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Journal of Food Science Research

Research | Vol 2 Iss 1

A Review on Freshwater diversity Satish Kumar P* Department of Pharmacology, CMR College of Pharmacy, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Medchal, Hyderabad, Telangana-501401, India

*Corresponding author: Satish KP, Department of Pharmacology, CMR College of Pharmacy, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Medchal, Hyderabad, Telangana-501401, India, Tel: 9705626825; E-Mail: [email protected] Received: February 14, 2016; Accepted: February 28, 2017; Published: March 06, 2017

Abstract It has been calculable that the full variety of all is 32,500 species. Considering that fresh could represent but 0.3% of obtainable world water, it's exceptional that there are quite 15,000 seafood species. Whereas marine communities contain a lot of species in total, freshwaters are so much richer per unit volume of environs. Here, seafood species occur at one per fifteen km of water (cf. one per a 100,000 km³ of ocean water). This reflects the productivity, physiographic diversity and geographical isolation of fresh habitats comprising some twenty fifth of all , fresh fishes are a crucial element of world multifariousness. Approximately 7,956 of all fish species (30%) are contained inside 6 of the 515 assortment families. keywords: Fish; Food; Fresh water; Species; Saltwater

Introduction There are 10,000 circumstances more saltwater in the seas than there is freshwater in the lakes and streams. In any case, just 58 percent of surviving fish species is saltwater. A lopsided 41 percent are freshwater angle (the staying one percent are anadromous) [1-11]. This differing quality in freshwater species is, maybe, not astounding, since a great many separate lake living spaces advance speciation. Most maritime species (78 percent, or 44 percent of all fish species), live close to the shoreline. These seaside angles live on or over the generally shallow mainland rack. Just 13 percent of all fish species live in the vast sea, off the rack. Of these, 1 percent is epipelagic, 5 percent are pelagic, and 7 percent are profound water. Fish are found in almost all normal amphibian situations. Most fish, regardless of whether by species tally or plenitude, live in hotter conditions with moderately stable temperatures. In any case, a few species survive temperatures up to 44.6°C (112.3 °F), while others adapt to colder waters; there are more than 200 finfish species south of the Antarctic Convergence. Some fish species endure salinities more than 10 percent. A portion of the briefest lived species is gobies, which are little coral reef-abiding fish. A portion of the longest-lived is rockfish [12-31]. A portion of the cases of freshwater fishes are Black Basses, Temperate Basses, Crappie, Sunfishes,

Citation: Satish KP. A Review on diversity. J Food Sci Res. 2017;2(1):104. © 2017 Trade Science Inc. 1 www.tsijournals.com | March-2017 and Minnows, etc., these incorporate ponders, for example, the Critically Endangered Mekong goliath ( gigas) and the silver arowana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum) (FIG .1).

FIG .1. Mekong goliath catfish (Pangasianodon gigas) and the silver arowana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum).

The food chains of the world’s oceans are at risk of collapse paid to decline of greenhouse gases, overfishing and localized pollution, a stark new analysis shows. The world’s oceans absorb about a third of all the GHG emitted by the burning of fuels. Sea is therefore huge that a million or a lot of so far unknown species might board its waters. Most of these aquatic species are tied along through the food cycle. The foundation of the sea's organic phenomenon is essentially invisible. Countless billions of single-celled organisms, called plant life, saturate sunlit upper-ocean waters worldwide [32-51]. These tiny plants and microorganism capture the sun's energy and, through photosynthesis, convert nutrients and carbon dioxide into organic compounds. On the coast, seaweed and sea grasses do the same issue. They also turn out a lot of than half the element that we have a tendency to breathe on Earth. The next level of the marine organic phenomenon is formed from that feast on the sea's abundant vegetation [64-78]. On the ocean's surface waters, microscopic animals-zooplankton, which embody and the larval stages of some fish, barnacles, and molluscs-drift across the sea, grazing opportunistically. Larger herbivores include percoid, parrotfish, green turtles, and manatees. The oxygen and biomass they turn out conjointly sustains terrestrial life. An organism’s biological process level is measured by the range of steps it's far away from a primary producer. Food chains connect organisms through energy transfer among producers, consumers, and decomposers. These energy levels are referred to as biological process levels [52-63]. A significant quantity of energy is lost between biological process levels. The number and kind of species that structure every level varies greatly between totally {different/completely different} areas and different ecosystems.

