Maurice Hilleman's Life-Saving Vaccines
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Combined Live Measles-Mumps Virus Vaccine ROBERT E
Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.48.7.532 on 1 July 1973. Downloaded from Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1973, 48, 532. Combined live measles-mumps virus vaccine ROBERT E. WEIBEL, VICTOR M. VILLAREJOS, GUILLERMO HERNANDEZ C., JOSEPH STOKES, JR.,* EUGENE B. BUYNAK, and MAURICE R. HILLEMAN From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Louisiana State University International Center for Medical Research and Training, San Jose, Costa Rica; and the Division of Virus and Cell Biology Research, Merck Institutefor Therapeutic Research, West Point, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Weibel, R. E., Villarejos, V. M., Hernandez C., G., Stokes, J., Jr., Buynak, E. B., and Hilleman, M. R. (1973). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 48, 532. Combined live measles-mumps virus vaccine. Four lots of combined bivalent live Moraten measles-Jeryl Lynn mumps virus vaccine were administered to a total of 334 children 10 months to 6 years of age, who were initially without antibody against either virus. Overall, 99 % of the children responded serologically to the measles virus and 96 % to mumps. The geometric mean titres were of the same general height as those obtained when the individual vaccines were given alone, and there was no indication of immunological suppression. There was no increase in clinical reaction beyond the mild fever and other reactions that follow the administration of Moraten measles vaccine given alone. The combined measles-mumps vaccine provides a simple means for immunization against both these viruses with no apparent alteration in the immunological or clinical responses. copyright. The need to simplify administration, reduce costs, children) (Mumpsvax) for control purpose. -
2004 Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal Address Delivered by Award Recipient William S
2004 Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal Address Delivered by Award Recipient William S. Jordan, Jr., M.D. With a Tribute by John R. LaMontagne, Ph.D. May 25, 2004 Arlington, Virginia INTRODUCTION by H.R. Shepherd, D.Sc. Chairman, The Albert B. Sabin Vaccine Institute he Sabin Vaccine Institute pursues Dr. Albert B. Sabin’s vision of a T world protected from disease by vaccines. The annual awarding of the Sabin Gold Medal has always been among our most meaningful traditions. The 2004 award was presented in May to an icon in vaccine research, William S. Jordan, Jr., M.D., at a ceremony in Arlington, Virginia, during the 7th Annual Conference on Vaccine Research, co-organized by the Sabin Vaccine Institute. The positive impact of vaccines on the health and well being of humanity continues to be a marvel of our modern world. Vaccine improvements, new vaccines, and vaccines in the pipeline represent an advancing field of science that brings untold preventive benefit to millions around the world. Along with his career in vaccine research, Dr. Jordan has engaged in compiling the record of scientific advancements in the field. His name is synonymous with both vaccine research and the compendium—The Jordan Report—that for 25 years has been a repository for advances in the vaccine field. The Sabin Gold Medal Advisory Committee, chaired by Maj. Gen. Philip K. Russell, M.D. (USA Ret.), selected Dr. Jordan for this honor after canvassing 300 members of the scientific community. We are pleased to recognize Dr. Jordan with this honor, noting his exemplary contributions in the vaccine field and commitment to lifesaving medical discoveries. -
A Guide to Preparing Multiple Choice Items
A Guide to Preparing Multiple Choice Items Introduction The most commonly used type of test item in admissions, certification, and licensure examinations is the multiple choice item. The purpose of this guide is to assist test developers and representatives of professional associations in becoming more skilled in writing multiple choice test items. Preparing multiple choice items may appear on the surface to be a relatively simple task, given familiarity with the subject matter. However, experienced test authors find that this task actually requires a great deal of skill, patience, and creativity. In the sections that follow, general knowledge is used as the content of the examples, in order to facilitate understanding of the principles by professionals from diverse content areas. The skills needed for writing quality items are similar regardless of content discipline. Like any other skill, multiple choice item writing requires a significant amount of painstaking practice with appropriate feedback. It is essential that you try out your multiple choice items on others. This process will help you to uncover ambiguities in wording and unintended violations of item writing principles. Feedback from others will greatly enhance your item writing quality and productivity. Parts of the Multiple Choice Item All multiple choice items consist of two basic parts: the stem and the responses. The stem is the introductory statement or question that elicits the correct answer. The responses are suggested answers which complete the statement or answer the question asked in the stem, only one of which is the correct answer. In the examples that follow, four responses (i.e., 1 correct response and 3 incorrect responses) are presented. -
