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Lm990917.Pdf LeMonde Job: WMQ1709--0001-0 WAS LMQ1709-1 Op.: XX Rev.: 16-09-99 T.: 12:07 S.: 111,06-Cmp.:16,12, Base : LMQPAG 16Fap: 100 No: 0452 Lcp: 700 CMYK LE MONDE DES LIVRES VENDREDI 17 SEPTEMBRE 1999 JEAN-TOUSSAINT LAURENT MAUDUIT DESANTI GÉRARD DESPORTES La chronique François Hollande de Roger-Pol Droit répond page VI au constat JEAN ECHENOZ d’une « gauche Le feuilleton imaginaire » de Pierre Lepape MAHI BINEBINE JEAN D’ORMESSON LINN ULLMANN page VII page II page III page IV page V a Au sommaire : Contrebbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb « saint » Sans véritables révélations, Pie XII la biographie de John Cornwell sur Eugenio Pacelli se présente volontiers Pie XII, comme un portrait- charge à verser C e livre est un réquisi- toire. D’emblée, le ton est donné. au dossier de « En suivant la carrière de Pacelli depuis le début du siècle, ma recherche béatification du pape KEYSTONE retraçait l’histoire d’une lutte pour le Le cardinal Pacelli à Berlin, sortant du palais présidentiel après avoir présenté les vœux du corps diplomatique pour le 80e anniversaire pouvoir sans précédent qui (...) avait du maréchal Hindenburg (1927) conduit l’Eglise catholique à se rendre d’orgue. Monarque absolu et isolé, complice des forces les plus sinistres de soumis au soin d’un entourage mand de la politique concordataire tête de pont pour le retour des ortho- Dans notre intérêt à nous, catholiques, deux causes ont avancé, chacune à son temps. » Sans escamoter les domestique dont on perçoit mal du Saint-Siège, qui signe alors des doxes au giron romain – ce qui, en et dans celui de nos relations avec les un rythme différent. Récemment, témoignages à décharge, John Corn- l’influence. textes de types divers avec des fait, est tout à fait exclu, vu l’hostilité autres religions, le mieux serait d’expri- celle de Jean XXIII a paru franchir un well accable Eugenio Pacelli, devenu En dehors de ces éclairages inti- régimes eux-mêmes divers. Cepen- de ce bastion de la catholicité latine mer des regrets sincères. » Cette pas décisif. Cornwell croit savoir qu’il pape en 1939 sous le nom de Pie XII. mistes, Cornwell n’apporte rien qui dant les effets de l’opération ne envers les Orientaux. Le pape allait conclusion éclaire le véritable enjeu en irait de même pour celle de Le jugement est d’autant plus sévère n’ait déjà été pesé et retourné dix prêtent guère à discussion : la ten- dénoncer l’extermination quand du livre. L’historien peut soupeser tel Pie XII. Il s’en émeut et plaide pour qu’il traduit un amour déçu : catho- fois. Ses développements valent dance à la soumission l’emporte l’intervention des évêques des Pays- argument, discuter telle interpréta- que l’Eglise ne l’exclue pas, comme lique, l’Anglais s’était lancé dans donc ce que valent ses guides. Par désormais dans l’Eglise allemande. Bas l’en aurait dissuadé : n’a-t-elle tion ou regretter telle lacune : sa cri- l’a fait le document romain de 1998 l’aventure pour exonérer Pie XII des bonheur, sur les questions brûlantes, Elle aurait pu résister à Hitler comme pas entraîné la déportation des tique porte à faux car l’auteur sur la Shoah, du repentir pour ses charges pesant sur lui. Sa vive décep- il suit les autorités que sont Klaus elle a résisté victorieusement à Bis- convertis ? La vue d’ensemble que n’entend pas fournir une biographie fautes passées auquel Jean Paul II tion explique sans doute l’outrance Scholder – sur les Eglises et le marck ; Pacelli l’en a empêché, donne l’auteur de la personnalité de de référence, mais tirer argument des semble attacher tant de prix. L’histo- de certaines formules, lisible dès le IIIe Reich – ou Owen Chadwick – sur conclut Cornwell. Conjectures. Pie XII aurait pu lui suggérer une choix de Pacelli contre sa béatifi- rien ne saurait se prononcer sur des titre original – Hitler’s Pope. le Vatican dans la guerre. Mais il lui Les chapitres traitant de la explication plus simple : d’abord cation. Il ne s’agit dès lors plus des questions qui échappent à sa compé- Mais l’enquête de Cornwell a- arrive aussi d’avoir la main moins deuxième guerre mondiale n’ap- préoccupé de Rome et du catholi- nazis et de leurs méfaits, mais de tence. Il sait néanmoins que d’éven- t-elle produit, sur un personnage qui heureuse, voire de travailler sans portent rien de franchement nou- cisme, il n’était pas assez sensible au l’Eglise de Jean Paul II, présenté tuelles béatifications pontificales n’est plus un inconnu, les révélations filet. S’il maîtrise la bibliographie de veau. Un sort y est d’abord fait à la sort des juifs pour rompre à leur pro- comme « Pie XII redivivus » dans un marqueront l’avenir du catholicisme, Jean d’Ormesson, que promet le sous-titre