Documentation and Sampling Strategies in Underwater Archaeology
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Stone Tidal Weirs, Underwater Cultural Heritage Or Not? Akifumi
Stone Tidal Weirs, Underwater Cultural Heritage or Not? Akifumi Iwabuchi Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan, 135-8533 Email: [email protected] Abstract The stone tidal weir is a kind of fish trap, made of numerous rocks or reef limestones, which extends along the shoreline on a colossal scale in semicircular, half-quadrilateral, or almost linear shape. At the flood tide these weirs are submerged beneath the sea, while they emerge into full view at the ebb. Using with nets or tridents, fishermen, inside the weirs at low tides, catch fish that fails to escape because of the stone walls. They could be observed in the Pacific or the Yap Islands, in the Indian Ocean or the east African coast, and in the Atlantic or Oleron and Ré Islands. The UNESCO’s 2001 Convention regards this weir as underwater cultural heritage, because it has been partially or totally under water, periodically or continuously, for at least 100 years; stone tidal weirs have been built in France since the 11th century and a historical record notes that one weir in the Ryukyu Islands was built in the 17th century. In Japan every weir is considered not to be buried cultural property or cultural heritage investigated by archaeologists, but to be folk cultural asset studied by anthropologists, according to its domestic law for the protection of cultural properties. Even now in many countries stone tidal weirs are continuously built or restored by locals. Owing to the contemporary trait, it is not easy to preserve them under the name of underwater cultural heritage. -
Drag Levels and Energy Requirements on a SCUBA Diver
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Drag levels and energy requirements on a SCUBA diver This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author. Citation: PASSMORE, M.A and RICKERS, G., 2002. Drag levels and energy requirements on a SCUBA diver. Journal of Sports Engineering, 5(4), pp. 173- 182. Additional Information: • The final publication is available at www.springerlink.com. Metadata Record: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6649 Version: Accepted for publication Publisher: Springer ( c International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA)) Please cite the published version. This item was submitted to Loughborough’s Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) by the author and is made available under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ Drag levels and Energy Requirements on a SCUBA Diver. M.A. Passmore, G Rickers Loughborough University Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering ABSTRACT The popularity of sport diving has increased rapidly since its inception in the 1950’s. Over this period, the trend has been to increase the amount of equipment carried by the diver. There are many undoubted safety advantages associated with the additional kit, but under some conditions, it can impose an additional burden in the form of increased drag. The purpose of this paper is to identify the drag penalties for a number of simple SCUBA configurations. This is achieved through scale model experiments conducted in a wind tunnel. Some comments on the associated energy requirements are made, and from these, the effect on a diver’s bottom time is briefly addressed. -
Buoys, Fenders and Floats Main Catalog
s t a o l F d g n o l 5 a 5 a 9 t s 1 r a e e C c n d i n s n i - e a F M , s y o u B Polyform - the Originator of the modern Plastic Buoy 2 Polyform ® was established in Ålesund, Norway in the year of 1955 and was the first company in the world to produce an inflatable, rotomolded soft Vinyl buoy. The product was an instant success and was immediately accepted in the domestic as well as overseas markets. Products and machinery were gradually developed and improved until the first major leap forward in our production technology happened in the 1970’s and early 1980’s when specially designed, in-house constructed machinery for rotomolding of our buoys and fenders was developed and put into use. Such type of machinery at that time was truly unique in the world of molding buoys and fenders. More recent and even more revolutionary developments took place in the new millennium, by our designing and constructing of the first ever fully automated and robot assisted production machinery, built for molding of inflatable fenders. Ever since the start in 1955, our company has been committed to further expand the range and to further develop, customize and improve the individual products. Today, Polyform ® of Norway can offer the widest range of inflatable buoys and fenders , expanded foam marina fenders, purse seine floats and an extensive range of hard-plastic products for use throughout the marine industry, including aquaculture/fish-farming, offshore oil and gas industry, harbors, ships, marina industry and custom made products also for land-based applications. -
1.0 Introduction
