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One Rand Fifty Cents ONE RAND FIFTY CENTS - ONE RAND FIFTY CENTS - Compiled by MURIEL HORRELL SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS 19 61 _ _ _ _ _ 1961! J A SURVEY OF RACE IN SOUTH RELATIONS AFRICA 1961 Compiled by MURIEL HORRELL Research Officer South African Institute of Race Relations I SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS P.O. Box 97 JOHANNESBURG 1962 NOTE ON PERIOD COVERED It was stated, in last year's Survey, that it was for the year 1959-60, and that, in fact, it covered the period mid-November 1959 to mid-November 1960. A similar system had been followed in previous years. Some readers have said that they feel this method to be confusing. For this reason the present Survey is stated to be for the year 1961. As it was desirable to have it published by January 1962, however, it was impossible to include events that occurred during the last weeks of the year. Reports on any such events will be made in the next issue. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Once again the writer's very great appreciation is expressed to Dr. Ellen Hellmann, who gave gracious and invaluable help by reading the entire manuscript and making detailed suggestions for its improvement. Very grateful thanks are due, too, to Mrs. B. Y. Jordi who did the typing, Mrs. A. Honeywill who checked the proofs, and Mr. L. Reyburn who did some of the summaries of legislative measures and other matters that are included in the text. The writer is deeply indebted, also, to all those who supplied information on a variety of subjects, notably Mr. Dennis Brutus, Mr. G. J. Golding. Mrs. J. Kinghorn, Mr. J. C. M. Mbata. Miss M. McLarty, M.P.C., Mr. H. G. Oxley, Miss Sheila Robertson. Mr. F. J. van Wyk and the Venerable Archdeacon S. W. Wade. Members of the National Council of Women in Bloemfontein very kindly sent material on education; numbers of Members of Parliament helped by putting questions in the Assembly; Municipal officials sent details about housing schemes in their areas: officials of the Government Departments of Bantu Administration. Bantu Education, the Interior and Labour supplied information about the work of their Departments; and numerous trade unionists gave very willing help. To all these most grateful thanks are given. Finally, gratitude is expressed to the staff of the Institute's library, and to the officials of the Natal Witness (Pty) Limited. MURIEL HORRELL. CONTENTS Page SOUTH AFRICA BECOMES A REPUBLIC AND LEAVES THE COMMONWEALTH Significance of these events ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... ... 1 Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, No. 32 of 1961 ...... 1 Election of first President ... ... ....... ... ... .... ... 3 South Africa's withdrawal from the Commonwealth ......... 4 Prior statement by Dr. Verwoerd ................... 4 Events at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' conference ... 4 Consequences of South Africa's withdrawal ............. 7 Commonwealth Relations (Temporary Provision) Act, N o. 41 of 1961 ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... 7 Reactions in South Africa ... ... ... .... ... ... ....... 8 POLITICAL PARTY DEVELOPMENTS Nationalist Party ......... ........................ 9 Dissension within the Party ranks, and its temporary suppression ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... ... 9 Nationalists' bid for the support of English-speaking South A fricans ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... 13 Decision to hold a general election ................... 14 The National Union ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... 14 Conservative Workers' Party ... ... ....... ... ... .... ... 15 The United Party ...... ... ... ... .... ... ... ....... ... 15 United Party policy ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... 15 Election pact with the National Union ................ 17 The Progressive Party ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... 18 The Liberal Party ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... 18 Results of the general election ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... 18 Coloured political organizations ... ....... ... ... .... ... 21 Disunity among Coloured people in the past ............ 21 Transvaal People's Organization ................... 22 Establishment of the Coloured National Convention ...... 23 Attitudes of Coloured people to the elections ............ 25 Results of the elections ........................ 26 African political organizations ... ... ....... ... ... .... ... 26 Renewal of the ban on the A.N.C. and P.A.C ........... 26 "All-in" conference ... ........................ 27 Award of Nobel Peace Prize to ex-Chief A. J. Luthuli ... 29 Indian political organizations ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... 30 The Federation of S.A. Women .......................... 30 iv A SURVEY OF RACE DEMONSTRATIONS PLANNED FOR THE END OF MAY Prelim inary planning ... ... ... ... ... .... 