français ? Et poursuite par le pape de la fit son parti pris de non-intervention dernier chapitre approximatif que tout comme la canonisation de Pie X, que vaut la révision proposée par Etienne Fouilloux politique d’apaisement du dans le conflit, ni pour risquer de cette perspective seule justifie. En en 1954, a marqué la fin du règne de rapport à la masse des travaux exis- secrétaire d’Etat : tout lui mettre en plus grand danger ses 1964-1965, des voix s’élevèrent pour Pie XII. tants ? Sur le premier point, la langue ou de traduction anglaise, il paraît bon pour sauver la paix, fidèles. que Vatican II canonisât Jean XXIII réponse doit être nuancée. Cornwell connaît mal les travaux français et jusqu’à prêter main forte au complot John Cornwell ne se satisfait pas par acclamation. Paul VI bloqua l’ini- LE PAPE ET HITLER utilise deux types d’inédits : les italiens. D’où d’assez nombreuses pour renverser Hitler, au cours de de la banalité d’un tel constat. «Le tiative en ouvrant simultanément L’histoire secrète de Pie XII témoignages recueillis pour le procès erreurs de détail qui font douter de la l’hiver 1939-1940. Attesté par plu- verdict est sans appel : de la somme de une procédure de béatification pour (Hitler’s Pope) de béatification et la correspondance fiabilité de l’ensemble (la loi française sieurs sources, l’épisode demeure recherches se dégage l’image non pas Pie XII et Jean XXIII : il fallait empê- de John Cornwell. de Francis Osborne, représentant de de 1901 ne proscrit pas l’enseigne- énigmatique, tant il tranche sur la d’une figure exemplaire de saint, mais cher toute rupture de continuité Albin Michel, 504 p., Londres auprès du Saint-Siège ment congréganiste [p. 67] ; l’Action prudence habituelle de Pacelli. Corn- d’un être humain pétri de défauts. entre les deux pontificats. Depuis, les 150 F (22,86 ¤). durant la guerre. Mais les dépêches catholique peut difficilement passer well s’attache ensuite aux « silences » du début de la nonciature Pacelli pour « une forme anémiée de rassem- de Pie XII : silence sur les atrocités en Allemagne (1917-1922) étaient blement dominé par les clercs » croates, sur l’extermination des juifs connues : accessibles, comme l’en- [p. 150]...). – à l’exception d’une allusion dans le semble des actes du pontificat de Mais qu’en est-il des thèses défen- message de Noël 1942 –, sur la rafle Benoît XV, elles ont déjà été exploi- dues dans l’ouvrage sur les deux romaine du 11 octobre 1942 qui se tées par des études que Cornwell points majeurs des rapports avec déroule sous ses fenêtres. Pour Corn- méconnaît. Il y a donc peu de révéla- l’Allemagne et de la Shoah ? Au well, les interventions discrètes tions dans son livre, si ce n’est le pro- nombre des rédacteurs du code de auprès des autorités oppressives et jet d’enlèvement du pape nourri par droit canon de 1917, Pacelli s’applique l’ouverture des institutions reli- Hitler, en 1943, qu’a raconté l’ancien à en inscrire les obligations dans un gieuses aux persécutés ne comblent officier chargé de l’exécuter. concordat qui soumettrait le catholi- pas l’absence d’une parole solennelle. Les témoignages recueillis pro- cisme allemand à Rome. La Répu- Le pape savait. Il aurait dû parler posent un profil psychologique plau- blique de Weimar refuse des exi- haut et fort ; son intervention aurait sible de Pacelli. Car l’ouvrage ne se gences qu’Hitler accepte en des pu arrêter la main des bourreaux. cantonne pas au tête-à-tête avec le termes trop peu précis pour l’engager Nouvelles conjectures. Pourquoi Linn Ullmann... nazisme. Ainsi, apparaît la figure vraiment. Selon Cornwell, Pacelli Pie XII s’est-il abstenu de parler, se d’un enfant voué dès son jeune âge aurait ainsi sacrifié les capacités de demande donc Cornwell dans une au service du Saint-Siège, déjà fra- résistance de l’Eglise locale à sa ligne plus historienne ? Parce qu’il gile, pieux, travailleur et solitaire, puis romanisation : dès le concordat était imprégné d’antijudaïsme, voire celle du fonctionnaire qui gravit rapi- signé, en juillet 1933, la confrontation d’antisémitisme, répond-il, sans en dement les échelons de la Curie, cède la place à la conciliation. La paraître bien convaincu lui-même. jusqu’à devenir, après avoir été de thèse a l’originalité de déplacer Les indices glanés n’emportent guère 1929 à 1939 le principal collaborateur l’explication du politique (peur du la conviction, si ce n’est la dépêche de Pie XI, l’incarnation de la romanité communisme, souci d’opposer le du 18 avril 1919 où le nonce à Munich et un postulant logique à la tiare ; droit aux empiétements nazis) vers le ne voit que des juifs parmi les révolu- enfin celle d’un pape que son ascé- religieux.
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