Morphology Overall, we tend to found there’s a decrease in species diversity and abundance disregard less of what scheme we square measure viewing. These are broad scale impacts, made worse once you mix the impact of warming with activity. Meanwhile, warming of the oceans is causing water to thermally expand, fuelling sea level rises caused by melting land ice. Problems in the ocean’s food chains are a right away concern for many countless folks that rely on food for sustenance,

2 www.tsijournals.com | March-2017 medicines and income. The loss of coral reefs could conjointly worsen coastal erosion due to their role in protective shorelines from storms and cyclones. The primary marine organic phenomenon, which is based mostly on plant productivity, includes many of the sea's species-but not all of them [79-98]. There square measure different deep-ocean schemes that are entirely freelance of the daylight energy that kick-starts the most marine ecosystem. At their roots, these unique ecosystems square measure fuelled by chemical energy, which enters the ocean from sources like seafloor hydrothermal vents. The large predators that sit atop the marine organic phenomenon square measure a various cluster that has finned (, , dolphins), feathered (pelicans, penguins), and flipped (seals, walruses) animals. These apex predators tend to be large, fast, and very sensible at catching prey. They are conjointly lasting and typically reproduce slowly but the marine food chain's prime predator’s square measure common prey for the most deadly hunters of all-humans. When prime predator species square measure depleted, their numbers are typically slow to rebound, and their loss can send shock waves through the entire organic phenomenon. They are chiefly bacterium that break down dead organisms. This process releases nutrients to support the producers as well because the customers that feed through gripping organic material within the water column. This process is terribly vital and means even commanding customer’s square measure tributary to the organic phenomenon because the decomposers break down their waste or dead tissue. Some species in an organic phenomenon are delineating as ‘keystone’ species [99-112]. A keystone species is one that has a greater impact on an organic phenomenon than you'd expect in reference to their abundance. The removal of a keystone species characteristically results in a significant change, in the same way that removing a keystone from AN arch or bridge might cause the structure to collapse. The effect of removing or reducing a species in an organic phenomenon varies significantly looking on specific species and therefore the particular organic phenomenon. In general, food webs with low variety square measure additional vulnerable to changes than food webs with high biodiversity. In some food webs, the removal of a plant species can negatively have an effect on the entire organic phenomenon, but the loss of one plant species that creates up solely a part of the diet of a herbivorous client could have very little or no impact (FIG .2).

FIG .2. Predominant fish families by species abundance in freshwater.

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Feeding Techniques: There are three essential strategies by which sustenance is accumulated into the mouths of fish: by suction encouraging, by slam nourishing, and by control or gnawing. Almost all fish species utilize one of these styles, and most utilize two. Early fish genealogies had firm jaws restricted to minimal more than opening and shutting. Current 's have developed protrusible jaws that can contact immerse prey [113-128]. An extraordinary illustration is the protrusible jaw of the sling jaw . Its mouth stretches out into a tube half the length of its body, and with a solid suction it gets prey. The gear hides under its body when it is not being used. By and by, sustaining modes lie on a range, with suction and smash nourishing at the extremes. Many fish catch their prey utilizing both suction weights joined with a forward movement of the body or jaw. Most fish are nourishment go getters, or generalists. They eat whatever is most effectively accessible. For instance, the blue sustains on dead whales and about everything else that wriggles: other fish, cephalopods, gastropods, ascidians, scavengers. Sea sunfish lean toward jellyfish.

Their vision: Numerous types of fish can see the bright end of the range, past the violet. Mesopelagic angles live in more profound waters, in a twilight zone down to profundities of 1000 meters, where the measure of daylight accessible is not adequate to bolster photosynthesis [129-142]. These fish are adjusted for a dynamic life under low light conditions.

