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2) Beschrijving Van De Galmijten Beschrijving van de galmijten: Eriophyidae Algemene beschrijving Taxonomie De levenscyclus van roest- en galmijten (Eriophyidae) Rijk Animalia bestaat uit 4 stadia: ei, larve, nimf en het adulte stadium. De onvolwassen stadia lijken op de adulten, alleen zijn ze Stam Arthropoda kleiner en vertonen ze geen genitale kenmerken. Onderstam Chelicerata Klasse Arachnida Eriophyidmijten hebben 2 paar poten vooraan het Orde Acari lichaam. Hun lichaamsvorm kan afhankelijk van de soort wormachtig of torpedovormig zijn. In het adulte stadium Familie Eriophyidae zijn ze gemiddeld 200µm lang. Geslacht + 270 geslachten beschreven Soort + 3700 soorten beschreven Omwille van hun kleine afmeting zijn ze met het blote oog niet waar te nemen. Vandaar dat hun aanwezigheid pas wordt opgemerkt als de schade aan het gewas reeds zichtbaar is. Men kan galmijten pas goed observeren wanneer men beschikt over een observatiemicroscoop met een minimale vergroting van 25x. Het gebruik van een lichtmicroscoop is noodzakelijk voor de soortbepaling van deze groep mijten. Roest- en galmijten leven in kolonies. Ze zijn zeer waardspecifiek: 99% van de roest- en galmijten bewonen maar 1 plantenfamilie, waarvan 95% op 1 plantengeslacht te vinden is en maar liefst 80% van hen 1 plantensoort als waardplant heeft. Eriophyidmijten in een knop Vergroting 50x Frambozegalmijt Phyllocoptes gracilis Beschrijving Lichaamsgrootte 115-130 µm, torpedovormig, 2 paar poten. Ze zijn witgelig van kleur, in de winter meer donkergeel. Waardplanten Rubus ssp., zowel de wilde variëteiten als de cultivars van framboos en braam Schadebeeld De zuigschade en lichaamseigen stoffen van P. gracilis veroorzaken resp. gele vlekjes op de bovenzijde van het blad en misvorming (opkrullen) van de frambozebladeren. De schade aan de bessen kan variëren volgens de Rubus soort: niet gelijktijdig afrijpen van de vruchten, rijpe en onrijpe delen. lichte vlekken op het fruit, uitgedroogde achtergebleven ‘korrels’, alsook misvormormde vruchten. Zware aantasting zorgt voor vermindering in groeikracht van de scheuten met opbrengstverliezen tot gevolg. Biologie Wijfjes overwinteren in knoppen, onder de knopschubben of in barsten of scheurtjes op de twijgen. In de lente wanneer het warmer wordt, beginnen de mijten te migreren naar de bladeren en starten ze met hun eileg. Vanaf dan neemt de populatie sterk toe met de hoogste aantallen vanaf midden juli tot september. De hele ontwikkeling duurt 14 dagen bij 25°C. Meerdere generaties op één tijdstip zijn mogelijk. In augustus neemt de populatieopbouw af. De bevruchte wijfjes zoeken dan de overwinteringsplaatsen op. Eén knop kan gemakkelijk 100den mijten herbergen. Sommige roofmijten (Phytoseiidae) staan gekend als natuurlijke vijand van eriophyidmijten. Frambozegalmijt Phyllocoptes gracilis Bramengalmijt Acalitus essigi Beschrijving Lichaamsgrootte120-140 µm, torpedovormig, 2 paar poten vooraan het lichaam. Wit tot lichtgeel van kleur. Waardplant Wilde en gecultiveerde braamsoorten Schadebeeld Acalitus essigi zuigt de bessen uit en veroorzaakt ongelijke afrijping van de vruchten. Het rode gedeelte ter hoogte van het bloemsteeltje blijft hard en onrijp, het andere gedeelte, vaak aan de top van de vrucht, is rijp en zwart. Dit wordt ook de rode vruchtziekte genoemd. Zwaar besmette vruchten blijven