DOCSLIB.ORG

Choosing the Right Centrifuge for Your Application by Tammy Goodman

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Choosing the Right Centrifuge for Your Application by Tammy Goodman Choosing the Right Centrifuge for Your Application by Tammy Goodman A centrifuge is a critical piece of 8. Do you have any space restrictions, equipment for the laboratory, and such as benchtop or floor space only? often a significant investment. 9. Do you have special needs such as Therefore, when the time comes to process traceability, user lock-out, add a new centrifuge—or replace an or biocontainment? old one—it is important to make an 10. What is your budget? informed decision. There is a good chance that your needs have changed Once you have answered these ques- since the last time you purchased a tions, you should have a better picture centrifuge. For example, space may of your centrifuge requirements. It is now be tighter, or the activity level also helpful to review the basic types of the laboratory may have increased of centrifuges to make sure you know substantially and there are now many which category best fits your needs. more users. Perhaps you want to try a new protocol that you learned about at a recent conference. Floor model or benchtop? With so many recent advances in both science and technology, it is wise to Centrifuges are generally classified educate yourself about the wide range as either floor-standing or benchtop of centrifuge options now available. models. Within each category are sev- eral platforms from which to choose. This will help you choose a model that Figure 1 Superspeed centrifuges are an The style you choose is typically deter- will suit your needs not only today, but excellent choice for multiuser, multiprotocol envi- mined by performance requirements, for many years to come. ronments, offering high capacity, high g-forces, available space, and budget. and a broad range of rotors and accessories. Following are some key questions that can be used to determine the type of cen- Floor-model centrifuges free up bench trifuge that will best meet your needs: space and are often chosen for either high-speed or high-capacity sample pro- models offer a choice of up to 40 rotors, 1. What applications and protocols will cessing. Within the floor-model category making them an excellent solution for the centrifuge be used to support? there are superspeed centrifuges, ultra- core laboratories performing general 2. What are the maximum and centrifuges, and low-speed centrifuges. preparative applications such as whole minimum g-force (relative cen- cell separations, protein precipitation, trifugal force, RCF) and volume Benchtop centrifuges offer versatil- tissue culture, subcellular isolation requirements? ity and convenience, and can be (i.e., Golgi bodies, ribosomes), plasmid 3. How many tubes or samples must equipped many ways to accommodate preps, and DNA/RNA separations. be processed in a run, shift, or day? a broad range of needs, making them a 4. What types of sample formats will cost-effective solution for many labo- Superspeed centrifuges are also the the centrifuge need to support ratories. Benchtop platforms include best option for multiuser, multipro- (i.e., microplates, blood collection general-purpose centrifuges, micro- tocol environments. Their versatility tubes, disposable conical tubes)? centrifuges, small clinical centrifuges, enables researchers to step into new, 5. What type of rotors will be needed cell washers, and high-speed models. cutting-edge technologies without to support your applications (i.e., purchasing a dedicated centrifuge for fixed angle, swinging bucket)? Choosing the right floor- one specific application. The maxi- 6. How many people will be using mum RCF on a typical superspeed the centrifuge? model centrifuge centrifuge is 70,450 × g, with a volume 7. Is versatility important? That is, range of 1.5 mL–1000 mL. do you anticipate the need for a Superspeed centrifuges broad range of protocols and mul- If you are looking for high capacity, tiple users, or will you be perform- high g-force, and versatility, a super- Ultracentrifuges ing the same standardized protocol speed centrifuge (Figure 1) is prob- If your application calls for g-forces of day after day? ably the best choice. Many superspeed up to 1,000,000 × g, you will need an X NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • AMERICAN LABORATORY AMERICAN LABORATORY • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 X CHOOSING THE RIGHT CENTRIFUGE continued also be equipped with specially prep kits. Designed to spin up to 2-mL designed rotors and liners for the volumes, microcentrifuges are typi- blood banking industry. cally