Jonas Salk at the National Press Club, April 12, 1965
Jonas Salk at the National Press Club, April 12, 1965 Jonas Salk, May 1962. A.F.P. – D.P.A. Photos. National Press Club Archives On the tenth anniversary of the licensing of the polio vaccine he developed, Dr. Jonas E. Salk (1914-1995) visited Washington to accept a joint congressional resolution that hailed the vaccine as “one of the most significant medical achievements of our time.” At the White House, President Johnson offered Salk his congratulations. The day also marked the twentieth anniversary of the death of former President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who, having suffered from paralytic polio since 1921, had established the foundation that funded Salk’s efforts. Following his meetings with Congress and the President, Salk gave a talk and answered reporters’ questions at a National Press Club luncheon. In the title of its lead editorial ten years earlier celebrating the successful testing of the new vaccine, the New York Times proclaimed the “Dawn of a New Medical Day.” Testing of the vaccine, like the funding for its development, had engaged the participation of millions of ordinary American citizens. Through March of Dimes campaigns, hundreds of thousands of volunteers went door-to-door raising $41 million in 1952 alone from average donations of 27 cents. The tests involved 1.8 million school children, 200,000 volunteers, 64,000 teachers, and 60,000 physicians, nurses, and health officials, making it the largest clinical trial in history. Interpreting the jubilant 1 reaction to news that the vaccine had been proven safe and effective, the Times commented, “Gone are the old helplessness, the fear of an invisible enemy, the frustration of physicians.” Poliomyelitis, also known as infantile paralysis, is an extremely contagious viral infection caused by any of three types of poliovirus. -
Poliomyelitis in the Lone Star State
POLIOMYELITIS IN THE LONE STAR STATE: A BRIEF EXAMINATION IN RURAL AND URBAN COMMUNITIES THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Master of Arts By Jason C. Lee San Marcos, Texas December, 2005 Insert signature page here ii COPYRIGHT By Jason Chu Lee 2005 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It leaves me in a stupor to contemplate all those I have to thank for aiding me in this effort. If I leave anybody out, please accept my most humble apologies, as the list is long. I will be the first to admit that this work is flawed, despite the best efforts of my committee to save me from myself. Had I utilized them more, this piece would only be improved. I had never undertaken a project of this scope before and though I believe I have accomplished much, the experience has been humbling. Never again will I utter the phrase, “just a thesis.” My biggest thanks go out to Dr. Mary Brennan, my committee chair and mentor. Without her guidance I most certainly would have needed to take comprehensive finals to graduate. She helped me salvage weeks of research that I thought had no discernable use. But Dr. Brennan, despite her very, very busy schedule with the department and her family, still found the time to help me find my thesis in all the data. She is well loved in the department for obvious reasons, as she has a gift for being firm and professional while remaining compassionate. Dr. James Wilson and Dr. -
Dr Sabin's Legacy to the World Jaime Sepulveda
World Health • 46th Year, No . 3, Moy-June 1993 IS Dr Sabin's legacy to the world Jaime Sepulveda oliomyelitis has been eradicated Poliomyelitis acquired epidemic from the Americas and other proportions in the Americas at the end Pareas, and is expected to be of the last century, mainly in the most eliminated from the world by 1995. developed regions. In Mexico, the first This outstanding achievement has epidemic outbreaks started in the been made possible thanks to the 1940s and caused many victims. The availability of an excellent vaccine oral poliovaccine was made available coupled with successful vaccination in Mexico in the early 1960s. programmes. Few actions in public Coverage was low then, and mainly health have become so deservedly concentrated among well-to-do prestigious as the vaccination children. In the 1970s, a new national campatgns. programme reached much greater The first major achievement of the numbers of children and poliomyelitis immunization effort was the cases began to drop. eradication from the world of However, it was not until1985 that smallpox in the late 1970s. But the a new polio immunization initiative success with smallpox is only the took place, with the goal of reaching all children, regardless of social status Or Albert Bruce Sobin, who perfected the first most visible component of all the viable live vaccine against polio. many benefits conferred by or geographic location. This new immunization programmes strategy, focusing on "National worldwide. Not only have they Vaccination Days", was originally brought about the survival of children proposed by Professor Albert Sabin, who would otherwise have died; they the US scientist who developed the have greatly enhanced the quality of oral poliomyelitis vaccine. -
