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Organic Electronics on Micro and Nano Fibers from E-Textiles to Biomolecular Nanoelectronics

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Organic Electronics on Micro and Nano Fibers from E-Textiles to Biomolecular Nanoelectronics Organic electronics on micro and nano fibers from e-textiles to biomolecular nanoelectronics Mahiar Hamedi Linköping 2008 Cover art: “Tartan” Design by Koshi Hamedi © 2008, Koshi Hamedi Organic electronics on micro and nano fibers from e-textiles to biomolecular nanoelectronics Mahiar Hamedi Serie: Linköping studies in science and technology. Dissertations, No. 1224 ©, 2008, Mahiar Hamedi, unless otherwise noted Printed by LiU-Tryck, Linköping, Sweden 2008 ISBN: 978-91-7393-763-4 ISSN: 0345-7524 “Systems of theories are tested by deducing from them statements of a lesser level of universality. These statements in their turn, since they are inter-subjectively testable, must be testable in a like manner – and so ad-infinitum” -Karl Popper (1959) “The logic of scientific discovery” Abstract Research in the field of conjugated polymers (CPs) has led to the emergence of a number of interesting research areas and commercial applications, including solar cells, flexible displays, printed electronics, biosensors, e- textiles and more. Some of the advantages of organic electronics materials, as compared to their inorganic counterparts, include high elasticity, and mechanical flexibility, which allows for a natural integration of CPs into fabrics, making them ideal for e-texile. In this thesis, a novel approach for creating transistors is presented, through the construction of electrolyte gated transistors, directly embedded on functional textile fibers. Furthermore theoretical and experimental results of the integration of functional woven devices based on these transistors are shown. The realization of woven digital logic and design schemes for devices that can be placed inside living tissue, for applications such as neural communication, are demonstrated. Reducing feature sizes in organic electronics is necessity just as in conventional microelectronics, where Moore's law has been the most impressive demonstration of this over the past decades. Here the scheme of self-assembly (SA) of biomolecular/CP hybrid nano-structures is used for creating nano electronics. It is demonstrated that proteins in the form of amyloid fibrils can be coated with the highly conducting polythiophene derivative (PEDOT-S) through molecular self-assembly in water, to form conducting nanowire networks and nanodevices at molecular dimensions. In a second SA scheme, large area patterning of connected micro-nano lines and nano transistors from the conducting polymer PEDOT-S is demonstrated through assembly of these from fluids using soft lithography. Thereby the problems of large area nano patterning, and nano registration are solved for organic electronics. The construction of functional nanoscopic materials and components through molecular self-assembly has the potential to deliver totally new concepts, and may eventually allow cheap mass production of complex three dimensional nano electronic materials and devices. Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Ordet polymer kommer från grekiskans “poly” som betyder många, och “mer” som betyder del, och syftar till väldigt långa molekylkedjor som kan bestå av tiotusentals sammanlänkade atomer. De polymerer som bokstavligen står oss närmast är livets polymerer. Proteiner och DNA är exempel på polymerer som ingår i allt levande och är känt för de flesta idag. En DNA molekyl kan exempelvis bestå av en kedja av miljoner sammanlänkade atomer. En annan klass av allmänt kända polymerer är de konstgjorda polymerer som vi känner till som plaster. Det tillverkas idag genom petrokemiska processer hundratals miljoner ton plast i världen årligen. Dessa otroliga mängder av material har många användningsområden. Plaster kan bli formgjutna, exempelvis till läskflaskor, möbler, förpackningar och elektronikhöljen, eller formade till texilfibrer som exempevis nylon. De kan också appliceras från lösning på ytor i form av färger. Livets och dagens petrokemiska framställda polymerer är inte elektroniska material. Vi är istället bekanta med metaller som strömförare och lyselement, som till exempel i elkablar och glödlampor. Vi känner också till att vanliga elektroniska kretsar består av kisel och att det finns andra hårda material som är elektriskt aktiva material. Elektronik baserad på metaller och kiselbaserade kretsar har förändrat samhället radikalt under det senaste århundradet. Plast har också haft stor påverkan på samhället som ett viktigt material i många produkter. Elektroniken och plastens värld har dock varit separerade under många år. Men år 1977 gjorde en grupp forskare i USA en spännande upptäckt som bröt denna separation när de hittade en klass av plaster/polymerer som kunde leda ström. Dessa plaster har