equipped with rotors that accept commonly used 0.2-mL PCR tubes and 1.5-mL/2.0-mL disposable micro- Choosing the right centrifuge tubes and filters. benchtop centrifuge Whether you are looking for some- Clinical benchtop thing versatile that your laboratory centrifuges can grow into, or a dedicated cen- These compact models are designed Figure 2 General-purpose benchtop centri- trifuge for specific protocols, there is a benchtop centrifuge to meet for use in hospitals and clinics that fuges offer versatility and convenience, and can require a low-throughput unit to be equipped many ways to support tissue culture, those needs. Benchtop centrifuges are available in a wide variety of spin blood collection tubes and urine DNA/RNA research, cell harvesting, subcellular samples at very low speeds for diag- separations, and many other applications. platforms designed for different application requirements, includ- nostic examination. Most of these ing general-purpose benchtops, centrifuges spin at RCFs at or below ultracentrifuge. These extremely pow- microcentrifuges, small clinical cen- 3000 × g. The volume supported by a erful floor-model centrifuges support trifuges, cell washers, and high-speed typical clinical benchtop unit ranges sample volumes ranging from 0.23 benchtop centrifuges. from 3-mL up to 15-mL tubes, with mL to 250 mL. Within the ultracen- throughput ranging from 4 to 28 trifuge line there are two platforms: tubes per run, depending on the tube full-size floor models, which support General-purpose benchtop size and unit selected. g-forces of up to 802,000 × g and vol- centrifuges umes up to 250 mL; and microultra- Cell washers centrifuges, which support g-forces of These workhorse units (Figure 2) are the most common type of centrifuge These special-purpose centrifuges sup- above 1,000,000 × g and microvolume port very specific applications in the samples up to 13.5 mL. found in the laboratory. Their versa- tility makes them extremely practi- clinical and medical industry: wash- cal: They offer a wide range of rotor ing away cellular debris, extraneous Common ultracentrifuge applications proteins, and other constituents of include the separation of virus parti- types, volumes, and speeds within a single unit to meet the demands of donor blood from red blood cells. The cles; DNA, protein, or RNA fraction- washed red blood cells are used for ation; as well as lipoprotein flotation. many common protocols. General- purpose centrifuges are typically tests such as cross-matching prior to Density and size gradient separations blood transfusion. Cell washers spin at are also regularly performed in ultra- used for tissue culture, DNA/RNA research, cell harvesting, subcellular RCFs at or below 1500 × g and support centrifuges and, more recently, a num- 3-mL and 5-mL culture tubes. ber of new nanotechnology applica- separations, protein work, and many tions have appeared. other applications. Some general- purpose benchtops offer RCFs of up High-speed benchtop to 24,000 × g; typical volume ranges Low-speed centrifuges are 0.2 mL–750 mL. Most general- centrifuges These large-capacity centrifuges have purpose units can be equipped with a These powerful and compact units fairly specific applications due to the broad range of swinging-bucket and offer g-forces close to that of a floor- maximum RCF of approximately 7000 fixed-angle rotors, making them an model superspeed centrifuge, but with × g (note: the maximum g-force varies excellent fit in a multiuser envi- slightly depending on rotor and unit). ronment where floor space is an The most common low-speed applica- issue and RCFs of up to 24,000 × tion is the separation of whole cells, g are sufficient. for example, separating red blood cells and platelets from whole blood. The second most common application is Microcentrifuges the whole cell harvest step in the pro- Like the general-purpose benchtop cessing of large volumes of cultures models, microcentrifuges (Figure from bioreactors in the bioprocessing 3) are a necessity in every labo- and pharmaceutical industries. ratory. These compact units pro- vide RCFs of up to approximately Low-speed centrifuges offer a basic set 21,000 × g, which is sufficient Figure 3 Microcentrifuges are a necessity in of rotors that support volumes ranging for the most common microvol- every laboratory for everyday microvolume applica- from 1.5 mL (with the use of adapt- ume applications such as plasmid, tions such as plasmid, DNA and RNA work, and ers) up to 2000 mL. These units can DNA and RNA work, and mini- miniprep kits. X NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 • AMERICAN LABORATORY AMERICAN LABORATORY • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007 