Toxic Nature: Lethal fish create solid toxic substances in their bodies. Both harmful fish and venomous fish contain poisons; however convey them in an unexpected way. Venomous fish nibble, sting, or wound, creating an . Venomous fish don't really bring about harming in the event that they are eaten, since the stomach related framework regularly devastates the . By complexity, harmful fish don't chomp, sting, or cut to convey their poisons, yet they are toxic to eat on the grounds that they contain poisons in their body that the stomach related framework does not wreck. Venomous fish are found in all environments around the globe, yet for the most part in tropical waters. They twisted more than 50,000 individuals consistently. They convey their venom in venom organs and utilize different conveyance frameworks, for example, spines or sharp balances, points, spikes and teeth. Venomous fish have a tendency to be either extremely noticeable, utilizing showy hues to caution foes, or skillfully covered and perhaps covered in the sand [143-162]. Aside from the guard or chasing esteem, venom help base staying fish by slaughtering the microscopic organisms that attempt to attack their skin. They are yet to be tapped asset for bio prospecting to discover drugs with restorative employments. Treatment for venom stings typically incorporates the use of warmth, utilizing water at temperatures of around 45°C (113 °F), since warmth separates most complex venom proteins.

Conclusion Around 94% of all freshwater happen in creating nations. They give nourishment and an employment to a large number of the world's poorest individuals, and furthermore add to the general financial prosperity by methods for fare item exchange, tourism and amusement. Fish are looked for by people for their incentive as business nourishment angle,

4 www.tsijournals.com | March-2017 recreational , enhancing aquarium angle and in tourism and so forth. Throughout mankind's history, essential fisheries have been founded on search angle. Scavenge fish are little fish which are eaten by bigger predators. They as a rule school together for security. Truly and today, most fish protein has stopped by methods for getting wild fish. Be that as it may, aquaculture, or fish cultivating, this has been honed since around 3,500 BCE in China, is winding up plainly progressively imperative in numerous countries. In general, around one-6th of the world's protein is assessed to be given by fish. At present, some vast scale angle ranchers are extending their operations to take care of promoting expenses. Sooner rather than later, need ought to be given to the treatment of fish, albeit some advance has been made. Be that as it may, connected information of how to keep up the nature of fish is as yet inadequate. Concentrate on taking care of fish cleanly from homestead door to customer must increment with the goal for fish to summon higher costs. Enhanced market offices are required that outcome in a more sterile condition, and also other appropriate luxuries [163-171]. Waste and defilement of fish could be diminished through legitimate taking care of systems. Building more noteworthy familiarity with the wholesome estimation of freshwater fish sustenance and advancing the utilization of fish as a normal dietary staple are critical strides towards further improvement of aquaculture and advertising of amphibian items.

