to get 1 kg of wheat. • Lack of transfer of value: In barter, people had been facing challenges in transferring wealth from one place to another due to heavy weight and size of the goods stored as wealth. -
The Ontology of Money and Other Economic Phenomena. Dan
Economic Reality: The Ontology of Money and Other Economic Phenomena. Dan Fitzpatrick PhD Thesis Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method London School of Economics. 1 UMI Number: U198904 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U198904 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 TH f , s*’- ^ h %U.Oi+. <9 Librw<V Brittsn utxwy Oi HouUco. J and Eoonowc Science m >Tiir I Abstract The contemporary academic disciplines of Philosophy and Economics by and large do not concern themselves with questions pertaining to the ontology of economic reality; by economic reality I mean the kinds of economic phenomena that people encounter on a daily basis, the central ones being economic transactions, money, prices, goods and services. Economic phenomena also include other aspects of economic reality such as economic agents, (including corporations, individual producers and consumers), commodity markets, banks, investments, jobs and production. My investigation of the ontology of economic phenomena begins with a critical examination of the accounts of theorists and philosophers from the past, including Plato, Aristotle, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Marx, Simmel and Menger.