X CHOOSING THE RIGHT CENTRIFUGE continued a limited set of rotors. The most com- A long-term investment application needs and doing some mon rotors and applications for this up-front research will optimize your type of centrifuge include a low-speed, Understanding the different types of centrifuge purchase and ensure that it high-volume swing-out rotor for a centrifuge platforms and the applica- provides a long-term investment that whole cell harvest step; a high-speed, tions they support is a good first step in will support your research for many midvolume (i.e., 50–15 mL) fixed- the selection process. Once you have years to come. angle rotor for a subcellular pellet- identified your application needs and ing step; or a high-speed, low-volume the appropriate centrifuge model, your (1.5-mL/2.0-mL) fixed-angle rotor for centrifuge supplier should be able to certain DNA/RNA applications.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Instrumented Centrifuge for Studying Mouse Locomotion and Behaviour Under Hypergravity Benjamin J
    © 2019. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Biology Open (2019) 8, bio043018. doi:10.1242/bio.043018 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES An instrumented centrifuge for studying mouse locomotion and behaviour under hypergravity Benjamin J. H. Smith* and James R. Usherwood ABSTRACT (Alexander, 1984). Investigating the limitations of inverted Gravity may influence multiple aspects of legged locomotion, from the pendulum models of locomotion may lead to advances in robotics periods of limbs moving as pendulums to the muscle forces required and treatment of gait pathologies, as well as our fundamental to support the body. We present a system for exposing mice to understanding of legged locomotion. hypergravity using a centrifuge and studying their locomotion and The motion of an inverted pendulum can be described using u€ ¼ g u u€ activity during exposure. Centrifuge-induced hypergravity has the the equation L sin , where is angular acceleration, g is θ advantages that it both allows animals to move freely, and it affects gravitational acceleration, L is length, and is angular displacement both body and limbs. The centrifuge can impose two levels of from the equilibrium point; testing the predictions of inverted hypergravity concurrently, using two sets of arms of different lengths, pendulum-based models therefore requires the manipulation of either each carrying a mouse cage outfitted with a force and speed L or g. Differences in L are usually studied by comparing similar measuring exercise wheel and an infrared high-speed camera; both animals of different sizes (Gatesy and Biewener, 1991; Daley and triggered automatically when a mouse begins running on the wheel.
    [Show full text]
  • PHYSICS of ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY Angie Bukley1, William Paloski,2 and Gilles Clément1,3
    Chapter 2 PHYSICS OF ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY Angie Bukley1, William Paloski,2 and Gilles Clément1,3 1 Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA 2 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA 3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France This chapter discusses potential technologies for achieving artificial gravity in a space vehicle. We begin with a series of definitions and a general description of the rotational dynamics behind the forces ultimately exerted on the human body during centrifugation, such as gravity level, gravity gradient, and Coriolis force. Human factors considerations and comfort limits associated with a rotating environment are then discussed. Finally, engineering options for designing space vehicles with artificial gravity are presented. Figure 2-01. Artist's concept of one of NASA early (1962) concepts for a manned space station with artificial gravity: a self- inflating 22-m-diameter rotating hexagon. Photo courtesy of NASA. 1 ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY: WHAT IS IT? 1.1 Definition Artificial gravity is defined in this book as the simulation of gravitational forces aboard a space vehicle in free fall (in orbit) or in transit to another planet. Throughout this book, the term artificial gravity is reserved for a spinning spacecraft or a centrifuge within the spacecraft such that a gravity-like force results. One should understand that artificial gravity is not gravity at all. Rather, it is an inertial force that is indistinguishable from normal gravity experience on Earth in terms of its action on any mass. A centrifugal force proportional to the mass that is being accelerated centripetally in a rotating device is experienced rather than a gravitational pull.