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 MARINE RECREATION AND TOURISM IN HAWAI‘I Hawai‘i hosts approximately seven million visitors each year who spend more than US $11 billion in the state and in the last 20 years tourism has increased over 65% (Friedlander et al., 2005). More than 80% of Hawaii’s visitors engage in recreation activities in the state’s coastal and marine areas with the majority of these individuals participating in scuba diving (200,000 per year) or snorkeling (3 million per year) when visiting (Hawai‘i DBEDT, 2002; van Beukering & Cesar, 2004). Other popular marine recreation activities include ocean kayaking, parasailing, swimming, outrigger canoeing, and surfing. Coral reef areas are a focal point for much of this recreation use, but these areas are also a natural resource that has considerable social, cultural, environmental, and economic importance to the people of Hawai‘i. For example, the state’s reefs generate US $800 million in revenue and $360 million in added value each year (Cesar & van Beukering, 2004; Davidson et al., 2003). These reefs are also important for local residents, as approximately 30% of households in the state have at least one person who fishes for recreation and almost 10% of households also fish for subsistence purposes (QMark, 2005). As popularity of Hawaii’s reef areas continues to increase, demand for access and use can disrupt coastal processes, damage ecological integrity of reef environments, reduce the quality of user experiences, and generate conflict among stakeholders regarding appropriate management responses (Orams, 1999). As a result, state regulatory agencies such as Hawaii’s Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) are faced with a set of challenges that include determining use thresholds and how to 1 manage and monitor use levels to ensure that thresholds are not violated, protecting reef environments from degradation, and ensuring that user experiences are not compromised. -
Side Scan Sonar and the Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage Timmy Gambin
259 CHAPTER 15 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OAR@UM Side Scan Sonar and the Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage Timmy Gambin Introduction Th is chapter deals with side scan sonar, not because I believe it is superior to other available technologies but rather because it is the tool that I have used in the context of a number of off shore surveys. It is therefore opportune to share an approach that I have developed and utilised in a number of projects around the Mediterranean. Th ese projects were conceptualised together with local partners that had a wealth of local experience in the countries of operation. Over time it became clear that before starting to plan a project it is always important to ask oneself the obvious question – but one that is oft en overlooked: “what is it that we are setting out to achieve”? All too oft en, researchers and scientists approach a potential research project with blinkers. Such an approach may prove to be a hindrance to cross-fertilisation of ideas as well as to inter-disciplinary cooperation. Th erefore, the aforementioned question should be followed up by a second query: “and who else can benefi t from this project?” Benefi ciaries may vary from individual researchers of the same fi eld such as archaeologists interested in other more clearly defi ned historic periods (World War II, Early Modern shipping etc) to other researchers who may be interested in specifi c studies (African amphora production for example). -
Marine Recreation at the Molokini Shoal Mlcd
MARINE RECREATION AT THE MOLOKINI SHOAL MLCD Final Report Prepared By: Brian W. Szuster, Ph.D. Department of Geography University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Mark D. Needham, Ph.D. Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Conducted For And In Cooperation With: Hawai‘i Division of Aquatic Resources Department of Land and Natural Resources July 2010 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank Emma Anders, Petra MacGowan, Dan Polhemus, Russell Sparks, Skippy Hau, Athline Clark, Carlie Wiener, Bill Walsh, Wayne Tanaka, David Gulko, and Robert Nishimoto at Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources for their assistance, input, and support during this project. Kaimana Lee, Bixler McClure, and Caitlin Bell are thanked for their assistance with project facilitation and data collection. The authors especially thank Merrill Kaufman and Quincy Gibson at Pacific Whale Foundation, Jeff Strahn at Maui Dive Shop, Don Domingo at Maui Dreams Dive Company, Greg Howeth at Lāhaina Divers, and Ed Robinson at Ed Robinson’s Diving for their support in facilitating aspects of this study. Also thanked are Hannah Bernard (Hawai‘i Wildlife Fund), Randy Coon (Trilogy Sailing Charters), Mark de Renses (Blue Water Rafting), Emily Fielding (The Nature Conservancy), Pauline Fiene (Mike Severns Diving), Paul Ka‘uhane Lu‘uwai (Hawaiian Canoe Club), Robert Kalei Lu‘uwai (Ma‘alaea Boat and Fishing Club), Ken Martinez Bergmaier (Maui Trailer Boat Club), Ananda Stone (Maui Reef Fund), and Scott Turner (Pride of Maui). A special thank you is extended to all of recreationists who took time completing surveys. Funding for this project was provided by the Hawai‘i Division of Aquatic Resources, Department of Land and Natural Resources pursuant to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coral Reef Conservation Program award numbers NA06NOS4190101 and NA07NOS4190054. -
2.4.3 Underwater Cave Survey
2.4.3 Underwater Cave Survey 2.4.3.1 Course Outcomes GUE’s Underwater Cave Survey course is designed to introduce experienced cave divers to the important skill of surveying underwater caves. Among the course’s intended outcomes are: introducing divers to the basic principles of underwater cave survey, the implementation of a defined team approach to underwater survey data collection, preparing an experienced cave diver to productively assist in a coordinated cave project, and introducing divers to cartography methods. 2.4.3.2 Prerequisites Applicants for an Underwater Cave Survey course must: a. Submit a completed Course Registration Form, Medical History Form, and Liability Release to GUE HQ. b. Hold insurance that will cover diving emergencies, such as hyperbaric treatment, e.g., DAN Master-level insurance or equivalent. c. Be physically and mentally fit. d. Be a nonsmoker. e. Obtain a physician’s prior written authorization for the use of prescription drugs, except for birth control, or for any medical condition that may pose a risk while diving. f. Be a minimum of 18 years of age. Documented parental or legal guardian consent must be submitted to GUE HQ when the participant is a minor. g. Be a certified GUE Cave Diver Level 2 diver. h. Have completed at least 25 non-training Cave 2 dives beyond GUE Cave Diver Level 2 certification. 2.4.3.3 Course Content The Underwater Cave Survey course is normally conducted over five days. It requires a minimum of ten diving hours and at least forty hours of instruction, encompassing classroom lectures, land drills, and in-water work. -
Inventory and Analysis of Archaeological Site Occurrence on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf
OCS Study BOEM 2012-008 Inventory and Analysis of Archaeological Site Occurrence on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Gulf of Mexico OCS Region OCS Study BOEM 2012-008 Inventory and Analysis of Archaeological Site Occurrence on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Author TRC Environmental Corporation Prepared under BOEM Contract M08PD00024 by TRC Environmental Corporation 4155 Shackleford Road Suite 225 Norcross, Georgia 30093 Published by U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management New Orleans Gulf of Mexico OCS Region May 2012 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared under contract between the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and TRC Environmental Corporation. This report has been technically reviewed by BOEM, and it has been approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of BOEM, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endoresements or recommendation for use. It is, however, exempt from review and compliance with BOEM editorial standards. REPORT AVAILABILITY This report is available only in compact disc format from the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, at a charge of $15.00, by referencing OCS Study BOEM 2012-008. The report may be downloaded from the BOEM website through the Environmental Studies Program Information System (ESPIS). You will be able to obtain this report also from the National Technical Information Service in the near future. Here are the addresses. You may also inspect copies at selected Federal Depository Libraries. U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. -
Technologies for Underwater Archaeology and Maritime Preservation
Technologies for Underwater Archaeology and Maritime Preservation September 1987 NTIS order #PB88-142559 Recommended Citation: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Technologies for Underwater Archaeol- ogy and Maritime Preservation— Background Paper, OTA-BP-E-37 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1987). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 87-619848 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325 (order form on the last page of this background paper) Foreword Exploration, trading, and other maritime activity along this Nation’s coast and through its inland waters have played crucial roles in the discovery, settlement, and develop- ment of the United States. The remnants of these activities include such varied cul- tural historic resources as Spanish, English, and American shipwrecks off the Atlantic and Pacific coasts; abandoned lighthouses; historic vessels like Maine-built coastal schooners, or Chesapeake Bay Skipjacks; and submerged prehistoric villages in the Gulf Coast. Together, this country’s maritime activities make up a substantial compo- nent of U.S. history. This background paper describes and assesses the role of technology in underwater archaeology and historic maritime preservation. As several underwater projects have recently demonstrated, advanced technology, often developed for other uses, plays an increasingly important role in the discovery and recovery of historic shipwrecks and their contents. For example, the U.S. Government this summer employed a powerful remotely operated vehicle to map and explore the U.S.S. Monitor, which lies on the bottom off Cape Hatteras. This is the same vehicle used to recover parts of the space shuttle Challenger from the ocean bottom in 1986. -
