LRO/LCROSS Edition Informal Educator’S Guide
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Insights from the Thorium Abundance Distribution in South Pole-Aitken Basin
Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007) 1697.pdf DID A KREEP-LIKE COMPONENT EXIST ON THE FAR SIDE OF THE MOON?: INSIGHTS FROM THE THORIUM ABUNDANCE DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTH POLE-AITKEN BASIN. J. J. Hagerty1, D. J. Lawrence1, B. R. Hawke2, R. C. Elphic1, T. H. Prettyman1, and W. C. Feldman1, 1Los Alamos National Laboratory, ISR-1, MS D466, Los Alamos, NM 87545, email: [email protected]. 2University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822. Introduction: Most models for the evolution of materials on top of those basalt ponds. These results the Moon predict that 99% fractional crystallization of provide important information that help us to evaluate a lunar magma ocean will produce a layer of melt en- the source of Th enhancements in SPA basin. riched in incompatible elements such as K, REE, and P Forward Modeling: As part of the forward model- (i.e., KREEP) [1]. The lateral extent and distribution of ing process, we re-create a specific portion of the lunar this “KREEP” layer, which contains an abundance of surface in which we can control the Th abundances of heat-producing elements such as Th and U, is currently specific geologic features [12,13]. We must also know a matter of debate. However some workers [2] have what Th abundances can be reasonably assigned to any proposed that the surficial distribution of Th, which given feature and/or lithology, which is why we use has been measured on a global-scale [3,4,5], can be analyses from the lunar sample suite to constrain the used as a proxy for determining the global distribution upper and lower bounds of our Th estimates. -
NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE)
Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 13, EGU2011-5107-2, 2011 EGU General Assembly 2011 © Author(s) 2011 NASA’s Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) Richard Elphic (1), Gregory Delory (1,2), Anthony Colaprete (1), Mihaly Horanyi (3), Paul Mahaffy (4), Butler Hine (1), Steven McClard (5), Joan Salute (6), Edwin Grayzeck (6), and Don Boroson (7) (1) NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA USA ([email protected]), (2) Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA, (3) Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA, (4) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA, (5) LunarQuest Program Office, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA, (6) Planetary Science Division, Science Mission Directorate, NASA, Washington, DC USA, (7) Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington MA USA Nearly 40 years have passed since the last Apollo missions investigated the mysteries of the lunar atmosphere and the question of levitated lunar dust. The most important questions remain: what is the composition, structure and variability of the tenuous lunar exosphere? What are its origins, transport mechanisms, and loss processes? Is lofted lunar dust the cause of the horizon glow observed by the Surveyor missions and Apollo astronauts? How does such levitated dust arise and move, what is its density, and what is its ultimate fate? The US National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council decadal surveys and the recent “Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon” (SCEM) reports have identified studies of the pristine state of the lunar atmosphere and dust environment as among the leading priorities for future lunar science missions. -
Orion First Flight Test
National Aeronautics and Space Administration orion First Flight Test NASAfacts Orion, NASA’s new spacecraft Exploration Flight Test-1 built to send humans farther During Orion’s flight test, the spacecraft will launch atop a Delta IV Heavy, a rocket built than ever before, is launching and operated by United Launch Alliance. While into space for the first time in this launch vehicle will allow Orion to reach an altitude high enough to meet the objectives for December 2014. this test, a much larger, human-rated rocket An uncrewed test flight called Exploration will be needed for the vast distances of future Flight Test-1 will test Orion systems critical to exploration missions. To meet that need, NASA crew safety, such as heat shield performance, is developing the Space Launch System, which separation events, avionics and software will give Orion the capability to carry astronauts performance, attitude control and guidance, farther into the solar system than ever before. parachute deployment and recovery operations. During the uncrewed flight, Orion will orbit The data gathered during the flight will influence the Earth twice, reaching an altitude of design decisions and validate existing computer approximately 3,600 miles – about 15 times models and innovative new approaches to space farther into space than the International Space systems development, as well as reduce overall Station orbits. Sending Orion to such a high mission risks and costs. altitude will allow the spacecraft to return to Earth at speeds near 20,000 mph. Returning -