    [Show full text]
  • Continuous-Flow Centrifugation to Collect Suspended Sediment for Chemical Analysis
    1 Table 6. Compounds detected in both equipment blank samples and not in corresponding source blank samples or at concentrations greater than two times the corresponding source blank sample concentration. Prepared in cooperation with the National Water Quality Monitoring Council and [Source data: Appendix A, table A1; Conn and Black (2014, table A4); and Conn and others (2015, table A11). CAS Registry Number: Chemical Abstracts Service Washington State Department of(CAS) Ecology Registry Number® (RN) is a registered trademark of the American Chemical Society. CAS recommends the verifi cation of CASRNs through CAS Client ServicesSM. Method: EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s SW 846; SIM, select ion monitoring. Unit: µg/kg, microgram per kilogram; ng/kg, nanogram per kilogram. Sample type: River samples were from the Puyallup River, Washington. Q, qualifi er (blank cells indicate an unqualifi ed detection). J, estimated, result between the Continuous-Flow Centrifugationdetection level and reporting level; toNJ, result Collect did not meet all quantitation Suspended criteria (an estimated maxiumum possible concentration is reported in Result column) U, not detected above the reporting level (reported in the Result column); UJ, not detected above the detection level (reported in the Result column). Abbreviations: na, not Sediment for Chemicalapplicable; Analysis PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls] Sample type Chapter 6 of CAS River River Commercial Commercial Section D, Water Quality Parameter name Registry Method Unit source equipment
    [Show full text]
  • Gas Centrifuge Technology: Proliferation Concerns and International Safeguards Brian D
    Gas Centrifuge Technology: Proliferation Concerns and International Safeguards Brian D. Boyer Los Alamos National Laboratory Trinity Section American Nuclear Society Santa Fe, NM November 7, 2014 Acknowledgment to M. Rosenthal (BNL), J.M. Whitaker (ORNL), H. Wood (UVA), O. Heinonen (Harvard Belfer School), B. Bush (IAEA-Ret.), C. Bathke (LANL) for sources of ideas, information, and knowledge UNCLASSIFIED Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy's NNSA Enrichment / Proliferation / Safeguards . Enrichment technology – The centrifuge story . Proliferation of technology – Global Networks . IAEA Safeguards – The NPT Bargain Enrichment Proliferation Safeguards U.S. DOE Centrifuges – DOE / Pres. George W. Bush at ORNL B. Boyer and K. Akilimali - IAEA Zippe Centrifuge – Deutsches Museum (Munich) briefed on seized Libyan nuclear Safeguards Verifying Spent Fuel in www.deutsches-museum.de/en/exhibitions/energy/energy-technology/nuclear-energy/ equipment (ORNL) Training in Sweden (Ski-1999) UNCLASSIFIED 2 Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy's NNSA The Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Proliferation Paths to WMDs IAEA Safeguards On URANIUM Path Weapon Assembly Convert UF6 to U Metal Pre-Safeguards Natural Enriched DIVERSION Material (INFCIRC/153) Uranium Uranium PATH “Open” Cycle WEAPONS PATHS Fuel – Natural Uranium or LEU In closed cycle – MOX Fuel (U and Pu) “Closed” Cycle IAEA Safeguards On PLUTONIUM Path Convert Pu Plutonium Compounds to Pu Metal DIVERSION PATH To Repository
    [Show full text]
  • Basics in Centrifugation - Eppendorf Handling Solutions Page 1 of 5
    Basics in Centrifugation - Eppendorf Handling Solutions Page 1 of 5 Menu • Home • Sample Handling • Centrifugation • Safe Use of Centrifuges • Basics in Centrifugation Basics in Centrifugation • Biosafety • Safe Use of Centrifuges • Centrifugation Applications • This and That • Braking Ramps • Thermal Conductivity • Centrifuge Maintenance • Ergonomics • share • tweet • share • mail Basics in Centrifugation Centrifugation is a technique that helps to separate mixtures by applying centrifugal force. A centrifuge is a device, generally driven by an electric motor, that puts an object, e.g., a rotor, in a rotational movement around a fixed axis. A centrifuge works by using the principle of sedimentation: Under the influence of gravitational force (g-force), substances separate according to their density. Different types of separation are known, including isopycnic, ultrafiltration, density gradient, phase separation, and pelleting. https://handling-solutions.eppendorf.com/sample-handling/centrifugation/safe-use-of-cent... 10/24/2018 Basics in Centrifugation - Eppendorf Handling Solutions Page 2 of 5 Pelleting is the most common application for centrifuges. Here, particles are concentrated as a pellet at the bottom of the centrifuge tube and separated from the remaining solution, called supernatant. During phase separation, chemicals are converted from a matrix or an aqueous medium to a solvent (for additional chemical or molecular biological analysis). In ultrafiltration, macromolecules are purified, separated, and concentrated by using a membrane. Isopycnic centrifugation is carried out using a "self- generating" density gradient established through equilibrium sedimentation. This method concentrates the analysis matches with those of the surrounding solution. Protocols for centrifugation typically specify the relative centrifugal force (rcf) and the degree of acceleration in multiples of g (g-force).