31 Action taken by the Government ....... 32 Statement by the Prime M inister . ........ ... ... 32 General Law Amendment Act, No. 39 of 1961 .......... Possible detention for twelve days without any charge having been proved ... ... ... ... ... ... Defence Amendment Act, No. 12 of 1961 .34 Defence Further Amendment Act, No. 42 of 1961 ... Police Amendment Act, No. 53 of 1961. ..............35 Banning of meetings during May and early June ......... Raids and demonstrations by the Police and Defence Force 36 The demonstrations ...................... .. 36 Aftermaths .................. .. .. 9 Lifting of the ban on public meetings .39 Fate of the leaders of the demonstrations . 39 Others who were detained .............. 41 UNREST AND DISTURBANCES THE TRANSKEI Violence that occurred between March and November 1960 42 Action taken by the Government ... ............... 43 Chiefs empowered to arrest White "agitators" ... 43 Regulations for the Transkei .... ....... ........ 43 Certain action taken under these regulations ......47 News to be reported through official channels only 47 Arrival of troops. and provision of body-guards foi Chiefs .... ....... ... ... ... ... ... .. 47 I hreatened dismissals. and banishment, 48 Further disturbances ....... ....... 48 ihe Ngqusa Hill inquest ..49 Trials resulting from the disturbances . 50 Gradual relaxation of restrictions .... 51 InvestigationsbytheGovernment 52 .\FTERMATH OF THE 1960 DISTURBANCES Persons detained under the emergency regulations.......... 52 Anniversary of Sharpeville and Langa ....... ... .. 53 Commissions of Enquiry into events at Sharpe ille and Langa 54 Claims for compensation ............... ..... 55 Indemnity Act,No.61 of 1961 .............. 55 Committee established to consider ex graiia payments ...... 56 Trials resulting from the declaration of a tate of emergency 56 Africans accused of incitement or public violence 56 Prosecution of the editors of certain journals .. 7 Aftermath of the Cato Manor murder' . 58 FURTHER UNREST AND DISTURB\NCES Zululand ... .... 59 Warmbaths 59 Mabieskraal ... 59 RELATIONS: 1961 Port E lizabeth ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Sekhukhuneland ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Unessa ... ... ... The Ku Klux Klan 60 ... 60 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... - 6 1 THE TREASON TRIAL The background .... ... .... ....... .... ... .... ... .... ... 62 The end of the trial .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... ... 62 Costs incurred ...................................... 63 ATTITUDES OF THE CHURCHES TO RACE RELATIONS The Cottesloe Consultations ... ... ... ... ... ... ... The background ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Arrangements for the consultations ... ....... ... ... Statem ent issued .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... ... Reactions of the Dutch Reformed Churches ....... Statements issued after the consultations ......... Opposition to the Cottesloe resolutions ......... Decision of the N.H. Kerk ....... ....... ... ... Decisions of the Transvaal N.G. Kerk ......... Decisions of the Cape N.G. Kerk ............. Other developments within the Dutch Reformed Churches ... "Delayed Action" .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... ... Discussion groups .... ... .... ... .... ....... ... ... Attitudes and actions of certain "English-speaking" churches M ethodist Church ....... .... ... .... ... .... ... ... Church of the Province of South Africa ............. Catholic Church .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... ... O ther churches ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Further action by the World Council of Churches ...... ... 63 ... 63 64 ... 64 66 66 ... 66 ... 67 67 ... 68... 68... 68... 70... 70... 70... 71... 72... 72... 72 WORK BY LAY ORGANIZATIONS FOR BETTER RACE RELATIONS Inter-racial conventions ... ... ... ... ... The Natal Convention ................ Calls for a National Convention ...... The S.A. Institute of Race Relations ...... Meeting of the Institute's Council ...... Mid-year Executive Committee meeting 1961 Hoernld Memorial Lecture Institute's activities ... ... ... ... ... S.A. Bureau of Racial Affairs ............. Other work for better race relations ......... Chair of inter-racial studies at Cape Town Border Regional Development Foundation Christopher Gell Memorial Award ...... Acts of goodwill in Rustenburg ...... ... ... ... ... 7 3 ... ... ... ... 7 3 ... ... ...... - 7 5 ... ... ..... - 76 ... ... ... ... 7 6 ... ... ... ... 7 8 79 ... ... ...... 79 ... ... ... ... 7 9 ... ... ... ... 80 ...... ...... 80 ... ... ... ... 80 ... 8 1 81 vi A SURVEY OF RACE THE POPULATION OF SOUTH AFRICA, AND MEASURES FOR ITS REGISTRATION AND CONTROL 1960 Census ... .... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... ... 81 Total population ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... 82 Provincial distribution .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ..
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