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Pagar Los Sistemas De Bicicletas Compartidas EJEMPLOS Y TENDENCIAS Introducción

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Pagar Los Sistemas De Bicicletas Compartidas EJEMPLOS Y TENDENCIAS Introducción Pagar los sistemas de bicicletas compartidas EJEMPLOS Y TENDENCIAS Introducción Los sistemas de bicicletas compartidas CAJA 1 (SBC) han jugado un papel clave en las discusiones sobre cómo promover Financiamiento y fuentes de financiación el uso de bicicletas en las ciudades (CFF, 2017) durante más de una década. Este papel Financiamiento: relacionado con la forma en que ha aumentado aún más con la aparición los gobiernos (o empresas privadas) que poseen de sistemas privados sin estación infraestructura encuentran el dinero para cubrir los costos iniciales para construir dicha infraestructura. desde 2015. Ahora hay miles de SBC en Ejemplos: ingresos municipales, bonos, transferencias funcionamiento en ciudades de todo el intergubernamentales, sector privado. mundo, particularmente en Europa, Asia Fuentes de financiación: relacionado con la forma en y Norte América. que los contribuyentes, los consumidores u otros pagan en última instancia por la infraestructura, incluido el pago del financiamiento de la fuente que elijan los gobiernos Sin embargo, crear un SBC no es simplemente una cuestión de (o propietarios privados). Ejemplos: impuestos, ingresos replicar un modelo que ha funcionado en otra ciudad. Los SBC municipales, tarifas de usuarios y patrocinio. son un elemento de la infraestructura de transporte general de una ciudad, como carreteras, autobuses, metros, ciclovías, aceras, etc. Su implementación debe basarse en el contexto de una ciudad, lo que incluye: (a) las leyes y regulaciones El financiamiento y las fuentes de financiación para un aplicables con respecto a la planificación y operación de un SBC dependerán de la estructura operativa que elija la SBC; (b) su integración con las redes de transporte público, ciudad. En todos los casos, la ciudad estará involucrada en particularmente su capacidad para conectar nodos de esta estructura: el grado de participación dependerá de la transporte con oficinas y residencias y (c) el potencial de tecnología seleccionada y el papel del sector privado en la las bicicletas como modo de transporte en la ciudad y (d) operación del sistema. En términos generales, un SBC se puede cualquier objetivo relevante de sostenibilidad o desarrollo dividir en tres tipos, según quién posee los activos y quién (Moon-Miklaucic et al., 2018). proporciona el servicio (ITDP, 2018): Existen varias guías de planificación para que las ciudades Propiedad y operación públicas: una entidad pública es comprendan las opciones técnicas, legales, operativas, propietaria de las bicicletas, estaciones, software, etc. y presta comerciales y financieras detrás de un SBC (ITDP, 2013; ITDP, directamente el servicio. 2018a; Montezuma, 2015). Un análisis inicial debería ayudar a las ciudades a responder las siguientes preguntas: Propiedad pública y operación privada: un organismo público posee las bicicletas, estaciones, software, etc., pero una entidad privada brinda el servicio de acuerdo con un ¿QUÉ PUEDE HACER UN SBC POR LA CIUDAD? contrato. ¿ESTÁ LISTA LA CIUDAD PARA IMPLEMENTAR UN SBC? Propiedad y operación privadas: una o más entidades privadas son propietarias de las bicicletas, estaciones, ¿ES UN SBC LA OPCIÓN CORRECTA PARA LA CIUDAD? software, etc., y también prestan el servicio de acuerdo con las regulaciones locales. Solo cuando estas preguntas puedan responderse En la última década, las ciudades de América Latina han satisfactoriamente, la ciudad debería discutir cómo crear experimentado con los tres tipos de estructura operativa – los el mejor SBC posible. Este análisis técnico y operativo no cuales, en cualquier caso, no son completamente exclusivos. debe excluir las opciones de financiamiento ni basarse en Ecobici de Buenos Aires fue inicialmente administrado por el instrumento preferido de una ciudad. En otras palabras, la ciudad, junto con Serttel (Brúa e Irade, 2013); un nuevo la decisión de recurrir al financiamiento del presupuesto operador, Tembici, estará a cargo desde 2019 (PBSC, 2018). municipal o del sector privado debe tomarse con base en lo Un Ecobici diferente en la Ciudad de México es operado por que es mejor para el SBC y no de antes de que se conozcan la compañía de medios Clear Channel, que también opera estas especificaciones técnicas. varios sistemas en Europa (Delgado, 2017). Sin embargo, en los últimos años, con el surgimiento de compañías privadas si estación y operadores más grandes, ha habido una tendencia hacia modelos que son completamente administrados por el sector privado y que no dependen de financiamiento público o subsidios. Esto ha estado en línea con los cambios globales en la industria del uso compartido de bicicletas. 