Concept Study of a Cislunar Outpost Architecture and Associated Elements That Enable a Path to Mars
Concept Study of a Cislunar Outpost Architecture and Associated Elements that Enable a Path to Mars Presented by: Timothy Cichan Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] Mike Drever Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] Franco Fenoglio Thales Alenia Space Italy [email protected] Willian D. Pratt Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] Josh Hopkins Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] September 2016 © 2014 Lockheed Martin Corporation Abstract During the course of human space exploration, astronauts have travelled all the way to the Moon on short flights and have logged missions of a year or more of continuous time on board Mir and the International Space Station (ISS), close to Earth. However, if the long term goal of space exploration is to land humans on the surface of Mars, NASA needs precursor missions that combine operating for very long durations and great distances. This will allow astronauts to learn how to work in deep space for months at a time and address many of the risks associated with a Mars mission lasting over 1,000 days in deep space, such as the inability to abort home or resupply in an emergency. A facility placed in an orbit in the vicinity of the Moon, called a Deep Space Transit Habitat (DSTH), is an ideal place to gain experience operating in deep space. This next generation of in-space habitation will be evolvable, flexible, and modular. It will allow astronauts to demonstrate they can operate for months at a time beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The DSTH can also be an international collaboration, with partnering nations contributing elements and major subsystems, based on their expertise. -
Lunar Programs
LUNAR PROGRAMS NASA is leading a sustainable return to the Moon Aerospace is partnered with NASA to with commercial and international partners to return humans to the Moon in every expand human presence in space and gather phase and journey, including the: new knowledge and opportunities. In 2017, Space › Planning and supporting the Policy Directive-1 called for a renewed emphasis on first lifecycle review of the commercial and international partnerships, return Gateway Initiative of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration and utilization followed by human missions to Mars. › Design, systems engineering and Aerospace is partnered with NASA in this endeavor integration, and operational concepts and is involved in every phase and journey. of the EVA system Artist’s conception of a gateway habitat. Image credit: NASA Humans must return to the moon for long-term › Ground testing of the NEXTStep deep exploration and utilization of deep space, but lunar space habitat module prototypes exploration is more than a stepping stone to Mars missions. The phased plan includes › Design and test of the Orion sending missions to the moon and cislunar space for exploration and study, and the capsule avionics construction of the Deep Space Gateway, a space station intended to orbit the moon. Aerospace provides support to these missions in areas such as systems engineering and integration, program management, and various subsystem expertise. Current Lunar Programs GATEWAY INITIATIVE NASA’s Gateway is conceived to be an exploration and science outpost in orbit around the moon that will enable human crewed missions to both cislunar space and the moon’s surface, meet scientific discovery and exploration objectives, and demonstrate and prove enabling technologies through commercial and international partnerships. -
Exploration of the Moon
Exploration of the Moon The physical exploration of the Moon began when Luna 2, a space probe launched by the Soviet Union, made an impact on the surface of the Moon on September 14, 1959. Prior to that the only available means of exploration had been observation from Earth. The invention of the optical telescope brought about the first leap in the quality of lunar observations. Galileo Galilei is generally credited as the first person to use a telescope for astronomical purposes; having made his own telescope in 1609, the mountains and craters on the lunar surface were among his first observations using it. NASA's Apollo program was the first, and to date only, mission to successfully land humans on the Moon, which it did six times. The first landing took place in 1969, when astronauts placed scientific instruments and returnedlunar samples to Earth. Apollo 12 Lunar Module Intrepid prepares to descend towards the surface of the Moon. NASA photo. Contents Early history Space race Recent exploration Plans Past and future lunar missions See also References External links Early history The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras (d. 428 BC) reasoned that the Sun and Moon were both giant spherical rocks, and that the latter reflected the light of the former. His non-religious view of the heavens was one cause for his imprisonment and eventual exile.[1] In his little book On the Face in the Moon's Orb, Plutarch suggested that the Moon had deep recesses in which the light of the Sun did not reach and that the spots are nothing but the shadows of rivers or deep chasms. -
