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Country Report on Pollution in the BOBLME – Indonesia

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Country Report on Pollution in the BOBLME – Indonesia BOBLME-2011-Ecology-02 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. For bibliographic purposes, please reference this publication as: BOBLME (2011) Country report on pollution in the BOBLME – Indonesia. BOBLME-2011-Ecology-02 i BOBLME-2011-Ecology-02 INDONESIA COUNTRY REPORT: LAND-BASED SOURCES OF MARINE POLLUTION ii Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................................................................... II LIST OF TABLE....................................................................................................................................VI LIST OF FIGURE ................................................................................................................................ VII I THE BAY OF BENGAL COAST OF INDONESIA .................................................... I-25 1.1 BIO-GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES ........................................................................................I-25 1.1.1 Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) .........................................................I-25 1.1.2 North Sumatera .......................................................................................I-26 1.1.3 Riau and Riau Islands .............................................................................I-26 1.1.4 West Sumatera .......................................................................................I-26 1.2 COASTAL ACTIVITIES .........................................................................................................I-28 1.2.1 High economic value in terms of GDP .....................................................I-28 1.2.2 Important livelihoods and human wellbeing .............................................I-33 II OVERVIEW OF SOURCES OF POLLUTION .......................................................... II-35 2.1 LAND BASED .................................................................................................................... II-35 2.2 SEA/MARINE BASED ........................................................................................................ II-37 2.3 PRIORITY CATEGORIES OF PARAMETERS ....................................................................... II-40 III EXISTING WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS ........................................................................................................... III-41 3.1 GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 82 YEAR 2001 ON WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ...................................................... III-41 3.2 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT DECREE NO. 51 YEAR 2004 ON MARINE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS ..................................................................................................... III-42 3.3 DRAFT MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT DECREE ON MARINE SEDIMENTS STANDARDS .................................................................................................................... III-43 IV THE NATIONAL PROGRAMME – COASTAL OCEAN MONITORING AND PREDICTION SYSTEM .......................................................................... IV-45 4.1 MAPPING HOTSPOTS ALONG THE COAST ...................................................................... IV-45 4.2 TIME SERIES ANALYSIS AND SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS ..................................................... IV-49 4.3 ROLE OF MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND MINISTRY OF FISHERIES ......................... IV-49 4.4 NATIONAL LABORATORIES ............................................................................................. IV-50 4.5 RESEARCH ...................................................................................................................... IV-51 iii V PRESENT STATUS OF MARINE POLLUTION: CONTAMINANT LEVELS IN WATER, SEDIMENT, FISH AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES ............................................................................ V-52 5.1 EUTROPHICATION AND NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; CHLOROPHYLL; COD, SUSPENDED SUBSTANCES.................................................................................................................... V-52 5.2 OIL POLLUTION AND OIL SPILL, REFINERY WASTE WATER AND OFF SHORE OPERATIONS, ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF OIL POLLUTION ............................................... V-54 5.3 HEAVY METALS AND PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS) .............................. V-58 5.4 GENERAL STATUS AND TRENDS OF MARINE POLLUTION: TREND HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS (HABS); TOXIN-PRODUCING AND SHELLFISH POISONING; PATHOGEN ORGANISMS-VIRUSES AND BACTERIA; THE HEALTH OF COASTAL ORGANISMS ............ V-62 VI TRANS BOUNDARY COASTAL POLLUTION ISSUES AND CONCERNS ....................................................................................................... VI-63 VII INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS, CONVENTIONS, AND PROTOCOLS ADOPTED ............................................................................... VII-66 7.1 THE AGENDA 21 (CHAPTER 17) OF THE UN CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ...................................................................................................... VII-66 7.2 GLOBAL PROGRAMME OF ACTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM LAND-BASED ACTIVITIES (GPA), 1995 ................................... VII-67 7.3 STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS, 2001 ............ VII-68 7.4 LONDON CONVENTIONS 1972 AND ITS 1996 PROTOCOL .......................................... VII-68 7.5 MARPOL (INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS, 1973 AND THE PROTOCOL OF 1978).................................................... VII-68 VIII POLICY, ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS AND LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL ..................................................................... VIII-70 8.1 THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT AND RULES.......... VIII-70 8.2 THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT AND RULES ................................................ VIII-72 8.3 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS .................................................................................... VIII-72 8.4 EIA/SEA FOR CLEARANCE AND APPROVAL OF PROJECTS THAT HAVE POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON THE WATER QUALITY AND COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT IN GENERAL ...................................................................................................................... VIII-75 8.5 OTHER INSTRUMENTS AND KEY SECTOR POLICIES.................................................... VIII-78 8.6 MARKET-BASED INSTRUMENT ..................................................................................... VIII-80 IX INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL AND ENFORCEMENT OF EXISTING POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONS .......... IX-82 9.1 POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD ....................................................................................... IX-82 9.2 INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR POLLUTION CONTROL ............................................ IX-82 X GAPS .............................................................................................................................. X-84 iv 10.1 GAP ANALYSIS ON RIVER BASIN AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT ................................... X-84 10.2 REPORT CARD OF POLLUTION STATUS TO PUBLIC ....................................................... X-86 XI PRIORITY ACTIONS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES REQUIRED ..................... XI-87 11.1 PRIORITY ACTIONS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES REQUIRED AT THE NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL LEVEL ......................................................................................... XI-87 XII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................... XII-91 ANNEXES XII-92 v List of Tables Table 1. Extent and distribution of critical land up to 2006 .............................................. I-26 Table 2. Distribution of water temperature, salinity, turbidity and light transmission in the Malacca Straits, September 2001. ....................................................... I-28 Table 3. Production data of capture fisheries by province in Sumatra 2005 - 2007......... I-30 Table 4. Total number of fishing gear and fishermen in Belawan Fishing Port ................ I-31 Table 5. Number of fishing boats used in NAD, North Sumatra and Riau,1995 .............. I-31 Table 6. Quantity of fish culture production by province and fishery sub sector, 2005-2007 (ton) ..................................................................................................... I-32 Table 7. List of oil and gas companies under PROPER during 2005-2007 (Source: Ministry of Environment, 2008) .......................................................................... I-34 Table 8.. Marine water quality in the Straitsof Malacca .................................................. II-35 Table 9. Use of pesticides and fertilizers in paddy fields in Indonesia (1998-1999) ....... II-37 Table 10. Breakdown of shipping casualties in the Malacca Straits, 1977-1993 ............ II-39 Table 11. Water quality of Siak and
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