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87. Ulman A. Urgent Change in Management Measures Required to Save Turkish Fisheries from Collapse. J Coast Dev. 2014;17:386. 88. Al Jufaili S, Machkevskyi V, Al Sulaimi S, et al. Biological and Ecological Features of Poecilancistrum Sp. Plerocercoid (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) Infection of Arabian Sea Meager Argyrosomus heinii (Steindachner, 1907). J Aquac Res Development. 2014;5:227. 89. Munyaradzi M, Christopher MM and Shava T. Traditional Authority in Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM): A Critical Investigation of the Role of Traditional Authority in Fisheries Management in Gache Gache Communal Lands of Kariba, Zimbabwe. Fish Aquac J. 2014;5:093. 90. Begossi A. Reef Fishes: Urgent needs for Knowledge and Management in Tropical Waters. J Marine Sci Res Dev. 2014;4:e129. 91. Andrada M. Climatic Conditions Pose a Threat to Philippine Fishery Industry. Fish Aquac J. 2014;5:e103. 92. Abdi TG. Participatory Evaluation and Verification of Improved Post Harvest Fishery Technologies on Selected Sites of Oromia water bodies. Fish Aquac J. 2014;5:090. 93. Barnes ME, Simpson G, Carreiro J, et al. A Comparison of A Creel Census to Modeled Access-Point Creel Surveys on Two Small Lakes Managed as Put-and-Take Rainbow Trout Fisheries. Fish Aquac J. 2014;5:086. 94. kumar MP, Annathai AR, Shakila RJ, et al. Proximate and Major Mineral Composition of 23 Medium Sized Marine Fin Fishes Landed in the Thoothukudi Coast of India. J Nutr Food Sci. 2014;4:259. 95. Andrada M. Food Safety Prevention on Biohazards in Fish and Fishery Products. Fish Aquac J. 2014;4:e102. 96. Abdi TG. Factors Contributing to Staff’s Susceptibility to HIV in Oromia Agricultural Research Institute: A Case Study from Zeway Fisheries Resources Research Center. J AIDS Clin Res. 2013;4:266. 97. Begossi A. Small-scale Fisheries and Biodiversity: Alleviating Poverty and Conserving Natural Resources. J Marine Sci Res Dev. 2013;3:e120. 98. Mary Lini R, Kurcheti PP, Babu G, et al. Effect of Aeromonas hydrophila Infection on Caspase-3 Expression and Activity in Rohu, Labeo rohita. J Aquac Res Development. 2013;4:200. 99. Mohanty BP, Banerjee S, Bhattacharjee S, et al. Muscle Proteomics of the Indian Major Carp Catla (Catla catla, Hamilton). J Proteomics Bioinform. 2013;6:252-263. 100. Waithaka E. Impacts of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on the Fishing Communities of Lake Naivasha, Kenya. J Biodivers Endanger Species. 2013;1:108. 101. Kumar Y, Kurcheti PP. Effect of Liver Biotoxins of Certain Marine Fishes on Mouse Cell Culture. J Marine Sci Res Dev. 2013;3:117. 102. Mustapha MK. Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Artisanal Fisheries of Nigeria. J Earth Sci Climate Change. 2013;4:130. 103. Gaber MM, Omar EA, Abdel-Rahim M, et al. Effects of Stocking Density and Water Exchange Rates on Growth Performance of Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus Semisulcatus Cultured in Earthen Ponds. J Aquacult Res Dev. 2012;3:152. 104. Gaber MM, Elhalfawy MM, Ramadan AM. Utilization of Cottonseed Meal Supplemented with Iron for Detoxification of Gossypol in Nile Tilapia, Broodstock and their Impact on the Hatchability of their Progenies. J Aquacult Res Dev. 2012;3:151. 105. Alparslan Y, Gürel Ç, Metin C, et al. Determination of Sensory and Quality Changes at Treated Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) During Cold-Storage. J Food Process Technol. 2012;3:183.

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106. Singh SK, Mishra U, Roy SD, et al. Effect of Feeding Enriched Formulated Diet and Live Feed on Growth, Survival and Fatty Acid Profile of Deccan Mahseer, Tor Khudree (Sykes) First Feeding Fry. J Aquacult Res Dev. 2012;3:143. 107. Chowdhary S, Srivastava PP, Mishra S, et al. Evaluation of Partial Replacement of Dietary Protein from Plant Protein Blended with Glucosamine on Growth and Body Indices of Asian Catfish (Clarias Batrachus) Fingerlings. J Aquac Res Development. 2012;3:129. 108. Shelar GS, Dhaker HD, Pathan DI, et al. Effect of Different Organic Manures on the Growth of Screw Vallisneria, Vallisneria spiralis Linne 1753. J Aquac Res Development. 2012;3:121. 109. Jones SRM. Mechanisms of Resistance among Salmon to the Parasitic Copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis. J Aquac Res Development. 2011;S2:003. 110. Felix S, Pradeepa P. Seaweed (Ulva reticulata) Based Fermented Marine Silage Feed Preparation under Controlled Conditions for Penaeus monodon Larval Development. J Marine Sci Res Development. 2011;1:103. 111. Adiga R, Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I. Molecular Docking Studies of Type III Secretion System Effector Sopb Homolog in Vibrio vulnificus. J Comput Sci Syst Biol. 2011;4:016-020. 112. Harris JM, Vinobaba P. Assessment the Present Status of Batticaloa Lagoon, Sri Lanka by means of Water Quality, Fish Diversity Indices and Pollution Indicating Planktons. J Biodivers Endanger Species. 2013;1:105. 113. Shishaye HA. Groundwater Flow Modeling in Coastal Aquifers: The Influence of Submarine Groundwater Discharge on the Position of the Saltwater–Freshwater Interface. J Coast Zone Manag. 2016;19:419. 114. Vignesh A, Ramanujam N, Kumar BS, et al. Application of Time Domain Electromagnetic (Tdem) Methods for Mapping of Salt Fresh Water Intrusions and Evaluate The Porosity in Carbyn’s Cove, Wandoor and Khurumedhera Beaches in South Andaman. J Coast Zone Manag. 2015;18:413. 115. Khanday SA, Jehangir A, Yousuf AR, et al. Distribution Pattern of Rooted Floating Leaf Type Macrophytes in Response to Water Depth in a Fresh Water Lake of Kashmir Himalaya. J Ecosys Ecograph. 2015;5:159. 116. Sreenivasula Reddy P, Srilatha M. 13-Cis-Retinoic Acid-Induced Hyperglycemia in the Fresh Water Edible Crab, Oziothelphusa Senex Senex is mediated by Triggering Release of Hyperglycemic Hormone from Eyestalks. J Aquac Res Development. 2015;6:356. 117. Andrew LKF, Huong LT. Fresh Water Struggle in Two Vietnam Regions. J Environ Anal Toxicol. 2015;S7:003. 118. Parra-Laca R, Hernández-Hernández FC, Lanz-Mendoza H, et al. Isolation and Identification of Saprolegnia Sp from Fresh Water Aquarium Fishes and the Hemolymph Immune Response of Dactylopus coccus Costa de 1835 (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopidae) against this Oomycete. Entomol Ornithol Herpetol. 2015;4:149. 119. Ramachandra Mohan M. Sea Water Fish, Glossogobius giuris at Last Lives in Fresh Water Now. J Fisheries Livest Prod. 2015;3:123. 120. Souris M, Gonzalez D, Wiriyarat W, et al. Potential Role of Fresh Water Apple Snails on H5N1 Influenza Virus Persistence and Concentration in Nature. Air Water Borne Diseases. 2015;4:119. 121. Zadeh MJ, Peyghan R, Manavi SE. The Detection of Ichthyophonus hoferi in Naturally Infected Fresh Water Ornamental Fishes. J Aquac Res Development. 2014;5:289. 122. Sibi G. Biosorption of Arsenic by Living and Dried Biomass of Fresh Water Microalgae - Potentials and Equilibrium Studies. J Bioremed Biodeg. 2014;5:249.