Orion Capsule Launch Abort System Analysis
Orion Capsule Launch Abort System Analysis Assignment 2 AE 4802 Spring 2016 – Digital Design and Manufacturing Georgia Institute of Technology Authors: Tyler Scogin Michel Lacerda Jordan Marshall Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Mission Profile ............................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 8 2. Conceptual Design ............................................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Design Process ........................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Vehicle Performance Characteristics ......................................................................................... 15 2.3 Vehicle/Sub-Component Sizing ................................................................................................. 15 3. Vehicle 3D Model in CATIA ................................................................................................................ 22 3.1 3D Modeling Roles and Responsibilities: .................................................................................. 22 3.2 Design Parameters and Relations:............................................................................................ -
Global Exploration Roadmap
The Global Exploration Roadmap January 2018 What is New in The Global Exploration Roadmap? This new edition of the Global Exploration robotic space exploration. Refinements in important role in sustainable human space Roadmap reaffirms the interest of 14 space this edition include: exploration. Initially, it supports human and agencies to expand human presence into the robotic lunar exploration in a manner which Solar System, with the surface of Mars as • A summary of the benefits stemming from creates opportunities for multiple sectors to a common driving goal. It reflects a coordi- space exploration. Numerous benefits will advance key goals. nated international effort to prepare for space come from this exciting endeavour. It is • The recognition of the growing private exploration missions beginning with the Inter- important that mission objectives reflect this sector interest in space exploration. national Space Station (ISS) and continuing priority when planning exploration missions. Interest from the private sector is already to the lunar vicinity, the lunar surface, then • The important role of science and knowl- transforming the future of low Earth orbit, on to Mars. The expanded group of agencies edge gain. Open interaction with the creating new opportunities as space agen- demonstrates the growing interest in space international science community helped cies look to expand human presence into exploration and the importance of coopera- identify specific scientific opportunities the Solar System. Growing capability and tion to realise individual and common goals created by the presence of humans and interest from the private sector indicate and objectives. their infrastructure as they explore the Solar a future for collaboration not only among System. -
Scientists Provide New Explanation for the Far Side of the Moon's Strange
PRESS RELEASE Source: ELSI, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan For immediate release: June 22, 2020 Title: Scientists provide new explanation for the far side of the Moon’s strange asymmetry Subtitle: Earth’s Moon has a ‘near side’ that is perpetually Earth‐facing and a ‘far side’, which always faces away from Earth. The composition of the Moon’s near side is oddly different from its far side, and scientists think they finally understand why. Release summary: The Earth‐Moon system’s history remains mysterious. Scientists believe the two formed when a Mars‐sized body collided with the proto‐Earth. Earth ended up being the larger daughter of this collision and retained enough heat to become tectonically active. The Moon, being smaller, likely cooled down faster and geologically ‘froze’. The apparent dynamism of the Moon challenges this idea. New data suggest this is because radioactive elements were distributed uniquely after the catastrophic Moon‐forming collision. Full‐text release: The Earth‐Moon system’s history remains mysterious. Scientists believe the two formed when a Mars‐sized body collided with the proto‐Earth. Earth ended up being the larger daughter of this collision and retained enough heat to become tectonically active. The Moon, being smaller, likely cooled down faster and geologically ‘froze’. The apparent early dynamism of the Moon challenges this idea. New data suggest this is because radioactive elements were distributed uniquely after the catastrophic Moon‐ forming collision. Earth’s Moon, together with the Sun, is a dominant object in our sky and offers many observable features which keep scientists busy trying to explain how our planet and the Solar System formed. -
Exploration Timeline A
