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The Stability of Various Community Types in Sand Dune Ecosystems of Northeastern China

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The Stability of Various Community Types in Sand Dune Ecosystems of Northeastern China StabilityRev. FCA UNCUYO. of communities 2017. 49(1): in sand-dune 105-118. ISSN ecosystems impreso 0370-4661. ISSN (en línea) 1853-8665. The stability of various community types in sand dune ecosystems of northeastern China Estabilidad de varios tipos de comunidad en ecosistemas de dunas en el noreste de China Yi Tang 1, Xiaolan Li 2, Jinhua Wu 1, Carlos Alberto Busso 3 * Originales: Recepción: 02/11/2015 - Aceptación: 31/10/2016 Abstract The stability of artificial, sand-binding communities has not yet fully studied.i.e. A, vegetationsimilarity indexcover, wasShannon-Wiener developed to Index,evaluate biomass, the stability organic of matter, artificial Total communities N, available inP andshifting K, and and sand semi-fixed particle sand ratio). dunes. The This relative similarity weight index of these consisted indicators of 8 indicators was obtained ( using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. Stability was compared on Artemisia halodendron Turczaninow ex Besser, Bull communities in shifting and semi- Caragana microphylla Lam. communities with different planting ages. The similarity indexes of the A. halodendron communities were 0.24 and 0.54 in fixed sand dunes, and of C. microphylla communities was 0.55, and it was reached when these communities were 20-year-old. Itshifting is suggested and semi-fixed that A. halodendronsand dunes, communitiesrespectively. Theshould peak be stability planted ofpreferentially in - nities should be included in planting programs. This study improved the understanding ofsemi-fixed some mechanisms to moving contributingsand dunes. Furthermore,to maintain community the planting stability, age of andartificial is critical commu for guidingKeywords the artificial planting in sand dunes. Artemisia halodendron analytic hierarchy process Caragana microphylla sand dunes stability indicators • • • • 1 School of Life Science, Liaoning University, No. 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang (C.P. 110036), Liaoning Province, China. 2 School of Life Science, Chifeng University, No. 1 Yingbin Road. Chifeng (C. P. 024000), Province of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. 3* Departamento de Agronomía and CERZOS (Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida de CONICET) (Consejo Nacional de Bahía Blanca (C. P. 8000), Buenos Aires, Argentina. [email protected], [email protected] Científicas y Técnicas) de la República Argentina, San Andrés 800, Tomo 49 • N° 1 • 2017 105 Y. Tang, X. Li, J. Wu, C. A. Busso Resumen para La estabilidad de comunidades artificiales que contribuyen a la fijación de suelos- arenosos no se ha estudiado completamente. Se desarrolló un índice de similitud evaluar la estabilidad de comunidades artificiales en dunas móviles y fijadas media denamente. partículas Este de índice arena). de similitudLa importancia consistió relativa de 8 indicadores de estos indicadores (cobertura se vegetal, obtuvo índice utili- de Shannon-Wiener, biomasa, materia orgánica, N total, P y K disponibles, y relación- lidad de comunidades de Artemisia halodendron Turczaninow ex Besser, Bull en dunas zando un método de procesamiento jerárquico analítico (AHP).Caragana Se comparó microphylla la estabi Lam. A.móviles halodendron y fijadas medianamente, y la de comunidades de - tivamente.de diferentes La estabilidadedades de plantación.máxima de las Los comunidades índices de similitud de C. microphylla de las comunidades de fueron 0,24 y 0,54 en dunas móviles y fijadas medianamente, respec comunidades de A. halodendron fue 0,55, la que se obtuvo cuando dichas comunidades alcanzaron 20 años de edad. Se sugiere que las se deberían plantar preferencialmente en dunas fijadas medianamente a móviles. Además, la edad de plantación de las comunidades artificiales se debería incluir en programas de plantación. Este estudio mejoró el entendimiento de algunos mecanismos que contribuyen a mantener la estabilidad de las comunidades, y es críticoPalabras para clave guiar la plantación artificial en áreas de dunas. Artemisia halodendron Caragana microphylla • proceso analítico jerárquico • • dunas • indicadores de estabilidad Introduction such as Artemisia ordosica, Caragana inter- attracted the attention in China. A series media, and Caragana microphylla, in arid of ecologicalSince the 1950's,engineering desertification projects were has and semi-arid desert ecosystems (17). The effects communities on ecological restoration initiated to control desertification in have been long studied.of artificial, sand-binding toChina, achieve especially sustainable in Horqin developmentSandy Land, The presence of these communities can (30).where desertificationEcological