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123. Sabale SR. Contamination and Need of Bioremediation of Pesticide Residues in Fresh Water Aquifers. J Bioremed Biodeg. 2014;5:e158. 124. Rama Nisha P, Elezabeth Mary A, Uthayasiva M, et al. Seaweed Ulva reticulata a Potential Feed Supplement for Growth, Colouration and Disease Resistance in Fresh Water Ornamental Gold Fish, Carassius auratus. J Aquac Res Development. 2014;5:254 125. Wani MA, Dutta SPS. First Record of an Anomalous Catla catla (Ham. Buch) in Fresh Water Fish Ponds of Gurdaspur District, Punjab (India). J Aquac Res Development. 2014;5:246. 126. Onada OA, Ogunola OS. Effects of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Brood-stocks Egg Combination on Hatchability and Survival of Fish Larvae. J Aquac Res Development. 2017;S2:014. 127. Ayeloja AA, George FOA. Insecticidal Effects of Natural Preservatives on Insect Pests of Smoked African Mud Catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). J Food Process Technol. 2016;7:641. 128. Akinwole AO, Dauda AB, Ololade OA. Growth Performance of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Juveniles Reared in Wastewater Treated with Alum and moringa oleifera Seed. J Aquac Res Development. 2016;7:460. 129. Adikesavalu H, Paul P, Joardar SN, et al. Polypeptide Profiling of Pangas Catfish () Serum Globulin Protein Fraction and Development of Anti-pangas Serum Globulin-HRPO Immunoconjugate for Rapid Detection of Bacterial Infection . J Aquac Res Development. 2016;7:458. 130. Mamat NZ, Shaari MI, Wahab NAAA. The Production of Catfish and Vegetables in an Aquaponic System. Fish Aquac J. 2016;7:181. 131. Mosha SS, Kang’ombe J, Jere W, et al. Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Natural Food Composition and Performance of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Fry Produced Under Artificial Propagation. J Aquac Res Development. 2016;7: 441. 132. Perschbacher P, Xie L. Discovery of Golden-Colored Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), with Preliminary Culture Evaluations. J Fisheries Livest Prod. 2016;4:180. 133. Njieassam ES. Effects of using Blood Meal on the Growth and Mortality of Catfish. J Ecosys Ecograph. 2016;6:204. 134. Chow EPY, Liong KH, Schoeters E. The Effect of Dietary Carotenoids of Different Forms: Microemulsified and Non-microemulsified on the Growth Performance, Pigmentation and Hematological Parameters in Hybrid Catfish (Clarias Macrocephalus × Clarias Gariepinus). J Aquac Res Development. 2016;7:437. 135. Tylingo R, Mania S, Panek A, et al. Isolation and Characterization of Acid Soluble Collagen from the Skin of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Salmon (Salmo salar) and Baltic (Gadus morhua). J Biotechnol Biomater. 2016;6:234. 136. Nkpondion NN, Ugwumba OA, Esenowo IK. The Toxicity Effect of Detergent on Enzymatic and Protein Activities of African Mud Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). J Environ Anal Toxicol. 2016;6:361. 137. Han MM, Lu JG, Wang L, et al. Cloning and Analysis of N-Acetyltransferase 9 Genes in Yellow Catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Biochem Physiol. 2016;5:202. 138. Lin X, Peter P. Cool Water Off-flavor Algae and Water Quality in Four Arkansas Commercial Catfish Farms. J Fisheries Livest Prod. 2016;4:158. 139. Sogbesan OA, Onoja CF, Adedeji HA. Utilization of Treated Duckweed Meal (Lemna pausicostata) as Plant Protein Supplement in African Mud Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Juvenile Diets. Fish Aquac J. 2015;6:141.