    [Show full text]
  • 404 Sedimentation Handout
    Sedimentation for Analysis and Separation of Macromolecules A ‘centrifugal force’ as experienced by particles in a centrifuge actually reflects the natural tendency of the particle to move in a straight line in the absence of external forces. If we view the experiment in the (fixed) reference frame of the laboratory, we observe that the particle is deflected from a linear trajectory by a centripetal force (directed toward the central axis of the rotor). However, when we consider the motion of the particle with respect to the (rotating) reference frame of the rotor, it appears that at any instant the particle experiences an outward or centrifugal force: Instantaneous Velocity (vtang) Centrifugal Acceleration Centripetal Acceleration As seen in laboratory As seen in (rotating) reference frame reference frame of rotor Ignoring buoyancy effects for the moment, the magnitude of the centrifugal force (which, in the rotating reference frame of the rotor, is as real as any other force) is m ⋅ v2 F = objecttan g =⋅mrω 2 centrif r object [1] where r is the distance from the axis of rotation, vtang is the linear velocity at any instant (in the direction perpendicular to the radial axis) and ω is the angular velocity (in radians sec-1 – note that 1 rpm = 2π///60 rad sec-1). The magnitude of this force can be compared to that of the gravitational force at the earth’s surface: Gm⋅()⋅() m = earth object Fgrav 2 re [2] -8 -1 3 -2 where G is the universal gravitational constant (= 6.67 x 10 g cm sec ) and re and me are the earth’s radius (= 6.37 x 108 cm) and mass (5.976 x 1027 g), respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 13 Circular Motion
    LECTURE 13 CIRCULAR MOTION 3.8 Motion in two dimensions: circular motion What hold you up at the top of a loop- 6.1 Uniform circular motion the-loop? Or do you need to be held up? Velocity and acceleration in uniform circular motion Period, frequency, and speed 6.2 Dynamics of uniform circular motion Maximum walking speed 6.3 Apparent forces in circular motion Centrifugal force? Apparent weight n circular motion Centrifuges Learning objectives 2 ! Relate period, frequency, and speed of an object in a uniform circular motion. ! For an object in a circular motion, relate its acceleration, mass, speed, net force on it, and the radius of the curvature of the path. ! Identify the directions of net force and acceleration of an object in a circular motion. 3.8 Circular motion / 6.1 Velocity and acceleration in uniform circular motion 3 ! The magnitude of centripetal acceleration for uniform circular motion is given by #$ ! = % 6.1 Period, frequency, and speed 4 ! Period, !, is the time interval it takes an object to go around a circle one time. ! Frequency, ", is the number of revolutions per second. 1 " = ! ! The speed of an object in a uniform circular motion is 2'( % = = 2'(" ! Quiz: 6.1-1 5 ! Human centrifuges such as the one shown are used to study the effect of acceleration on the human body and train pilots and astronauts. This one has a radius of 6.1 m and can reach the maximum frequency of 1.1 s!" in as little as around 10 s. ! The image below shows an instance after it is turning at the maximum speed.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Biotechnology 2008
    guide to biotechnology 2008 research & development health bioethics innovate industrial & environmental food & agriculture biodefense Biotechnology Industry Organization 1201 Maryland Avenue, SW imagine Suite 900 Washington, DC 20024 intellectual property 202.962.9200 (phone) 202.488.6301 (fax) bio.org inform bio.org The Guide to Biotechnology is compiled by the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) Editors Roxanna Guilford-Blake Debbie Strickland Contributors BIO Staff table of Contents Biotechnology: A Collection of Technologies 1 Regenerative Medicine ................................................. 36 What Is Biotechnology? .................................................. 1 Vaccines ....................................................................... 37 Cells and Biological Molecules ........................................ 1 Plant-Made Pharmaceuticals ........................................ 37 Therapeutic Development Overview .............................. 38 Biotechnology Industry Facts 2 Market Capitalization, 1994–2006 .................................. 3 Agricultural Production Applications 41 U.S. Biotech Industry Statistics: 1995–2006 ................... 3 Crop Biotechnology ...................................................... 41 U.S. Public Companies by Region, 2006 ........................ 4 Forest Biotechnology .................................................... 44 Total Financing, 1998–2007 (in billions of U.S. dollars) .... 4 Animal Biotechnology ................................................... 45 Biotech
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Validation of a Compact Radius Centrifuge Artificial Gravity Test Platform
