Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan CASE STUDY TARI Controlling Spodoptera litura in the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu Ming-Yao Chiang 1 Applied Zoology Division, TARI Outline Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan • The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu and Spodoptera litura • Case Study on controlling Spodoptera litura: TARI ➢ Origins and outbreak of S. litura ➢ Monitoring system ➢ IPM strategy ➢ Examples and results of area-wide control • Conclusions 2 Where is the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu? TARI Location: South-East of Asia Land area: 36,000 km2 Population: 23.57 million 3 Agricultural resources – Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan • Cropland Area Total ≈ 745,000 ha. Rate of cropland ≈ 21.9% Crop-land fragmentation: Average cropland area per farmer ≈ 0.75 ha. TARI Smallholder farming • Population and age structure Cropland concentration rates Average age of farmer population ≈ 62 (Chen et al., 2014) Older farmers have difficulty in getting information Female (1,000 persons) Male (1,000 persons) >65 50-64 40-49 4 <39 • The spread of S. frugiperda & S. litura worldwide Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan (No Spodoptera frugiperda reported in the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu – yet) TARI 5 From CABI Jan. 2019 Comparisons between S. frugiperda and S. litura Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan Spodoptera frugiperda Spodoptera litura >350 species >120 species Host (Maize, rice, sorghum, cotton, grasses,..) (Peanut, soybean, tobacco, vegetable,..) Numbers of eggs 1500 (average) 900 (average) laid by single 2000 (max.) 1500 (max.) female TARI Larva stage (days) 14-30 15-23 Threshold 10.9 6 temperature (°C) Growing degree 340 261 days 6 Case Study - Controlling Spodoptera litura Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan S. litura (Tobacco cutworm, Armyworm) − Order: Lepidoptera − Family: Noctuidae TARI − Genus: Spodoptera ♀ 7 ♂ The story starts with …. Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan Tobacco cutworm (S. litura) damage in Yun-Lin County – Nov. 2005 TARI Peanuts 8 and continues with …. Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan • Outbreaks of Spodoptera litura in Yunlin in 2006. Outbreaks of Spodoptera litura TARI Damage to crops 9 Host feeding preference (Data collected in 2006) Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan Green manures Crops Sesbania Sun hemp Soybean Maize Peanut 田菁 太陽麻 大豆 玉米 花生 Ratio of pest density compare to sesbania farm X 45-139 : 1 48-148 : 1 - 21-65 : 1 田菁與其它旱作之比較 TARI Average density 平均蟲數 410,000/ha 10,000/ha 9000/ha 0 30,000/ha 10 Sesbania (green manure, without any control) was high-risk host Need limit Damage assessment – peanut damage levels 0-2 / 0.36m2 2-4 / 0.36m2 4-12 / 0.36m2 > 12 / 0.36m2 Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan Choosing 4 areas (each = 0.36m2) Counting the number of larvae in the area TARI Sampling the pupae No. of Leaf damage No. of larvae/ha Suggested treatment Weighing the larvae/0.36m2 (%) stem, leaves, and fruit pod 0.25 ＜5% 5,000 Mass trapping (pheromone) 100.0% 1.5 25% 40,000 Mass trapping (pheromone) 80.0% y = -0.1249Ln(x) + 0.6785 R2 = 0.598 梗重 / 60.0% 7 50% 200,000 Chemical control 葉重 40.0% 30 70% 800,000 Chemical control 11 20.0% 0.0% 0.1 1 10 100 45 80% 1,200,000 Chemical control, Plowing 蟲數 What we do to control S. litura Pest density IPM strategy drafting Farmers education Actions taken Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan monitoring • Unify useful techniques • Convergence/ • Understand pest • Mass trapping • Develop strategies consensus fluctuations • Using pesticide at the • Technique promotion • Early alarm right time • Basis of decision • Plowing when needed TARI Farmers’ Education Research institute Farmers Extension station Farmer Association University 12 Long-term monitoring across the Monitoring System whole island (16 sites) Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan → Annual monitoring The South-West region (main agricultural area) Density monitoring (57 towns; 285 monitored sites) TARI → Focus on June - November ➢ Monitoring project operated by TARI ➢ Sponsored by BAPHIQ (Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine) ➢ Using pheromone trap method ➢ Data collected every 10 days 13 ➢ Cooperation with Farmers Assocn. Newsletters showing monitored density of Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan three Noctuidae pests in 57 townships S. litura S. exigua H. armigera TARI Fluctuations in Noctuidae pest population 14 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan Matsu • Using sex pheromone - Mass trapping and monitoring TARI • Chemical controls - Chemical and non-chemical pesticides • Physical controls - Sticky traps, light traps • Biocontrols - Bt, NPV, nematode, and parasitoid wasp • Other - 15 Greenhouse planting and cultivation Pheromone – for monitoring purposes A Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan B TARI C D 16 Pheromones – for mass trapping purposes Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan • Area-wide control • Cooperation with Farmers Association TARI • Farmers education • Operated by farmers • Start from crop planting • 4 traps per hectare • Lures renewed monthly 17 Class Amount of pesticides Chemical controls IRAC-1A 3 Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan IRAC-1B 12 IRAC-3A 9 IRAC-4A 2 • 65 pesticides for S. litura control IRAC-5 2 (Pesticide information website https://pesticide.baphiq.gov.tw/web/Insecticides_MenuItem1.aspx) IRAC-6 1 IRAC-11 3 IRAC-12A 1 TARI • Resistance monitoring IRAC-13 1 IRAC-14 2 • Rotation strategy IRAC-15 6 IRAC-18 3 IRAC-22A 1 • Operated by farmers IRAC-22B 1 IRAC-24A 1 IRAC-28 2 IRAC-un 1 Ia 1 Mixure 11 Others 2 18 Total 65 Biological control agents Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan Recorded Natural Enemy in the • Parasitoids Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu • Snellenius manilae (Ashmead) Andrallus spinidens (Fabricius) Cantheconidea farcellafa (Walff) Hemiptera Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff) • Charops bicolor (Szepligeti) Orius strigicollis (Poppius) Zicrona caerulea (Linneus) Mallada basalis (Walker) • Fungus Neuroptera TARI Mallada desjardinsi (Navás) Apanteles ruficrus (Haliday) • Beauveria brongniartii Campoletis chlorideae (Uchida) Charops bicolor (Szepligeti) • Metarhizium anisopliae Chelonus formosanus (Sonan) Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) Cotesia ruficrus (Haliday) • Bacteria (Commercial application) Euplectrus sp. Hymenoptera Meteorus sp. • Bacillus thuningiensis Metopius rufus browni (Ashmead) Microplitis pallidipes (Szepligeti) Microplitis tuberculifer (Wesmael) • Virus Snellenius manilae (Ashmead) Telenomus remus (Nixon) • NPV Trichogramma dendrolimi (Matsumura) Calleida splendidula (Fabricius) Chlaenius naeviger (Moraritz) Coleoptera • Entomopathogenic nematodes (thread worms) Paederus fuscipes (Curtis) 19 Pheropsophus javanus (Dejean) Diptera Pseudogonia rufifrons (Wiedemann) Area-wide control of S. litura in Tungshi in 2007 Area: 500 ha. Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan (incl. 200 ha. peanut) Operated by farmers: Area-wide control High Damage rate >30 % Methods: Pheromone mass trapping & chemical TARI control Main strategy: Taking action before outbreak. High Damage rate ≒ 1% Trapping pest in whole area. Constantly refreshing lures. Result: 20 Reduced damage & pesticide usage Area-wide control at Asparagus farm Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan TARI Demonstration Through area-wide pheromone mass trapping - pest density, 21 crop damage and pesticide mass trapping site usage were reduced. Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan Conclusions • Limiting high-risk host planting (green manure) TARI • Monitoring pest dynamics • Announcing epidemic information • IPM & area-wide control …. reduces the probability of an outbreak 22 To fight the rapid pervasion of FAW requires: Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan Preparation • Collect and pay attention to epidemic information TARI • Develop automatic trapping system • Test for Pheromone of FAW Intended purpose • Prevent the invasion of FAW 23 • And, if FAW invades, discover and destroy at the beginning Taiwan Agricultural Institute Agricultural Research Taiwan Message … Work together to prevent TARI FAW pervasion Thanks for listening 24 [email protected].