restoration is a major constraintachieved gradually (1) alter the spatial distribution through ecological engineering projects is of nutrients (2, 27), increase soil fertility considered as a major useful way to deal (2, 29, 40), and affect water distribution (5, 51), resulting in changes of biodiversity and vegetation cover (57). In addition, vegetationwith desertification is one of (15). the most effective Establishment of artificial, sand-binding effectively protect the topsoil from wind in sand lands. After years of practice, erosionartificial, andsand-binding trap wind-blown vegetation materials can approximatelytechniques for 1.21 ecological million ha restorationhave been from nearby areas (36). established of sand-binding vegetation 106 Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Stability of communities in sand-dune ecosystems - nities (e.g., of Artemisia halodendron, communities in arid and semiarid C. microphyllaAlthough ,several or Salix artificialgordejevii commu Chang) desertstability ecosystems. of various artificial, sand-binding Succession theory can provide an Sandy Land, they have different spatial effective way to measure and compare the distributionsare established in forthese sand-binding sand dunes in (11). Horqin stability of communities. Artemisia halodendron communities According to the classical succession theory, communities succeed to a climax community with an increase in stability, dunes.often appear Caragana in microphyllasemi-fixed communitiesand shifting even in rangelands, where grazing sand dunes, and disappear in fixed sand pressure might disrupt the succession Salix gordejevii communities mainly (37, 38). It is suggested that the climax grow on semi-fixed and fixed sand dunes. community is the one with the highest Their different spatial distributions are stability within a series of successional duedistribute to their in stabilities, semi-fixed whose sand dunes core is (28). their stages (1). resistance and resilience in the sand dune It is considered that communities are positions. How to compare the stability of stable when their stability is similar to that Some empirical studies have community as a reference, the similarity artificial communities is not yet clear. betweenof the climax this community.and other communities Taking the climax could sand-binding communities (3). However, documented stability in artificial,- This can be achieved by comparing the tatively comparing the stability in these work as an indicator for measuring stability. most previous studies are far from quanti communities, which have the highest This is because of two major reasons: stability,similarity to between have a measureartificial andof the the stability climax artificial, sand-binding communities. - cation(1) there of stability is diversity is far fromin defining reaching the an climaxof artificial communities plant communities. could be described agreement.concept of stability,According and to (2) an the inventory, quantifi usingThe a similaritysimilarity betweenindex. The artificial higher andthe similarity index, the higher the stability of have been reported (6). the study plant community. The similarity 163The definitions existing andinformation 70 stability of conceptsstability index should contain indicators repre- in some major communities is based senting the structure of communities and the functioning of ecosystems (9). For example, resilience ability has been The structure of plant communities usedon different to assess definitions vegetation of that stability concept. in is commonly reported in biodiversity, richness and vegetation cover studies Land (49). In contrast to this, stability of (15, 32). Meanwhile, the functioning of Mongoliandegraded grasslandspine communities in Horqin has Sandybeen ecosystems is often reported in terms of based on the assessment of survival rates, biomass, nutrient content and cycling, and life span, and the ability to resist adverse circumstances (44). The vegetation succession process Many variables are used to measure energy flow (23, 33). the stability, which represent an incon- venient at the time of comparing the is consistent with the sand dune fixing process in Horqin Sandy Land (48). Semi- fixed sand dunes are a subsequent stage Tomo 49 • N° 1 • 2017 107 Y. Tang, X. Li, J. Wu, C. A. Busso from shifting sand dunes. Communities of Materials and methods A. halodendron appeared both in shifting Study site A. halodendron might have The study was mainly conducted in and semi-fixed sand dunes (48). This led Naiman county (42°15' N, 120°42 ' E, 345 m shiftingus to think sand that dunes. a. s. l.) and Balinyou Banner (43°12'-44°27' a higherThe dynamic stability of inplant semi-fixed communities than inis N, 118°12'-120°01' E, 1000 m a. s. l.). an important aspect of the community Naiman is located in the hinterland of the succession process. Community succession,
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