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140. Mokhtar DM, Abd-Elhafez EA, Hassan AHS. A Histological, Histochemical and Ultrastructural Study on the Fundic Region of the Stomach of Nile Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). J Cytol Histol. 2015;6:341. 141. Ibrahim ATA. Effects of Mercury Chloride on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers of Some Tissues of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). J Veterinar Sci Technol. 2015;6: 242. 142. Aripin SA, Jintasataporn O, Yoonpundh R. Effects of Zinc Amino Acid in Walking Catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) Female Broodstock First Sexual Maturation. J Aquac Res Development. 2015;6:347. 143. Ferosekhan S, Sahoo SK, Giri SS, et al. Embryonic and Larval Development of Yellow Tail Catfish, Pangasius pangasius. J Aquac Res Development. 2015;6:343. 144. Nwipie GN, Erondu ES, Zabbey N. Influence of Stocking Density on Growth and Survival of Post Fry of the African Mud Catfish, Clarias gariepinus.Fish Aquac J. 2015;6:116. 145. Zimba PV, Grimm CC. Statistical Approaches to Optimize Detection of MIB Off-Flavor in Aquaculture Raised Channel Catfish. J Aquac Res Development. 2015;6:319. 146. Olalekan A. Impact of Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) Biodiesel- Contaminated Catfish on Hepatic Function of Rat. J Pollut Eff Cont. 2015;3:127. 147. Green BW, Schrader KK. Effect of Stocking Large Channel Catfish in a Biofloc Technology Production System on Production and Incidence of Common Microbial Off-Flavor Compounds. J Aquac Res Development. 2015;6:314. 148. Budiati T, Rusul G, Wan-Abdullah WN, et al. Microbiological Quality of Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) and Tilapia (Tilapia Mossambica) Obtained from Wet Markets and Ponds in Malaysia. J Aquac Res Development. 2015;6:291. 149. Bailung B, Biswas SP. Successful Induced Breeding of a Bagrid Catfish, Mystus Dibrugarensis in Captive Condition. J Aquac Res Development. 2014;5:281. 150. Lihono M, Koo J, Anderson A, Perschbacher P. Evaluation of Two Levels of Plum Concentrates as an Alternative to Polyphosphates in Post-Harvest Preservation of Ictalurus punctatus X I. furcatus Catfish Fillets. J Fisheries Livest Prod. 2014;2:116. 151. Thompson OA, Mafimisebi TE. Profitability of Selected Ventures in Catfish Aquaculture in Ondo State, Nigeria. Fish Aquac J. 2014;5:096. 152. Burubai W, Amber B. Microwave Heating-Dependent Properties of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Catfish (Clarias gariepirus). J Food Process Technol. 2014;5:315. 153. Amare A, Alemayehu A, Aylate A. Prevalence of Internal Parasitic Helminthes Infected Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia), Clarias gariepinus (African Catfish) and Cyprinus carpio (Common Carp) in Lake Lugo (Hayke), Northeast Ethiopia. J Aquac Res Development. 2014;5:233. 154. Geraylou Z, Rurangwa E, De Wiele TV, et al. Fermentation of Arabinoxylan-Oligosaccharides, Oligofructose and their Monomeric Sugars by Hindgut Bacteria from Siberian Sturgeon and African Catfish in Batch Culture in vitro. J Aquac Res Development. 2014;5:230. 155. Ren G, Shen WY, Li WF, et al. Molecular Characterization and Expression Pattern of a Liver-Expressed Antimicrobial Peptide 2 (LEAP-2) Gene in Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). J Aquac Res Development. 2014;5:229. 156. Laith AR, Najiah M. Aeromonas hydrophila: Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Histopathology of Isolates from Diseased Catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). J Aquac Res Development. 2013;5: 215.

