L'évolution Des Phages Tempérés D'entérobactéries

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L'évolution Des Phages Tempérés D'entérobactéries L’évolution des phages tempérés d’entérobactéries Louis-Marie Bobay To cite this version: Louis-Marie Bobay. L’évolution des phages tempérés d’entérobactéries. Biologie cellulaire. Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. Français. NNT : 2014PA066154. tel-01077952 HAL Id: tel-01077952 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01077952 Submitted on 27 Oct 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Pierre et Marie Curie Ecole doctorale Complexité du Vivant Génomique évolutive des microbes. Institut Pasteur. CNRS UMR 3525 L'évolution des phages tempérés d'entérobactéries Par Louis-Marie Bobay Thèse de doctorat de Biologie Dirigée par Eduardo PC Rocha et Marie Touchon Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 8 juillet 2014 Devant un jury composé de : Dr. Mireille Ansaldi – Rapporteur Dr. Vincent Daubin – Rapporteur Prof. Patrick Forterre – Examinateur Prof. Dominique Higuet – Examinateur Prof. Sylvain Moineau – Examinateur 1 Résumé et mots clés L'intégration et la dégradation des virus (ou phages) au sein des génomes bactériens (alors nommés prophages) constituent un flux de gènes promouvant la diversification génétique de leurs hôtes. Les mécanismes à l'origine de l'impact évolutif des prophages sur leurs hôtes restent cependant mal compris. Les génomes bactériens sont des entités fortement contraintes par différents niveaux d'organisation génétique et structurelle. La première partie de la thèse s'est attachée à comprendre comment les prophages sont adaptés aux génomes d'Escherichia et de Salmonella. Ces résultats ont mis en évidence une forte conservation des positions d'intégration des prophages, ainsi que différentes adaptations des phages tempérés à l'organisation chromosomique de leurs hôtes. L'origine de la diversité génétique des phages tempérés a été au centre de la deuxième partie de la thèse. L'étude des phages lambdoïdes d'entérobactéries a révélé l'existence de deux stratégies de recombinaison chez ces phages: utilisation du système de recombinaison RecBCD de l'hôte via la présence de sites Chi ou utilisation de leur propre système de recombinaison. Cette étude suggère que l'utilisation de l'une ou l'autre des stratégies de recombinaison a des impacts importants sur la diversification et le mosaïcisme génomique de ces phages. Enfin, la détection et l'analyse de prophages hérités verticalement au sein des génomes hôtes ont mis en évidence que de nombreux prophages partiellement dégradés sont conservés et évoluent sous sélection purificatrice. Ces résultats suggèrent que de nombreux prophages sont potentiellement des éléments fonctionnels domestiqués par la bactérie. L'ensemble de ces analyses permet de préciser un peu plus les mécanismes permettant aux prophages de contribuer à la diversification des répertoires de gènes de leurs hôtes. Mots clés: procaryotes, bactéries, virus, phages tempérés, prophages, évolution, domestication, génomique comparative. 2 Table des matières Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 5 1 Organisation et évolution du génome bactérien...........................................................................5 1.1 Diversité des bactéries et de leurs génomes ..............................................................................5 1.2 Le chromosome bactérien: une structure organisée...................................................................7 1.2.1 L'organisation associée à la réplication............................................................................................. 8 1.2.2 La ségrégation................................................................................................................................. 11 1.2.3 La recombinaison homologue......................................................................................................... 11 1.2.4 La structure du chromosome........................................................................................................... 14 1.2.7 Implications évolutives ................................................................................................................... 15 1.3 Plasticité et évolution du génome bactérien ............................................................................15 1.3.1 La sélection ..................................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.2 La dérive génétique......................................................................................................................... 16 1.3.3 La recombinaison............................................................................................................................ 17 1.3.4 Les pertes de gènes ........................................................................................................................ 17 1.3.5 Les gains de gènes .......................................................................................................................... 18 1.3.6 Les éléments mobiles...................................................................................................................... 19 1.3.7 Points chauds de transfert ............................................................................................................... 20 2 Diversité et évolution des bactériophages tempérés...................................................................22 2.1 Diversité des phages ................................................................................................................22 2.1.1 De la découverte de Twort et d'Hérelle à la biologie synthétique .................................................. 22 2.1.2 Classification de Baltimore et classification de l'ICTV.................................................................. 23 2.1.3 Phages virulents et phages tempérés............................................................................................... 24 2.2 Description d'un phage tempéré modèle: Lambda...................................................................25 2.2.1 Généralités ...................................................................................................................................... 25 2.2.2 Un génome très organisé................................................................................................................. 26 2.2.3 Régulation et cycle.......................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.4 Intégration et excision..................................................................................................................... 29 2.2.5 Stabilité de la lysogénie .................................................................................................................. 31 2.3 Evolution des lambdoïdes et le mosaïcisme phagique ............................................................32 2.3.1 Définition des lambdoïdes et conflits taxonomiques...................................................................... 32 2.3.2 Organisation génomique modulaire conservée et morons.............................................................. 33 2.3.3 Mécanismes à l'origine du mosaïcisme........................................................................................... 35 3 Impact des bactériophages sur l'évolution bactérienne.............................................................37 3.1 Ecologie et course aux armements ..........................................................................................37 3.1.1 L'organisme le plus abondant et son impact ................................................................................... 37 3.1.2 La co-évolution et la course aux armements................................................................................... 37 3.1.3 L'ambigüité des phages tempérés: faux ennemis ou faux amis?..................................................... 39 3.2 Impact des prophages à court terme: un génotype bactérien étendu .......................................40 3.2.1 La transduction................................................................................................................................ 40 3.2.2 Protection contre la sur-infection.................................................................................................... 41 3.2.3 Gènes augmentant la croissance de l'hôte....................................................................................... 42 3.2.4 Gènes liés à la pathogenèse............................................................................................................. 42 3.2.5 Utilisation des prophages comme armes......................................................................................... 43 3.2.6 Effets délétères liés à l'intégration .................................................................................................. 43 3.3 Impact des prophages à long terme: source de nouveaux gènes et
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