BOBLME-2011-Ecology-02

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

For bibliographic purposes, please reference this publication as: BOBLME (2011) Country report on pollution in the BOBLME – . BOBLME-2011-Ecology-02

i BOBLME-2011-Ecology-02 INDONESIA COUNTRY REPORT:

LAND-BASED SOURCES OF MARINE POLLUTION

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Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENT ...... II

LIST OF TABLE...... VI

LIST OF FIGURE ...... VII

I THE BAY OF BENGAL COAST OF INDONESIA ...... I-25

1.1 BIO-GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES ...... I-25 1.1.1 Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) ...... I-25 1.1.2 North Sumatera ...... I-26 1.1.3 Riau and ...... I-26 1.1.4 West Sumatera ...... I-26

1.2 COASTAL ACTIVITIES ...... I-28 1.2.1 High economic value in terms of GDP ...... I-28 1.2.2 Important livelihoods and human wellbeing ...... I-33

II OVERVIEW OF SOURCES OF POLLUTION ...... II-35

2.1 LAND BASED ...... II-35

2.2 SEA/MARINE BASED ...... II-37

2.3 PRIORITY CATEGORIES OF PARAMETERS ...... II-40

III EXISTING WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS ...... III-41

3.1 GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 82 YEAR 2001 ON WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ...... III-41

3.2 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT DECREE NO. 51 YEAR 2004 ON MARINE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS ...... III-42

3.3 DRAFT MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT DECREE ON MARINE SEDIMENTS STANDARDS ...... III-43

IV THE NATIONAL PROGRAMME – COASTAL OCEAN MONITORING AND PREDICTION SYSTEM ...... IV-45

4.1 MAPPING HOTSPOTS ALONG THE COAST ...... IV-45

4.2 TIME SERIES ANALYSIS AND SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS ...... IV-49

4.3 ROLE OF MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND MINISTRY OF FISHERIES ...... IV-49

4.4 NATIONAL LABORATORIES ...... IV-50

4.5 RESEARCH ...... IV-51

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V PRESENT STATUS OF MARINE POLLUTION: CONTAMINANT LEVELS IN WATER, SEDIMENT, FISH AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...... V-52

5.1 EUTROPHICATION AND NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; CHLOROPHYLL; COD, SUSPENDED SUBSTANCES...... V-52

5.2 OIL POLLUTION AND OIL SPILL, REFINERY WASTE WATER AND OFF SHORE OPERATIONS, ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF OIL POLLUTION ...... V-54

5.3 HEAVY METALS AND PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS) ...... V-58

5.4 GENERAL STATUS AND TRENDS OF MARINE POLLUTION: TREND HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS (HABS); TOXIN-PRODUCING AND SHELLFISH POISONING; PATHOGEN ORGANISMS-VIRUSES AND BACTERIA; THE HEALTH OF COASTAL ORGANISMS ...... V-62

VI TRANS BOUNDARY COASTAL POLLUTION ISSUES AND CONCERNS ...... VI-63

VII INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS, CONVENTIONS, AND PROTOCOLS ADOPTED ...... VII-66

7.1 THE AGENDA 21 (CHAPTER 17) OF THE UN CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ...... VII-66

7.2 GLOBAL PROGRAMME OF ACTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM LAND-BASED ACTIVITIES (GPA), 1995 ...... VII-67

7.3 STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS, 2001 ...... VII-68

7.4 LONDON CONVENTIONS 1972 AND ITS 1996 PROTOCOL ...... VII-68

7.5 MARPOL (INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS, 1973 AND THE PROTOCOL OF 1978)...... VII-68

VIII POLICY, ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS AND LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL ...... VIII-70

8.1 THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT AND RULES...... VIII-70

8.2 THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT AND RULES ...... VIII-72

8.3 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS ...... VIII-72

8.4 EIA/SEA FOR CLEARANCE AND APPROVAL OF PROJECTS THAT HAVE POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON THE WATER QUALITY AND COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT IN GENERAL ...... VIII-75

8.5 OTHER INSTRUMENTS AND KEY SECTOR POLICIES...... VIII-78

8.6 MARKET-BASED INSTRUMENT ...... VIII-80

IX INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL AND ENFORCEMENT OF EXISTING POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONS ...... IX-82

9.1 POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD ...... IX-82

9.2 INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR POLLUTION CONTROL ...... IX-82

X GAPS ...... X-84

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10.1 GAP ANALYSIS ON RIVER BASIN AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT ...... X-84