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157. Roncarati A, Mordenti O, Stocchi L, et al. Comparison of Growth Performance of ‘Common Catfish Ameiurus melas, Rafinesque1820’, Reared in Pond and in Recirculating Aquaculture System. J Aquac Res Development. 2014;5:218. 158. Emam MA, Abughrien B. Seasonal Histological Changes in Gonads of the Catfish (CLARIAS LAZERA). Fish Aquac J. 2014;5:087. 159. Adeniji CA, Okiki PA, Rasheed AM, et al. Mouldy Groundnut Cake and Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate in Practical Diet for African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Fish Aquac J. 2014;4:083. 160. Dhara K, Saha NC. Controlled Breeding of Asian Catfish Clarias batrachus using Pituitary Gland Extracts and Ovaprim at different Temperatures, Latency Periods and their Early Development. J Aquac Res Development. 2013;4:186. 161. Rajkowski KT, Hughes SG, Cassidy J, et al. Catfish Special Edition: Microbial Quality of Catfish Nuggets. J Food Process Technol. 2013;S11:007. 162. Khosravi P, Silva J, Sommers CH, et al. Catfish Special Edition: Thermal Inactivation of Non-O157:H7 Shiga Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) on Catfish Fillets. J Food Process Technol. 2013;S11:006. 163. Akinpelu OM, Ayeloja AA, George FOA, et al. Gender Analysis of Processing Activities among Commercial Catfish Processors within Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State South-Western Nigeria. J Aquac Res Development. 2013;4:176. 164. Khosravi P, Silva J, Sommers CH, et al. Catfish Special Issue: Growth of Non-O157:H7 Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia Coli on Catfish Fillets. J Food Process Technol. 2013;S11-004. 165. Ozbay G, Babu BK, Chen G. Prevalence of Veterinary Drug Residues and Heavy Metals in Catfish Nuggets. J Food Process Technol. 2013;S11:005. 166. Maull KD, Hickey ME, Lee Jl. The Study and Identification of Bacterial Spoilage Species Isolated from Catfish during Refrigerated Storage. J Food Process Technol. 2012;S11-003. 167. Lingham T, Besong S, Ozbay G, et al. Antimicrobial Activity of Vinegar on Bacterial Species Isolated from Retail and Local Channel Catfish(Ictalurus punctatus). J Food Process Technol. 2012;S11-001. 168. Yadav AK, Srivastava PP, Shrivastava P, et al. A Growth Responses of Animal and Plant Origin Dietary Lipids on the Survival, Growth and Feed Efficiency of Asian Catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) Grow-out. J Aquacult Res Dev. 2012;3:138. 169. Olumuji OK, Mustapha MK. Induced Breeding of African Mud Catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822), using Different Doses of Normal Saline Diluted Ovaprim. J Aquacult Res Dev. 2012;3:133. 170. Srivastava PP, Raizada S, Dayal R, et al. Breeding and Larval Rearing of Asian Catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) on Live and Artificial Feed. J Aquacult Res Dev. 2012;3:134. 171. Huynh HPV, Nugegoda D. Effects of Dietary Supplements on Growth Performance and Phosphorus Waste Production of Australian Catfish, Tandanus Tandanus, Fed with Diets Containing Canola Meal as Fishmeal Replacement. J Aquac Res Development. 2011;2:117.

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