Robert Purcell: Okay
Office of NIH History Oral History Interview with Dr. Robert H. Purcell (NIAID, LID) Conducted on December 7, 2005, by Dr. Lisa K. Walker At the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Abstract: Dr. Purcell describes his education and training, his early career in the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, and his work since he has headed LID studies of hepatitis viruses. He describes how the LID broadened its work, from a focus on viruses causing respiratory diseases through the early 1960s, to include hepatitis as well as gastroenteritis viruses. He also discusses internal collaborations at NIH and extramural collaborations, and many of the chance findings and coincidences that helped to further study of hepatitis and control of infection. Dr. Purcell also comments on how advances in technology and instrumentation have influenced the study of hepatitis viruses. Lisa Walker: I would like to start out by hearing a little bit about your growing up, and your family and your decisions as you entered university and training in chemistry to begin with. Robert Purcell: Okay. I was born in Iowa and moved to Texas when I was six months old, and spent my first nine years in Dallas, Texas. Then my family moved to rural Oklahoma, and that’s where I lived until I finished college and then went off to medical school. I guess I developed an interest in science from my brother, who was in college and was taking science courses, [and] who would come home with interesting little tidbits about things, and that really kind of excited me. The school I went to, since it was in rural Oklahoma, actually was a minimal school. -
Vaccine Symposium Louis Pasteur As Pioneers Who Fundamentally Changed the Nature of Presented by the MSU Department of Microbiology & Immunology Human Health
Maurice Hilleman, 1919-2005, was a 1941 MSU graduate who saved the lives of millions by developing a wide array of vaccines. nd 2 Maurice Hilleman A Miles City native, Hilleman graduated atop his class at what was then Montana State College with dual degrees in chemistry and microbiology. His name often accompanies those of Jonas Salk and Vaccine Symposium Louis Pasteur as pioneers who fundamentally changed the nature of Presented by the MSU Department of Microbiology & Immunology human health. The abstract on a National Institutes of Health obituary for Hilleman describes him this way: "Microbe hunter, pioneering virologist, and the world's leading vaccinologist." Mi Among Hilleman's scientific achievements: • A hepatitis B vaccine that was the first vaccine to prevent a cancer in humans (liver cancer, or hepatoma). • A measles-mumps-and-rubella combination vaccine chat marked the first time vaccines for different viruses were successfully combined in a single shot. • Vaccines for meningitis and pneumonia. • A mumps vaccine that came after Hilleman isolated the virus by swabbing the back of his daughter Jeryl Lynn's throat when she was stricken with the disease (50 years later it is still the basis for most mumps vaccines). • A more complete understanding of the ways different strains of the flu change slightly from year to year, which led to the practice of developing an annual seasonal flu vaccine. • The first successful prediction of a coming influenza pandemic and development of a vaccine that thwarted it, 2018 possibly saving close to a million people in 1957. Indeed, Hilleman was responsible for developing 8 out of the 14 recommended vaccinations today. -
MAY 03 Nucleus Sp-LAST
DED UN 18 O 98 F yyyy N yyyy Y O T R E I T H C E O yyyyN A E S S S L T A E A C R C I yyyyN S M S E E H C C T N IO A May 2003 Vol. LXXXI, No. 9 yyyyC N • AMERI Monthly Meeting Education Night at B.U. Guy Crosby speaks on Chemistry of Nutrition Election 2003 Election of candidates for 2004 Book Review Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction, by C. M. Wynn and A. W. Wiggins Historical Note Edward Frankland’s Crusade for Clean Water in the 19th Century template group. If this were true, then this end, a simple molecular modeling Meeting virtually any ring system which ful- exercise was undertaken to compare filled this requirement would lead to a the differences between our best com- series of potent inhibitors pound and those reported by Merck. Report We selected the 1H-pyrrole ring The simple overlay of these molecules From the April 10, 2003 Esselen system as our starting template to test revealed the presence of a methyl Award Address this hypothesis, primarily because group in the Merck compound in a these could readily be prepared from region of space not occupied by our The Discovery And 1,4-diketones through the classical inhibitors. Development Of Lipitor‚ Paal-Knorr condensation and these 1,4- To determine the importance of (Atorvastatin Calcium) diketones, in turn, were potentially occupying this space, bromine and available possessing a wide variety of chlorines were introduced into the 3- Bruce D. -