10.2 REPORT CARD OF POLLUTION STATUS TO PUBLIC ...... X-86

XI PRIORITY ACTIONS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES REQUIRED ...... XI-87

11.1 PRIORITY ACTIONS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES REQUIRED AT THE NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL LEVEL ...... XI-87

XII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...... XII-91

ANNEXES XII-92

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List of Tables

Table 1. Extent and distribution of critical land up to 2006 ...... I-26 Table 2. Distribution of water temperature, salinity, turbidity and light transmission in the Malacca Straits, September 2001...... I-28 Table 3. Production data of capture fisheries by province in 2005 - 2007...... I-30 Table 4. Total number of fishing gear and fishermen in Belawan Fishing Port ...... I-31 Table 5. Number of fishing boats used in NAD, North Sumatra and Riau,1995 ...... I-31 Table 6. Quantity of fish culture production by province and fishery sub sector, 2005-2007 (ton) ...... I-32 Table 7. List of oil and gas companies under PROPER during 2005-2007 (Source: Ministry of Environment, 2008) ...... I-34 Table 8.. Marine water quality in the Straitsof Malacca ...... II-35 Table 9. Use of pesticides and fertilizers in paddy fields in Indonesia (1998-1999) ...... II-37 Table 10. Breakdown of shipping casualties in the Malacca Straits, 1977-1993 ...... II-39 Table 11. Water quality of Siak and Batanghari River ...... III-42 Table 12. Concentration of marine sediment in several locations and draft of marine sediment standard ...... III-44 Table 13. Several roles of MoE and MoMAF ...... IV-50 Table 14. Estimation of the amount of solid waste (Gigagram) by province, 2000 - 2007 . V- 54 Table 15. Oil spill events, 1975-2004 ...... V-57 Table 16. Heavy metal concentrations (ppm) in sediments of marine and coastal areas in Indonesia ...... 61 Table 17 . Laws and regulations, international conventions and protocols ratified ...... VII-66 Table 18 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act and rules in Indonesia ...... VIII-70 Table 19. Major pollutants from land-based activities or land use ...... VIII-73 Table 20. Minimum pollutants controlled by type of industry ...... VIII-74 Table 21 Status of POPs in Indonesia ...... VIII-80 Table 22. Gap analysis on coastal and marine environmental management and protection in Indonesia ...... X-85

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Area of Bay of Bengal in Indonesia ...... I-25 Figure 2. Major crude oil routes and oil demand for East Asia ...... II-39 Figure 3. Coral reefs in the world ...... IV-46 Figure 4. Distribution of coral reefs in Indonesia ...... IV-47 Figure 5. Conditions of coral reefs in 985 Locations in Indonesian coasts (2004 to 2008) ...... IV-48 Figure 6. Distribution of mangroves in Indonesia ...... IV-49 Figure 7. Distribution of annual mean chlorophyll a in Indonesian waters ...... V-53 Figure 8. Solid waste in Aceh after Tsunami, 2004 ...... V-54 Figure 9. Waste water discharge permits to the sea from oil, gas and geothermal industries ...... V-55 Figure 10. Distribution of permits for waste water discharge to the sea in Indonesia .... V-55 Figure 11. Summary of documented occurrence of arsenic in the aquifers of Indonesia and its potential sources (natural: geothermal and volcanic activities, anthropogenic: mining and oil/gas production-related sources)...... V-58 Figure 12. Concentration of arsenic in the Natuna and East Sumatra waters ...... V-59 Figure 13. Concentration of arsenic in the South Sumatra groundwater ...... V-59 Figure 14. Number of EIA reports produced from1999 until October 2004 ...... VIII-75 Figure 15. EIA process in Indonesia...... VIII-76 Figure 16. Procedure of public participation in the EIA ...... VIII-77 Figure 17. Sample of map on proposed project under EIA ...... VIII-78

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List of Annexes

ANNEX 1:

GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 82 YEAR 2001 ON WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL

CLASSIFICATION OF WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

ANNEX 2:

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT DECREE NUMBER 51 YEAR 2004

MARINE WATER QUALITY STANDARD FOR PORT

ANNEX 3:

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT DECREE NUMBER 51 YEAR 2004

MARINE WATER QUALITY STANDARD FOR MARINE TOURISM

ANNEX 4:

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT DECREE NUMBER 51 YEAR 2004

MARINE WATER QUALITY STANDARD FOR MARINE BIOTA

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I THE BAY OF BENGAL COAST OF INDONESIA

1.1 BIO-GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

The Indonesian marine ecosystem that is part of the Bay of Bengal (BOB) is the northern part of Sumatra that consists of four provinces: Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, North Sumatera, West Sumatera, and Riau. The total area of BOBLME area in Indonesia is estimated about 490.000 km2. The coverage of Indonesian land and waters as a part of the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem can be seen on Figure 1. below.

