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Heavy Metal Remediation: Transport and Accumulation in Plants ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH ADVANCES HEAVY METAL REMEDIATION TRANSPORT AND ACCUMULATION IN PLANTS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH ADVANCES Additional books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the e-book tab. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH ADVANCES HEAVY METAL REMEDIATION TRANSPORT AND ACCUMULATION IN PLANTS DHARMENDRA KUMAR GUPTA AND SOUMYA CHATTERJEE EDITORS New York Copyright © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers‘ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Heavy metal remediation : transport and accumulation in plants / edited by Dharmendra Kumar Gupta and Soumya Chatterjee (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universitdt, Hannover Institut f|r Radiovkologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Germany). pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN: 978-1-63321-593-1 (eBook) 1. Phytoremediation. 2. Plants--Effect of heavy metals on. 3. Heavy metals--Environmental aspects. I. Gupta, Dharmendra Kumar (Phytoremediation researcher), editor. II. Chatterjee, Soumya, editor. TD192.75.H43 2014 628.4--dc23 2014027182 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Mechanism of Metal Transporters in Plants 1 Anindita Mitra, Soumya Chatterjee, Sibnarayan Datta, Sonika Sharma, Vijay Veer, Bam H. M. Razafindrabe, Clemens Walther and Dharmendra K. Gupta Chapter 2 Metal Transporters for Uptake, Sequestration and Translocation 29 Sarra Arbaoui, Rym Ben Slimane, Salah Rezgui and Taoufik Bettaieb Chapter 3 Update on Mechanisms Involved in Arsenic and Chromium Accumulation, Translocation and Homeostasis in Plants 45 Paola S. González, Melina A. Talano, Ana L. Wevar Oller, Sabrina G. Ibañez, María I. Medina and Elizabeth Agostini Chapter 4 Mechanisms and Engineering Plant Metal Accumulation and Transport 73 Rajeev Kumar Sarma, Varghese Inchakalody, Hema Jagadeesan and Sathish kumar Ramalingam Chapter 5 Plant Metabolomics and its Application to Explore Metal Toxicity Mechanism 89 Xiangfeng Zeng, Alexandra Lynn, Shuhe Wei and Jun Wang Chapter 6 A Review on Plant Mechanisms for Uptake, Transport and Bio-Concentration of Toxic Heavy Metals 107 Monalisa Mohanty Chapter 7 Heavy Metal Uptake and the Effect on Plant Growth 127 Paulo Ademar Avelar Ferreira, Gustavo Brunetto, Admir José Giachini and Cláudio Roberto Fonsêca Sousa Soares vi Contents Chapter 8 In Vitro Selection of Plants for the Removal of Toxic Metals from Contaminated Soil: Role of Genetic Variation in Phytoremediation 155 Sonika Sharma, Soumya Chatterjee, Sibnarayan Datta, Anindita Mitra, Mohan G. Vairale, Vijay Veer, Ankita Chourasia and Dharmendra K. Gupta Chapter 9 Phytoremediation of Multiply Metal-Contaminated Environments: Synergistic and Competitive Effects between Heavy Metals During Uptake and Transport 179 Esra Üçüncü, Alper Devrim Özkan, Tolga Tarkan Ölmez and Evren Tunca Chapter 10 Exploring Potential of Using Phytoremediation for Co-Contaminated Soils 201 Chibuike Chigbo and Ernest O. Nnadi Chapter 11 Heavy Metal Remediation by Dead Plants and Algae 219 Reza Panahi and Mina Ebrahimi Index 235 PREFACE Heavy metals (HM) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants in rapid technologically advanced societies. HM like Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ni and Co are crucial micronutrients for plant development but when these present in excess become extremely toxic for the plant growth; further, non-essential metals such as Cd, Hg, As and Pb, can be toxic even at low concentrations (Gupta et al. 2013). In plants, HM accumulation is affected by various factors i.e. plant type, growth phase and elemental characteristics which control uptake, accumulation and translocation of metals from root to shoot. Sometimes, physiological adaptations also control HM accumulations by making complexes of metals at the root level. Complexation with ligands is a process associated to heavy metal pollutants, and it can be an extracellular or an intracellular molecular event. These ligands can be chelators as organic acids or peptides such phytochelatins (PCs), methallothioneins (MTs) or glutathione (GSH). In plants, several multiple transporters are known. For instance in Arabidopsis thaliana, has 150 different cation transporters were known (Axelsen and Palmgren 2001). More than 14 transporters are known for sulfate only. Individual transporter proteins have inimitable properties with reverence to transport rate, substrate specificity, substrate affinity (low affinity transporters tend to be more promiscuous) and follow Michaelis-Menton kinetics (Marschner 1995). These properties may be subjected to regulate by metabolic rates or regulatory proteins (e.g. Kinases). Although there is no direct evidence on the role of plasma membrane efflux transporters in heavy metal tolerance in plants, recent research has revealed that plants possess several classes of metal transporters that must be involved in metal uptake and homeostasis in general and, thus, could play a key role in tolerance (Yang et al. 2005a). Several classes of proteins have been implicated in heavy metal transport in plants. These include the heavy metal (or CPx-type) ATPases that are involved in the overall metal-ion homeostasis and tolerance in plants, the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (Nramp), the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) family proteins (Williams et al. 2000), and the zinc–iron permease (ZIP) family proteins, etc. (Yang et al. 2005b). Heavy metal binding to the cell wall is not the only plant mechanism responsible for metal immobilization into roots and subsequent inhibition of ion translocation to the shoot. Major consequences of HM action in the cell is the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which usually damage the cellular components such as membranes, nucleic acids, chloroplast pigments and alteration in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (Gupta et al. 2013). viii Dharmendra Kumar Gupta and Soumya Chatterjee The success of phytoremediation as an environmental cleaning tool depends on numerous factors including bioavailability of HM in soil/water, selection of plant type and its ability to uptake, growth and biomass production, plant-microbe interactions, translocation and accumulation of metals in shoots and plants‘ tolerance and detoxification mechanism to counter HM stress. Plants tolerate HM through the development of effective protective mechanisms either effluxing chelated metals from cytoplasm or sequestering in vacuoles, which excludes HM from cellular sites where important metabolic processes such as cell division, respiration take place (Hall 2002). For the researchers, it is always an endeavor to decontaminate of heavy metals from contaminated environment. The main purpose of this book is to present a holistic view of recent advancement in the field of accumulation and remediation using plants, the green solar powered alternative to ameliorate heavy metal from the polluted environment. The key features
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