HOW DID OUR MOON FORM? MEET A LUNAR GEOLOGIST — Dr. Jeff Taylor, University of Hawaii What do you do? —— How did you get interested in this field? What is the most interesting question about the Moon that scientists are trying to solve? Do you want to go to the Moon? If someone wants to become a scientist, what should they do? EVOLUTION OF OUR MOON TRY THIS — What’s Needed Early Stages: A Magma Ocean — Make an Impact! Students model impact events and develop an understanding of the processes that cause cratering on the lunar surface. Getting Started Big Impacts, Big Basins — What features do they observe? Do they see the large round areas that have smooth dark interiors? Do they see smaller circular features? How might these have formed? What to Do Basin Filling — What do they observe? Can they identify different features of the crater? How do craters help geologists “see into” the inside of a planet? How did impactors traveling at different “velocities” influence the crater size or distribution of ejecta? Do the crater sizes or depths change? Wrapping Up Recent History — Can they identify impact basins, craters, and rays? EXPLORATIONXPLORATION TIMELINEIMELINE HINA MOVES TO THE MOON: Humans have been asking questions about our Moon since we first looked up at it in the sky. A HAWAIIAN STORY ABOUT OUR MOON WhatWhat isis oourur MMoonoon mmadeade oof?f? WWhathat aarere tthehe llightight aandnd ddarkark mmarkings?arkings? DDoesoes tthehe MMoonoon hhaveave ooceansceans aandnd aann aatmosphere?tmosphere? As telescopes became ever more powerful, the Moon’s rugged surface was revealed in increasing detail, but observations from Earth could not answer many scientific questions. -
Space Sector Brochure
SPACE SPACE REVOLUTIONIZING THE WAY TO SPACE SPACECRAFT TECHNOLOGIES PROPULSION Moog provides components and subsystems for cold gas, chemical, and electric Moog is a proven leader in components, subsystems, and systems propulsion and designs, develops, and manufactures complete chemical propulsion for spacecraft of all sizes, from smallsats to GEO spacecraft. systems, including tanks, to accelerate the spacecraft for orbit-insertion, station Moog has been successfully providing spacecraft controls, in- keeping, or attitude control. Moog makes thrusters from <1N to 500N to support the space propulsion, and major subsystems for science, military, propulsion requirements for small to large spacecraft. and commercial operations for more than 60 years. AVIONICS Moog is a proven provider of high performance and reliable space-rated avionics hardware and software for command and data handling, power distribution, payload processing, memory, GPS receivers, motor controllers, and onboard computing. POWER SYSTEMS Moog leverages its proven spacecraft avionics and high-power control systems to supply hardware for telemetry, as well as solar array and battery power management and switching. Applications include bus line power to valves, motors, torque rods, and other end effectors. Moog has developed products for Power Management and Distribution (PMAD) Systems, such as high power DC converters, switching, and power stabilization. MECHANISMS Moog has produced spacecraft motion control products for more than 50 years, dating back to the historic Apollo and Pioneer programs. Today, we offer rotary, linear, and specialized mechanisms for spacecraft motion control needs. Moog is a world-class manufacturer of solar array drives, propulsion positioning gimbals, electric propulsion gimbals, antenna positioner mechanisms, docking and release mechanisms, and specialty payload positioners. -
The New Vision for Space Exploration
Constellation The New Vision for Space Exploration Dale Thomas NASA Constellation Program October 2008 The Constellation Program was born from the Constellation’sNASA Authorization Beginnings Act of 2005 which stated…. The Administrator shall establish a program to develop a sustained human presence on the moon, including a robust precursor program to promote exploration, science, commerce and U.S. preeminence in space, and as a stepping stone to future exploration of Mars and other destinations. CONSTELLATION PROJECTS Initial Capability Lunar Capability Orion Altair Ares I Ares V Mission Operations EVA Ground Operations Lunar Surface EVA EXPLORATION ROADMAP 0506 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 LunarLunar OutpostOutpost BuildupBuildup ExplorationExploration andand ScienceScience LunarLunar RoboticsRobotics MissionsMissions CommercialCommercial OrbitalOrbital Transportation ServicesServices forfor ISSISS AresAres II andand OrionOrion DevelopmentDevelopment AltairAltair Lunar LanderLander Development AresAres VV and EarthEarth DepartureDeparture Stage SurfaceSurface SystemsSystems DevelopmentDevelopment ORION: NEXT GENERATION PILOTED SPACECRAFT Human access to Low Earth Orbit … … to the Moon and Mars ORION PROJECT: CREW EXPLORATION VEHICLE Orion will support both space station and moon missions Launch Abort System Orion will support both space stationDesigned and moonto operate missions for up to 210 days in Earth or lunar Designedorbit to operate for up to 210 days in Earth or lunar orbit Designed for lunar