litura Yao Chiang Yao - Spodoptera Ming Applied Zoology Division, TARI Division,Applied Zoology CASE STUDY CASE Territory of Taiwan, in the Separate Customs Customs in the Separate Penghu, Kinmenand Matsu Penghu, Controlling

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 1 litura : litura Spodoptera wide control - litura Spodoptera S.

Monitoring system IPM strategy Examples and results of area Origins and outbreak of

➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ Conclusions Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu and and Matsu and Kinmen Penghu, controlling on Study Case The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Taiwan, of Territory Customs Separate The • • • Outline

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 2 2 East of East - 36,000 km 36,000 million 23.57 South Asia Land area: Population: Location: Location: Where TerritoryCustoms Separate the is of and Matsu? Kinmen Penghu, Taiwan,

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 3 2014) et al., et (Chen (Chen Male (1,000 persons)Male (1,000 Cropland concentration rates concentration Cropland 49 64 - - >65 <39 40 50 – difficulty in getting information in getting difficulty Female (1,000 persons) (1,000Female land land fragmentation: - Smallholder Smallholder farming  Rate of cropland cropland of Rate ≈ 21.9% Crop cropland 0.75 ha. area farmerper ≈ Average Total ≈ 745,000 745,000 ha. ≈ Total Average age of farmer population population age of farmer ≈ 62 Average have Older farmers Population Population and age structure Cropland Area Cropland Agriculturalresources • •

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 4 From CABI Jan. 2019 Jan. CABI From worldwide litura S. S. & Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, of Territory Customs Separate yet) – reported in the in the reported frugiperda S. S. frugiperda Spodoptera (No Matsu and Kinmen Penghu, The spread of of spread The •

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 5 litura 23 - 6 tobacco, vegetable,..) 261 15 1500 (max.) 1500 >120 species >120 900 900 (average) Spodoptera litura S. S. (Peanut, soybean, and and frugiperda 30 frugiperda - 340 10.9 14 S. S. 2000 (max.) 2000 >350 species >350 1500 (average) 1500 Spodoptera (Maize, rice, sorghum, cotton, grasses,..) C) ° Growing degree Growing days Threshold Threshold ( temperature laid by single by laid female (days) Larva stage Host eggs of Numbers Comparisons between

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 6 ♂ ♀ litura Spodoptera Controlling Spodoptera - Noctuidae Lepidoptera Genus: − Family: − Order: litura − S. Armyworm) (Tobacco cutworm, Case Study Study Case

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 7 005 Nov. 2 Nov. – Lin County County Lin - ) damage in Yun in damage ) S. litura Peanuts Tobacco cutworm ( cutworm Tobacco The story starts …. with

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 8 litura Damage to crops Damage Spodoptera Outbreaks of of Outbreaks in Yunlin in 2006. Yunlin in …. …. litura Spodoptera Outbreaks of • and continues with continues and

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 9 ha 65: 1 - 花生 Peanut 0,000/ 21 3 Need Need limit Crops (Data collected in 2006) in (Datacollected - 0 玉米 Maize risk host risk - ha / 148: 1 大豆 - 9000 Soybean 48 1 ha 139: - 0,000/ 太陽麻 1 Sun hemp 45 Green manures Green ha X 田菁 0,000/ Sesbania 41 (green manure, without any control) was high any control) without (greenmanure, 平均蟲數 sesbania farm Average density Average Host feeding preference feeding Host 田菁與其它旱作之比較 Sesbania Ratio of pest density compare to 

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 10 2 > 12 / 0.36m / > 12 2 Chemical controlChemical controlChemical Suggested treatment Chemical control, Plowing Chemical Mass trappingMass (pheromone) trappingMass (pheromone) 12 / 0.36m 12 / - 4 damage levels 5,000 40,000 200,000 800,000 2 1,200,000 No. of larvae/ha 4 / 0.36m 4 / 5% - peanut (%) 2 25% 50% 70% 80% ＜ – Leaf damage Leaf 2 2 7 30 45 1.5 0.25 No. of 2 / 0.36m 2 / - 0 larvae/0.36m ) 2 100 pupae (each = 0.36m(each Choosing 4 areas areas 4 Choosing Sampling the Sampling =0.598 2 R 10 0.1249Ln(x) +0.6785 0.1249Ln(x) - y y = 蟲數 1 0.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 100.0% Damage assessment

0.1 梗重 / number of number 葉重 stem, leaves,stem, Weighing the Weighing and fruit pod pod fruit and Counting the Counting larvae in the area the in larvae

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 11 Actions takenActions Mass trappingMass theat pesticide Using timeright neededwhen Plowing • • • Farmer monitoring Pest density density Pest Understand pestUnderstand fluctuations alarmEarly decisionof Basis • • • litura S. Farmers Association Farmers educationFarmers Convergence/ consensus promotion Technique • • Extension station Extension University Researchinstitute IPM strategy draftingIPM strategy Unify usefultechniquesUnify strategiesDevelop • • Farmers’ Education Farmers’ What we do to control control to do we What

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 12 .