rood. Mogelijk te verwarren Het schadebeeld is mogelijks te verwarren met fysiologische schade veroorzaakt door UV straling. Dit veroorzaakt ook oneven afrijping maar in dit geval blijven de korrels aan de top rood (onrijp) en aan het steeltje Biologie zwart in tegenstelling tot de rode vruchtziekte. De wijfjes overwinteren in en rond de knoppen. In de lente beginnen de mijten zich te verspreiden vanuit hun winterschuilplaats en kolonizeren het nieuw gevormd gebladerte. Ze migreren verder naar de bloemen en vruchten die in ontwikkeling zijn. Wijfjes starten met de eileg begin maart. Vanaf dan groeit de populatie sterk en bereiken ze de hoogste aantallen in september. Er zijn meerdere generaties per jaar die elkaar ook kunnen overlappen. Vanaf augustus neemt de populatieopbouw af. De mijten beginnen dan ook te migreren naar de okselknoppen. Late variëteiten worden meer geïnfecteerd. Sommige roofmijten uit de familie Phytoseiidae worden beschouwd als natuurlijke vijanden van deze mijten. Zonnebrand Fysiologische schade Schadebeeld UV-straling kan verkleuring in de korrels (deelvruchtjes) veroorzaken. Aan de kant van de zon zijn de korrels wit terwijl de andere normal ontwikkelen (zie foto). Bramengalmijt Acalitus essigi Referenties Beschrijving van de familie Eriophyidae • EPPO (1998). EPPO Global Database, Eriophyidae. Consulté le 10.02.17, en ligne, https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ERIOF • Lindquist, E. E., Sabelis, M. W., & Bruin, J. (1996). Eriophyoid mites - Their biology, natural enemies and control (Vol. 6). Amsterdam: Elsevier. • Skoracka, A., Smith, L., Oldfield, G., Cristofaro, M., & Amrine, J. W. (2010). Host-plant specificity and specialization in eriophyoid mites and their importance for the use of eriophyoid mites as biocontrol agents of weeds. Exp Appl Acarol, 51, 93-113. doi:DOI 10.1007/s10493-009-9323-6 • Vacante, V. (2016). Mites of economic plants: identification, bio-ecology and control. Croydon: CABI. Phyllocoptes gracilis • Bregy, G., Christen, J., Baroffio, C., Ançay, A., Michel, V., Siegrist, J.-P., . Kopp, M. (Eds.). (2012). Guide des petits fruits: Fuit-Union Suisse. • Linder, C., Baroffio, C., & Mittaz, C. (2008). Traitement post-récolte de l'ériophyide des framboises Phyllocoptes gracilis. Revue suisse de viticulture, arboriculture, horticulture, 40(2), 105-107. • Lindquist, E. E., Sabelis, M. W., & Bruin, J. (1996). Eriophyoid mites - Their biology, natural enemies and control (Vol. 6). Amsterdam: Elsevier. • Vacante, V. (2016). Mites of economic plants: identification, bio-ecology and control. Croydon: CABI. Acalitus essigi • Bregy, G., Christen, J., Baroffio, C., Ançay, A., Michel, V., Siegrist, J.-P., . Kopp, M. (Eds.). (2012). Guide des petits fruits: Fuit-Union Suisse. • Lindquist, E. E., Sabelis, M. W., & Bruin, J. (1996). Eriophyoid mites - Their biology, natural enemies and control (Vol. 6). Amsterdam: Elsevier. • Szendrey, G., Ilovai, Z., & Lucza, Z. (2003). Damage caused by blackberry mite (Acalitus essigi Hassan) and the role of natural biological control agents in integrated blackberry production system in Hungary. IOBC wprs Bulletin, 26(2), 133-138. • Vacante, V. (2016). Mites of economic plants: identification, bio-ecology and control. Croydon: CABI. Foto’s • PCS • ILVO • Wageningen UR • Agroscope • UJI • IVIA • Koppert • Biobest .
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