Order Atheriniformes, silversides Order Atheriniformes, Family Atherinopsidae

• 6 families, 48 genera, 312 species • Formerly part of family Atherinidae • 2 separate dorsal fins • Two are now split into new world (Atherinopsidae) from North, Central Labidesthes sicculus • Lateral line absent or reduced and South America and old world (Atherinidae). Map is pre-split.

• Global distribution Menidia clarkhubbsi

Leuresthes tenuis – California grunion

Order Atheriniformes, Family Melanotaeiinae, Rainbowfishes Order Beloniformes, needlefishes • Formerly part of Atheriniformes • Mostly freshwater • New Guinea and Australia • 5 families, 36 genera, 227 species

• More colorful than other silversides, • Single dorsal fin, no spines popular in aquaria

1 Order Beloniformes, Family Exocoetidae, flying fishes Order Beloniformes, Family Hemiramphidae, halfbeaks

• Lower caudal lobe longer • Upper jaw much shorter than lower

• Mostly coastal, marine, tropical

• Some livebearers with maternal connection to offspring (analogous to placenta) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmWRCdUw17E

Order Cyprinodontiformes, Killifish Order Cyprinodontiformes, Family Anablepidae, four-eyed fishes • 10 families, 109 genera, 1013 species • Southern Mexico, Central and South America • Protrusible jaws • Mostly freshwater & brackish • Internal fertilization, some live bearers, some lay fertilized eggs • Small, omnivorous • Sexual dimorphism and some hermaphrodites

2 Order Cyprinodontiformes, Family Rivulidae Order Cyprinodontiformes, Family Fundulidae • 40 species • Florida, Cuba, Central and South America • Freshwater • Variable and interesting life histories • Lateral line absent from body, pores located on head

• Terminal mouth with a protrusible jaw

Leptoleucania ommata

Order Cyprinodontiformes, Family Fundulidae Order Cyprinodontiformes

• Poeciliidae – livebearers – Male gonopoduim

• Cyprinodontidae – pupfish – Conservation - Desert hole pupfish

3 Order Cichliformes, cichlids • South America, Africa, India, one North American species • 112 genera, 1300 species, many undescribed Poeciliidae distribution • Interrupted lateral line • Oviparous, Variable forms of parental care

• Centrarchid convergence, introductions and conservation concerns

Cyprinodontidae distribution

Cichlid mouth part diversity Suborder Blennioidei, Blennies • >800 species and ~130 genera • Marine (few freshwater), tropical, benthic and burrowing

4 Order Gobiiformes, gobies Conservation concerns – round goby introduction • Mostly marine, few freshwater • 210 genera, 1900 species

• Pelvic fins usually modified into sucker

• Many with adaptations to terrestrial life

• Smallest vertebrates in group are thought to be neotonous

• Some catadramous ?

Order Labriformes, wrasses Order Centrachiformes, Family Centrarchidae, sunfishes • North American, Freshwater • 2 families (Labridae and Odacidae) • 8 genera, 31 species • 530 species in ~77 genera • Male nest builders • Jaw teeth sometimes protrude • Dominant carnivores in US lakes

• Some Parental care

5 Order Centrarchiformes, Family Elassomatidae, pygmy sunfishes Order Perciformes • Largest order of fishes, currently over 150 families • North American, Freshwater • Mostly marine • Poorly defined in terms of characteristics, likely not • 6 species monophyletic • Group formerly contained centrarchids, labrids (wrasses) and cichlids. • Swampy habitats in SE US

Order Perciformes, Family Percidae, perches Order Perciformes, Family Percidae, perches • North America (mostly), some in Eurasia • 10 genera, 201 species • Most darters males will spawn with multiple females (polygamy) • Northern North America and European lakes • Females judge male quality based on dominated by yellow perch, walleye and – Color Eurasian perch

• Darters some of the most colorful and sexually – Nest quality and/or parenting skills dimorphic fishes (presence of eggs)

6 Order Perciformes, Family Scianidae, drums and croakers Order Perciformes, Family Serranidae, sea bases • North American (mostly), other species • Temperate and tropical Marine marine or coastal • 64 genera, 475 species • 70 genera, 270 species

• Three opercular spines • Large otolith

• Produce sound via swim bladder, extensive well developed lateral line • Many large piscivores

Order Perciformes, Family Scorpaenidae Invasive lionfish • Scorpionfishes, rockfishes

• Dorsal, anal and pelvic spines often with venom glands, most venomous fish

• Marine, commercial importance of some (rockfish fishery declines)

7 Order Perciformes, Family Cottidae, sculpins Sculpin Conservation • 70 genera, 275 species • Pygmy sculpin • Anal fin without spines • Large head and mouth

• Western Endemics • Egg layers, male parental care – Kalamath lake sculpin – Bear lake sculpin – Utah lake sculpin

Order Gasterosteiformes Stickleback nest construction • 5 genera, 16 species • Small mouth, elongate body • Kidney secrets glue-like • Dermal plates protein used to construct nest

• Well developed, isolated dorsal spines • Females judge size and neatness of nest • Marine and brackish with some forms recently evolved in glacial lakes • Males with larger kidneys can produce larger, neater nests

8 Order Lophiiformes, anglerfish, goosefish, frogfish

• 313 species, 66 genera, 18 families

• suction feeders (gill opening posterior to pectoral base)

• No ribs • Foot-like pectoral fins in goosefish

illicium esca

Himantolophidae

Superorder Paracanthopterygii, Order Lophiiformes, anglerfish, goosefish, Order Tetraodontiformes frogfish • 357 species, 101 genera, 9 families • No parietal, nasal or infraorbital bones (secondary losses)

• Jaw bones fused into “beak”, suture produce four sections (“teeth”) giving the group its name • Scales modified into spines, shields or plates • Some have inflatable stomach (water or air) • 14 species freshwater only

9 Tetraodontiformes, Family Balistidae (triggerfish) and Monacanthidae (filefish) Tetraodontiformes, Family Molidae, molas • No dorsal or anal spines • Balistidae – Three dorsal spines • Posterior body reduced to flap – Platelike scales (pseudocaudal) – All marine – 11 genera, 40 species • No lateral line

• Open water marine, feed only on jellyfish • Monacanthidae • 3 genera, four species – 1 or 2 dorsal spines – Reduced scales, body often “fury” – 32 genera, 102 species many in Australia

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