22 Los sistemas de bicicletas compartidas (SBC) son un elemento de la infraestructura de transporte general de una ciudad, como carreteras, autobuses, metros, ciclovías, aceras, etc. Su implementación debe basarse en el contexto de una ciudad. 33 Cómo financiar sistemas de bicicletas compartidas La inversión de capital relativamente escaza requerida para Un SBC incluye un paquete de activos: un SBC hace que sea poco probable que las ciudades puedan bicicletas, estaciones (si es necesario), acceder a financiamiento externo, que generalmente está vehículos para reequilibrar el número reservado para proyectos más grandes. Sin embargo, también hace innecesario que las ciudades incurran en deudas para de bicicletas en la ciudad, cualquier establecer un SBC. Hay pocos ejemplos de financiamiento software requerido para operar las externo para los SBP. Buenos Aires recibió un préstamo de US$50 millones de la Corporación Financiera Internacional estaciones, aplicaciones móviles o en 2017, que financió el desarrollo de una nueva línea de bicicletas, un centro de control, etc. En Bus Rapid Transit e incluyó nuevos carriles para bicicletas y estaciones para compartir bicicletas a lo largo de la ruta relación con otras formas de transporte, (IFC, 2017). El Banco Asiático de Desarrollo lanzó SBC en tres los SBC requieren una inversión de ciudades del sudeste asiático en 2012, financiado por una subvención de US$2 millones del Gobierno de Japón (ADB, capital inicial limitada (Moon-Miklaucic et 2012). También se puede acceder a la inversión privada de al., 2019). La inversión de capital para los desarrolladores o universidades para financiar la expansión de SBC tradicionales se estima entre US$900 los sistemas después de su establecimiento (ITDP, 2014: 127). y US$3,500 por bicicleta (ITDP, 2018: 33): El ejemplo mejor documentado de un SBC financiado mediante el acceso a los mercados de capitales es el Citi incluso el costo total de los sistemas más Bike de la ciudad de Nueva York. Este SBC fue fundado con grandes no ha excedido las decenas de la intención explícita de no requerir financiamiento público o subsidios (ITDP, 2014). Citi Bike es de propiedad privada millones de dólares (US). Los sistemas sin de Lyft Inc. y lo opera la compañía subsidiaria Motivate. El muelle, que no dependen de estaciones operador recibió un préstamo de US$42 millones del Grupo fijas, tienen costos de capital más bajos de Inversiones Urbanas de Goldman Sachs en 2012 para cubrir los costos de capital del esquema. En 2014, para financiar una (Pal y Zhang, 2015). duplicación del esquema, el operador recaudó US$30 millones en capital de sus entonces propietarios, Bikeshare Holdings LLC, y solicitó un préstamo adicional de US$15 millones de Goldman Sachs (NYC DOT, 2014). La inversión de US$5 millones de The Partnership Fund para la ciudad de Nueva York financió específicamente la expansión del esquema en comunidades de bajos ingresos (NYC DOT, 2014). Una inyección adicional de capital se produjo en noviembre de 2018, cuando Lyft completó su adquisición del operador Motivate al hacer una inversión de 5 años y US$100 millones en Citi Bike para Las ciudades de “duplicar su área de servicio actual y más del triple de su América Latina han número de bicicletas a casi 40,000” (Citi Bike, 2018). adoptado diferentes modelos Sin embargo, este ejemplo no refleja cómo se han financiado la de financiamiento para mayoría de los SBC. Es probable que refleje más la riqueza de la ciudad de Nueva York, su industria financiera y el prestigio sus SBC, desde empresas del esquema. Ningún otro SBC se ha acercado a recaudar una totalmente públicas (Medellín) cantidad similar de capital a través de la deuda y el capital, hasta acuerdos de concesión aunque algunos, como el SBC de St Louis en los Estados Unidos, también han seguido el principio de ser financiados con empresas privadas exclusivamente de forma privada (ITDP, 2018: 74). (Río de Janeiro). Más comúnmente, los SBC se han financiado directamente a través de presupuestos municipales y fuentes relacionadas: El establecimiento y la expansión del SBC de Londres, ahora llamado Santander Bikes, fue financiado por Transport for London (TfL), la agencia de transporte de la ciudad. Las estimaciones disponibles públicamente para los costos de capital oscilan entre £140 millones durante los primeros seis años y un total de £195 millones entre 2011 y 2018 (Quilty-Harper & Payne, 2011; Ponsford & Lee- Zogbessou, 2018). 44 Cómo financiar sistemas de bicicletas compartidas París, Milán y otras ciudades contrataron la operación Otros esquemas, como Bike Rio, son operados de su SBC a agencias de publicidad, por lo que estas completamente por compañías privadas, basados en una compañías pueden, a cambio, vender toda o parte de concesión. la publicidad exterior de la ciudad. El financiamiento de los SBC se transfiere a cada agencia de publicidad. El sector de las bicicletas
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