Ocean Studies Institute AAUS Scientific Diving Course Application Package
California State Universities - Ocean Studies Institute AAUS Scientific Diving Course Application Package Application Checklist and Required Supporting Documents: o Copy of your Advanced Open Water card or higher, from a nationally recognized training organization (NAUI, PADI, SDI, etc.) o Completed Scientific Diving program course application (page 2) o Signed liability waiver (page 3) o Current medical results (forms attached) - take all forms to the physician o Form I - Diving Medical Exam Overview for the Examining Physician – for the physician o Form II - Diving Medical History - return completed, signed to the Dive Safety Officer o Form III - Applicant's Release of Medical Information Form – for the physician o Form IV - AAUS Medical Evaluation of Fitness for Scuba Diving Report- return completed, signed and dated by the physician to the Dive Safety Officer o Proof of regulator, BC, gauge and computer testing/service within the last 12 months (form attached) this includes new equipment (all scuba gear must be bench tested prior to use under OSI guidelines). A visual inspection of all dive equipment will be conducted on the first day. Equipment deemed “unsafe” or not in good working order, will not be allowed for use in the course. o Proof of Dive Insurance – you are responsible for your medical coverage and most health insurance policies do not cover scuba diving. We require that you obtain dive insurance such as that provided by Divers Alert Network (DAN) diversalertnetwork.org. A list of providers can be found at scmi.net. Please Note: CPR, First Aid (Primary and Secondary Care), Oxygen Administration, and Field Neurological Evaluation training will be offered as part of the course. -
General Training Standards, Policies, and Procedures
General Training Standards, Policies, and Procedures Version 9.2 GUE General Training Standards, Policies, and Procedures © 2021 Global Underwater Explorers This document is the property of Global Underwater Explorers. All rights reserved. Unauthorized use or reproduction in any form is prohibited. The information in this document is distributed on an “As Is” basis without warranty. While every precaution has been taken in its preparation, neither the author(s) nor Global Underwater Explorers have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused, directly or indirectly, by this document’s contents. To report violations, comments, or feedback, contact [email protected]. 2 GUE General Training Standards, Policies, and Procedures Version 9.2 Contents 1. Purpose of GUE .............................................................................................................................................6 1.1 GUE Objectives ............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.1.1 Promote Quality Education .................................................................................................................. 6 1.1.2 Promote Global Conservation Initiatives .......................................................................................... 6 1.1.3 Promote Global Exploration Initiatives ............................................................................................. 6 -
Safe Boating Guidelines
DIVE FLAGS HEALTH & DIVING REFERENCE SERIES When diving, fly the flag. Ensure the flags are stiff, 6 West Colony Place unfurled and in recognizable condition. Durham, NC 27705 USA SAFE BOATING PHONE: +1-919-684-2948 DIVER DOWN FLAG DAN EMERGENCY HOTLINE: +1-919-684-9111 GUIDELINES This flag explicitly signals that divers are in the water and should always be flown from a vessel or buoy when divers are in the water. When flown from a vessel, the diver down flag should be at least 20 inches by 24 inches and flown above the vessel’s highest point. When displayed from a buoy, the flag should be at least 12 inches by 12 inches. ALPHA FLAG Internationally recognized, this flag is flown when the mobility of a vessel is restricted, indicating that other vessels should yield the right of way. The alpha flag may be flown along with the diver down flag when divers are in the water. D SURFACE MARKER BUOYS I V When deployed during ascent, a E surface marker buoy (SMB) will make R a diver’s presence more visible. In B addition to a SMB, divers may also E L use a whistle or audible signal, a dive O light or a signaling mirror to notify W boaters of their location in the water. Part #: 013-1034 Rev. 3.27.15 REPORT DIVING INCIDENTS ONLINE AT DAN.ORG/INCIDENTREPORT. JOIN US AT DAN.ORG SAFE BOATING GUIDELINES To prevent injuries and death by propeller and vessel strikes, divers and boaters must be proactively aware of one another.