Figure 1. Area of Bay of Bengal in Indonesia

1.1.1 Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) NAD is a province that lays between 2o - 6o northern latitude and 95o - 98o eastern longitude, temperature rate 25oC, and annual rainfall around 3.0 to 245.9 mm. Eastern and Nothern part of NAD are across with the Malacca Strait, western part is , and Southern part is North Sumatera Province. Total area of the province is about 57,755.87 km2, consists of 21 districts and cities and 5,254 villages. Population of NAD in year 2005 is 3,983,865 with the growth rate during the period of 2004-2005 of 1.65% and sex ratio about 1.3 (Statistic Bureau, 2005).

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1.1.2 North Sumatera North Sumatra is a large province stretching from the Indian Ocean in the west to the Straits of Malacca in the East and from Aceh in the north to West Sumatra in the south. The province of North Sumatra covers an area of 71,680 km2 or 3.7% of the total area of Indonesia. The province is the ninth largest province in the country. Up to 2000, the population of North Sumatra was up to 11,506,808 people with annual growth rate of 1.2% and population density of 160 per sq.km.

1.1.3 Riau and Riau Islands Riau Province before split into 2 (two) provinces had a total area of 235.306 Km2 with 71,335 of this area was ocean and only 94.561,61 Km2 or 28,67% was land area. There are 15 rivers in this province, 4 of these rivers have important function as transportation, such as a) Siak River (300 km) with the depth of 8-12 m, b) Rokan River (400 km) with the depth 6-8 m, c) Kampar River (400 km) with the depth of 6 m, and d) Indragiri River (500 km) with the depth about 6-8 m. The estuaries of these rivers are in the .

Northern and eastern part of Riau province bordered with the Strait of Malacca and Singapore, Southern part bordered with Province and Berhala Strait, and western part are West and North Sumatra Provinces. Riau climate is typically wet with annual rainfall between 2000 to 3000 mm and influenced by wet and dry season. The province was once heavily forested lowlands, but with palm oil plantations and logging being major industries, the extent and distribution of critical land is increasing (Table 1). The mean wet days per year is about 160 days, with the mean temperature is about 27,6° Celcius. Based on Population Projection 2008, the population of Riau (included Riau Island province) is 5,189,154 person, with the ratio of male 2,735,828 and female 2,453,326 (BPS Riau, 2009).

Table 1. Extent and distribution of critical land up to 2006 Province Year (ha) 2000 2006 NAD 57,015 1,668,264.59 North Sumatera 469,143 5,218,628.97 Riau 234,868 7,116,530.88 West Sumatera 131,150 1,470,670.38 Source: Forest Statistics 2008

1.1.4 West Sumatera West Sumatra lies in the middle of the western coast of Sumatra, and has an area of 42,297.30 km². Geographic features include plains, mountainous volcanic highlands formed by the Barisan mountain range and an offshore island archipelago called the

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Mentawai Islands. The coastline faces the Indian Ocean and stretches 375 km from North Sumatra to Bengkulu in the south-east.

The province includes large areas of dense tropical forest, habitat for species including: Rafflesia arnoldii (world's largest flower), Sumatran Tiger, Siamang, Malayan tapir, Sumatran Serow, Rusa Deer, Malayan Sun Bear, Bornean Clouded Leopard, and many birds and butterflies. The province has two National Parks: Siberut National Park and Kerinci Seblat National Park, as well as a number of nature reserves: Rimbo Panti Nature Reserve, Batang Palupuh Nature Reserve, Lembah Anai Nature Reserve, Lembah Harau Nature Reserve, Bung Hatta Grand Forest Park, Beringin Sakti Nature Reserve.