Assocn (Bureau of of (Bureau November - operated operated by

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West region West - by BAPHIQ by BAPHIQ d term monitoring across the the across monitoring term e - Focus on Focus or Annual monitoring Annual → The South The area) agricultural (main monitoring Density sites) monitored 285 towns; (57 Long sites) island(16 whole → onitoring onitoring project pons M TARI and S Inspection Health Plant and Animal Quarantine) method trap Using pheromone collected Data every 10 days Cooperation Farmers with ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ Monitoring System System Monitoring

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 13 armigera population population H. pest pests in pests townships 57 exigua S. Noctuidae litura Newsletters monitored showing density of three S. Fluctuations Noctuidae in Fluctuations

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 14 Separate the the IPM) in IPM) cultivation - and monitoring chemical pesticides chemical Matsu - - - and non - nematode, and parasitoid wasp parasitoid and nematode, - NPV, NPV, , Greenhouse planting Greenhouse Sticky traps, light traps light traps, Sticky Bt Mass trapping Mass and Chemical Other Other Physical controls controls Physical Biocontrols Using sex pheromone sex pheromone Using controls Chemical • • • • • Customs Customs Territory andKinmen Penghu, of Taiwan, Integrated Management( Pest

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 15 B C A D for monitoring purposesmonitoring for – Pheromone

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 16 for mass trapping mass for purposes – wide control wide - traps per hectare per traps Lures renewed monthly renewed Lures Operated by farmers Operated planting crop from Start 4 Cooperation with Farmers Farmers with Cooperation Association education Farmers Area • • • • • • • Pheromones

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 17 1 2 6 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 9 2 2 1 3 1 11 65 12 Amount of pesticides Amount 13 14 15 18 22A 22B 24A 28 un 1A 1B 3A 4A 5 6 11 12A ------Class IRAC IRAC IRAC IRAC IRAC IRAC IRAC IRAC IRAC Ia Mixure Others Total IRAC IRAC IRAC IRAC IRAC IRAC IRAC IRAC ) control litura S.

pesticides for pesticides

Operated by farmers Operated Rotation strategy Rotation Resistance monitoring Resistance 65 (Pesticideinformation website https://pesticide.baphiq.gov.tw/web/Insecticides_MenuItem1.aspx Chemical controls Chemical • • • •

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 18 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Walff ) (Matsumura) ( ) (Wolff) ) Dejean Uchida) ( Sonan Wiedemann Wesmael ( (Ashmead) ( ( ( Fabricius Szepligeti Fabricius ( Navás ( Moraritz ( Curtis) ( ( (Ashmead) Haliday ( ( (Nixon) Linneus Kurdjumov ( ( Poppius Szepligeti Haliday ( ( ( (Walker) farcellafa javanus furcellata dendrolimi rufifrons chlorideae remus sp. manilae ruficrus pallidipes tuberculifer naeviger fuscipes formosanus sp. spinidens bicolor splendidula desjardinsi basalis plutellae ruficrus caerulea strigicollis d Natural Enemy the in Enemy Natural d Mallada Apanteles Campoletis Charops Chelonus Cotesia Cotesia Euplectrus Meteorus brownirufus Metopius Microplitis Microplitis Snellenius Telenomus Trichogramma Calleida Chlaenius Paederus Pheropsophus Pseudogonia Andrallus Cantheconidea Eocanthecona Orius Zicrona Mallada Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu and Kinmen Penghu, Recorde Diptera Separate Customs Territory Taiwan, of Territory Customs Separate Hemiptera Coleoptera Neuroptera Hymenoptera ) (Ashmead) Szepligeti ( anisopliae manilae brongniartii bicolor bicolor thuningiensis (Commercial application) (Commercial

Bacillus Bacillus NPV Charops Beauveria Metarhizium Snellenius • • • • • • Entomopathogenic Entomopathogenic nematodes worms) (thread Virus Bacteria Bacteria Fungus

Parasitoids Parasitoids Biological control Biological agents • • • • •

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 19 : : : : ha. control Main strategy action before Taking outbreak. pest in whole Trapping area. Constantly refreshing lures. Result Reduced damage & pesticide usage Area 500 (incl. 200 ha. peanut) Operated by farmers: Methods Pheromone mass trapping chemical & in 2007 in High Damage rate >30 % Damage rateHigh >30 Tungshi in in litura 1% ≒ S. S. control wide control of control High Damage rateHigh - Area wide - Area

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 20 pest density, density, pest - wide wide pheromone - Demonstration Demonstration Through Through area trapping mass crop damage and pesticide usage were reduced. site mass trapping mass wide control at Asparagus farm Asparagus at control wide - Area

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 21 risk host planting (green manure) (green planting host risk - wide control …. control wide - reduces the probability of an outbreak probabilitythe reduces

Announcing epidemic information information epidemic Announcing & area IPM Limiting high Limiting dynamics pest Monitoring • • • • Conclusions

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 22 requires: FAW FAW and destroy at the beginning iscover d , the rapid pervasion of of pervasion rapid the Test for Pheromone of FAW for Pheromone of FAW Test Collect and pay attention to epidemic information Develop automatictrapping system And, if FAW invades And, if FAW Prevent the invasion of FAW ntended purposentended • • • • • I Preparation To fight To

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 23 [email protected] to prevent to prevent

Thanks Thanks for listening

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FAW pervasion FAW W Message … Message

Taiwan AgriculturalTARI Research Institute 24