    Design and Validation of a Compact Radius Centrifuge Artificial Gravity Test Platform by Chris Trigg B.S. Environmental Engineering Northwestern University, 2008 M.S. Environmental Engineering Stanford University, 2009 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TEHCNOLOGY MAY 2013 ©2013 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved Signature of Author: ____________________________________________________________________ Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics May 23, 2013 Certified by: __________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Laurence R. Young Apollo Program Professor of Astronautics Professor of Health Sciences and Technology Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: __________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Eytan H. Modiano Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Chair, Graduate Program Committee 2 Design and Validation of a Compact Radius Centrifuge Artificial Gravity Test Platform by Chris Trigg Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics on 23 May, 2013 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics ABSTRACT Intermittent exposure to artificial gravity on a short radius centrifuge (SRC) with exercise is a promising, comprehensive countermeasure to the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal deconditioning that occurs as a result of prolonged exposure to microgravity. To date, the study of artificial gravity has been done using bedrest and SRC’s with subjects positioned radially with the head at the center of rotation. A recent proposal to put a human centrifuge on the International Space Station (ISS) highlighted the reality that near-term inflight SRC’s will likely be confined to radii shorter than has been typically used in terrestrial analogs.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY RESEARCH to ENABLE HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION International Academy of Astronautics
    ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY RESEARCH TO ENABLE HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION International Academy of Astronautics Notice: The cosmic study or position paper that is the subject of this report was approved by the Board of Trustees of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsoring or funding organizations. For more information about the International Academy of Astronautics, visit the IAA home page at www.iaaweb.org. Copyright 2009 by the International Academy of Astronautics. All rights reserved. The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), a non governmental organization recognized by the United Nations, was founded in 1960. The purposes of the IAA are to foster the development of astronautics for peaceful purposes, to recognize individuals who have distinguished themselves in areas related to astronautics, and to provide a program through which the membership can contribute to international endeavors and cooperation in the advancement of aerospace activities. © International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) September 2009 Study on ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY RESEARCH TO ENABLE HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION Edited by Laurence Young, Kazuyoshi Yajima and William Paloski Printing of this Study was sponsored by: DLR Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany Linder Hoehe D-51147 Cologne, Germany www.dlr.de/me International Academy of Astronautics 6 rue Galilée, BP 1268-16, 75766 Paris Cedex 16,
    [Show full text]
  • Uranium Enrichment Plant Characteristics—A Training Manual for the IAEA
    ORNL/TM-2019/1311 ISPO-553 Uranium Enrichment Plant Characteristics—A Training Manual for the IAEA J. M. Whitaker October 2019 Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via US Department of Energy (DOE) SciTech Connect. Website www.osti.gov Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD 703-487-4639 Fax 703-605-6900 E-mail [email protected] Website http://classic.ntis.gov/ Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange representatives, and International Nuclear Information System representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information PO Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Perspective for Uranium Enrichment
    SIDEBAR 1: Economic Perspective for Uranium Enrichment he future demand for enriched are the customary measure of the effort uranium to fuel nuclear power required to produce, from a feed material plants is uncertain, Estimates of with a fried concentration of the desired T this demand depend on assump- isotope, a specified amount of product en- tions concerning projections of total electric riched to a specified concentration and tails, power demand, financial considerations, and or wastes, depleted to a specified concentra- government policies. The U.S. Department tion. For example, from feed material with a of Energy recently estimated that between uranium-235 concentration of 0.7 per cent now and the end of this century the gener- (the naturally occurring concentration), ation of nuclear power, and hence the need production of a kilogram of uranium enrich- for enriched uranium, will increase by a ed to about 3 per cent (the concentration factor of 2 to 3 both here and abroad. Sale of suitable for light-water reactor fuel) with tails enriched uranium to satisfy this increased depleted to 0.2 per cent requires about 4.3 demand can represent an important source SWU. of revenue for the United States, Through Gaseous diffusion is based on the greater fiscal year 1980 our cumulative revenues rate of diffusion through a porous barrier of from such sales amounted to over 7 billion the lighter component of a compressed dollars, and until recently foreign sales ac- gaseous mixture. For uranium enrichment counted for a major portion of this revenue. the gaseous mixture consists of uranium The sole source of enriched uranium until hexafluoride molecules containing 23$ 1974, the United States now supplies only uranium-235 ( UF6) or uranium-238 238 about 30 per cent of foreign demand, New ( UF6).
    [Show full text]