COLLEGE of LETTERS and SCIENCE ALUMNI: KNOWLEDGE in ACTION COLLEGE of LETTERS and SCIENCE Dear Friends and Colleagues, Dean, Nicol C
THE COLLEGE OF LETTERS AND SCIENCE • MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY • 2016-2017 • VOLUME 13 COLLEGE OF LETTERS AND SCIENCE ALUMNI: KNOWLEDGE IN ACTION COLLEGE OF LETTERS AND SCIENCE Dear friends and colleagues, Dean, Nicol C. Rae Associate Dean, David Cherry In 2016, Montana State University Associate Dean, Bridget Kevane celebrated and honored the legacy of Director of Finance and Administration, Mindy Brown Assistant to the Dean, Sarah Miller Maurice Hilleman, the College of Letters Administrative and Student Support Coordinator, and Science’s—and arguably MSU’s— Nicol Rae. Jennifer Storment most world-changing alumnus. Communications Director, Jody Sanford Advising Coordinator, Erica Dungan Hillman graduated from MSU in 1941 with degrees in chemistry and Accounting Operations Manager, Cassandra Balent microbiology. He pursued a career as a microbiologist, specializing in vaccinology Information Technology Director, Michael Wright and developing over 40 vaccines, an unparalleled record of productivity. Of the COLLEGE OF LETTERS AND SCIENCE 14 vaccines routinely recommended in current vaccine schedules, he developed ADVISORY COUNCIL eight: those for measles, mumps, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, chickenpox, meningitis, Michael Beehler Betsy Quammen pneumonia and Haemophilus influenzae bacteria. He also played a role in the Julianne Bye Peter Roos discovery of the cold-producing adenoviruses, the hepatitis viruses and the cancer- Ingrid Degreef Peter Sadowski Marshall Gingery Bradley Snow causing virus SV40. He is credited with saving more lives than any other medical Ariana Paliobagis Gary Stoner scientist of the 20th century. Gary Popiel William Yellowtail Jr. In April of this year, MSU held the Maurice Hilleman Vaccine Symposium, DEPARTMENTS AND DEPARTMENT HEADS featuring some of the nation’s most noted experts in vaccine. -
Fire Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room L235, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
GENE SILENCING BY DOUBLE STRANDED RNA Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2006 by Andrew Z. Fire Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room L235, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA. I would like to thank the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institutet for the opportunity to describe some recent work on RNA-triggered gene silencing. First a few disclaimers, however. Telling the full story of gene silencing would be a mammoth enterprise that would take me many years to write and would take you well into the night to read. So we’ll need to abbreviate the story more than a little. Second (and as you will see) we are only in the dawn of our knowledge; so consider the following to be primer... the best we could do as of December 8th, 2006. And third, please understand that the story that I am telling represents the work of several generations of biologists, chemists, and many shades in between. I’m pleased and proud that work from my labo- ratory has contributed to the field, and that this has led to my being chosen as one of the messengers to relay the story in this forum. At the same time, I hope that there will be no confusion of equating our modest contributions with those of the much grander RNAi enterprise. DOUBLE STRANDED RNA AS A BIOLOGICAL ALARM SIGNAL These disclaimers in hand, the story can now start with a biography of the first main character. Double stranded RNA is probably as old (or almost as old) as life on earth. -
Renato Dulbecco
BIOLOGIE ET HISTOIRE Renato Dulbecco Renato Dulbecco : de la virologie à la cancérologie F.N.R. RENAUD 1 résumé Né en Italie, Renato Dulbecco fait de brillantes études médicales mais est plus intéressé par la recherche en biologie que par la pratique médicale. Accueilli par Giuseppe Levi, il apprend l’histologie et la culture cellulaire avant de rejoindre le laboratoire de S.E. Luria puis celui de M. Delbrück pour travailler sur les systèmes bactéries-bactériophages puis sur la relation cellules-virus. Il met au point la méthode des plages de lyse virales sur des cultures cellulaires. Il est aussi à l’origine de la virologie tumorale moléculaire. D. Baltimore, HM Temin et lui-même sont récompensés par le prix Nobel de médecine et physiologie en 1975 pour leurs travaux sur l'interaction entre les virus tumoraux et le matériel génétique du matériel cellulaire. Très tourné vers les aspects pratiques et expérimentaux de la recherche, il est resté le plus long - temps possible à la paillasse et a initié un très grand nombre de jeunes chercheurs. mots-clés : culture cellulaire, virologie tumorale, plages de lyse, bactériophages. I. - LA JEUNESSE DE RENATO DULBECCO C'est à Catanzaro, capitale régionale de la Calabre en Italie, que naît Renato Dulbecco le 22 février 1914. Sa mère est Calabraise et son père Ligurien. Il ne reste que très peu de temps dans le sud de l’Italie, car son père est mobilisé et sa famille doit déménager dans le nord à Cuneo, puis à Turin. À la fin de la guerre, la famille Dulbeco s'ins - talle à Imperia en Ligurie.