sedan dess utvecklats, diversifierats och tillförts förbättrade funktioner såsom elektroniska lyselement i alla färger, relativt hög ledningsförmåga, och bättre stabilitet- och processegenskaper. I och med denna utveckling börjar nu den tidigare döda plasten i vissa av våra vardagsprodukter att få liv. Vi börjar idag se helt nya produkter och prototyper baserade på ledande plaster, såsom nästa generations platta skärmar från SONY, lysande plastfilmer från General Electrics, elektroniska papper från Plastic Logic, och plastsolceller från Konarka. I första delen av denna avhandling har ledande plaster undersökts i samband med textila mikrofibrer. Det visas att man kan bygga transistorer och därmed digitala kretsar enbart med hjälp av vanliga textilfibrer, genom att kombinera dessa med ledande plaster. Detta är ett steg mot elektronisk textil, där man slutligen ska kunna väva textiler från nästa generations syntetiska klädfibrer, och forma avancerad elektronik som är helt inbäddad i själva tyget. I och med att ledande plaster nu börjar att användas till att bygga alltmer avancerade kretsar ställs man också inför samma utmaning som den kiselbaserade elektroniken, nämligen att skapa väldigt många komponenter på väldigt små ytor. Ett chip i din dator har idag nästan 1 miljard transistorer på en area av någon kvadratcentimeter. För att göra detta krävs det att man utvecklar metoder för att mönstra plaster på nanoskalan (1 nanometer = 1 miljondels millimeter). I denna avhandling har en metod att skapa nanomönster i en ledande plast demonstrerats. Detta görs genom att en lösning av plasten formas i en slags gjutform med mikro- och nanometer stora kanaler. Metoden visar möjligheter hur man att på ett enkelt och effektivt sätt kan framställa delar av framtidens plastnanokretsar. Ännu än metod som i denna avhandling utvärderar ledande plaster på nanometer skalan, bygger på att man förenar en av livets byggstenar, i form av en lång proteinkedja, med en ledande plast. Resultatet är att den ledande plasten fastnar på proteinkedjorna och formar ett elektrisk ledande skal runt dessa. Effekten är att man skapar ledande nanofibrer som är tiotusentals gånger mindre än exempelvis textilfibrer. Denna demonstration visar också på de enorma möjligheter som uppstår i föreningen av biologi och ledande plaster. Included Papers Paper 1 “Towards woven logic from organic electronic fibres” Hamedi M, Forchheimer R, Inganäs O. Nature Materials 6 (2007) 357 Paper 2 “Electrochemical devices made from conducting nanowire networks self- assembled from amyloid fibrils and alkoxysulfonate PEDOT” Hamedi M, Herland A, Karlsson RH, Inganäs O. Nano Letters 8 (2008) 1736 Paper 3 “Fiber embedded electrolyte-gated organic TFTs for e-textile” Hamedi M, Herlogsson L, Marcilla R, Crispin X, Berggren M, Inganäs O. Advanced Materials, Accepted Paper 4 “Bridging dimensions in organic electronics: assembly of electroactive polymer nanodevices from fluids” Hamedi M, Tvingstedt K, Karlsson RH, Åsberg P, Inganäs O. Nano letters, Submitted (2008) Paper 5 “Construction of wire electrodes and 3D woven logic as a potential technology for neuroprosthetic implants” Asplund M, Hamedi M, Forchheimer R, Inganäs O, Von Holst H, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Submitted (2008) Related work not included Papers “Limits to nanopatterning of fluids on surfaces in soft lithography” Wigenius, J.A., Hamedi, M., Inganäs, O., Advanced Functional Materials 18 (17), 2563-2571 (2008). “Iron Catalysed Polymerization of Alkoxysulfonate-Functionalized EDOT gives Water-soluble PEDOT of High Conductivity” Karlsson, R. H., Herland, A., Hamedi, M., Wigenius, J., Åslund, A., Inganäs, O., Konradsson, P. Chemistry of Materials (Submitted) (2008). Patents “Micro and nano structures in elastomeric material“ Hamedi, M., Tvinstedt, K., Åsberg, P., & Inganäs, O. WO/2006/096123 (2006). “Electronic circuitry integrated in fabrics” Hamedi, M. Forcheimer, R. Asplund, M. Inganäs, O. WO/2008/066458 (2008) Highlights in the news and media “Designer Logic Comes to E-Textiles” Service, R. F. ScienceNOW 3 April 2007: 1 “Electronic textiles: A logical step” De Rossi, D. Nature Materials 6 (5), 328-329 (2007). “NextWorld: Intelligence" http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/next-world/next-world.html Discovery Channel “Nextworld” series Tackord Denna höst gulnar de vackra löven för femte gången sedan jag började som doktorand hos Olle Inganäs. Doktorandperioden har inneburit en otrolig personlig utveckling för mig. Jag har under dessa år blivit skickligare på att omsätta ideer till verklighet i både akademisk och kommersiell form, och jag har kommit att fördjupa min förståelse för vetenskap och för den oändliga process i vilken vetenskapen utvecklas. I denna utvecklingsprocess finns det ingenting som fortsätter att fascinera mig mer än den vackra dynamik som finns i de möten och band som uppstår mellan oss människor, och
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