The north eastern part of Sumatra islands borders with Singapore and Malaysia by the Malacca and Singapore straits. The water is a main livelihood for the small fisheries activities of communities living in the coastal area. The Straits of Malacca serve as a main sea lane for tankers and cargo ships crossing between the Indian Ocean and the . The character of the strait hydrographic which is narrow and shallow, particularly in the southern part, lead this area very susceptible to tanker accidents. Such accidents surely impact the coastal environment, fisheries productions and livelihood of the fishers in these areas. The marine waters of the western part of Sumatra, as part of the Indian Ocean, serve as fishing grounds for purse-seiners to catch pelagic fish resources and long liners to catch tuna and tuna like species as target species.

Survey reports of Aglen et al. (1981, in Chua 1997) show that in the West Coast of Sumatra there is a pronounced thermocline between 100 and 125m. Above the thermocline, the mixed layer is rather homogenous, with the temperature of 28-29oC throughout and the salinity is low at about 33 psu, wich can be explained by the circulation pattern. Suyarso (2002) shown physical condition of water in the Strait of Malacca (Table 1.2), which is maximum 32.228 psu (2001) a bit lower than in 1981.

Based on temperature distribution value, it could be assumed that water masses with high value of salinity 33%o is water masses come from the Indian Ocean, which when entering the Strait of Malacca move down under water masses come from the South China Sea or through the Strait of Karimata. It is recognized that water comes from strait of Karimata and South China Sea having temperature at more than 30oC take place surface down to 20 m depth. The influence of Rokan river waters is considerably felt far to 30 miles from the coast of Sumatera.

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Table 2. Distribution of water temperature, salinity, turbidity and light transmission in the Malacca Straits, September 2001.

Parameter Depth Layer Minimum Maximum Temperature Surface 29.205 30.012 (oC) 10 m 29.194 29.786 25 m 29.157 29.760 Salinity (psu) Surface 27.110 30.025 10 m 23.308 31.936 25 m 28.559 32.228 Turbidity (ntu) Surface 0.40 23.42 10 m 0.70 37.17 25 m 1.00 31.10 Light Surface 4.11 83.84 Transmission 10 m 2.73 84.29 (%) 25 m 6.57 83.70

Source: Indonesian Science Institute, Research and Development Center for Oceanography in Suyarso (2002).

Study on bio-oceanographical condition (August 2001, in Suyarso, 2002) through the observation on the abundance of phytoplankton in the Malacca Strait showed that the genera of Chaetoceros contribute around 24 %, than followed by Eucampia 14 %, Pseudonitschia 12 %, Thalassiothrix 10 %, Thalasionema 9 %, Stepanopyxis 8%, Bacteriastrum 7% and Dytilum 5 %. The estimated abundance of phytoplankton gave a value of 49 million cells/m3. Compared with a study carried out during the 1980s where the estimate was at 1.2 to 2.6 million cell/m3 it shows that the recent situation was extremely different. While, in the western part of Sumatra (Praseno et al, 2000), especially because of the effect of Indian Ocean, there are several phytoplankton found mainly in Bungus and Bayur Bays, where most dominant taxa found is Dinoflagellata.

1.2 COASTAL ACTIVITIES

1.2.1 High economic value in terms of GDP

Fisheries Sector

Indonesian fisheries contribution to the GDP in 2004 was 2.4%.The Indonesian fisheries sector is mainly divided into two sub sectors, (1) fishing, carried out in the marine and open waters such as rivers and lakes, and (2) aquaculture, applied in marine, brackish water areas and open waters include fresh water ponds. Production from marine capture fisheries in 2004 was 4,501,070 t.

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FAO (2006) stated that in 2004, marine capture fisheries landings in Indonesia were distributed 6.41% in West Sumatra, 2.88% in South Java, 8.73% in Mallacca Strait, 12.15% in East Sumatra, 18.05% in North Java, 5.59% in Bali-Nusatenggara, 5.80% in South-West Kalimantan, 3.44% in East Kalimantan, 11.63% in South Sulawesi, 7.29% in North Sulawesi and 18.04% in Maluku-Papua.

The total production of marine capture fisheries showed steady increase, while the production of tunas and shrimps have stayed about the same in recent years. Large increase of production was observed in blue swimming crab, common squid, cuttlefish and miscellaneous fish species including Sardinella, croaker and groupers. Overall in marine capture fishery in 2004, tunas represented 16.6% of production, shrimp was 5.5%, other fishes was 70.3% and other aquatic organisms was 7.6%.

Fish landing places in Indonesia are classified into three categories:

1) Oceanic Fishing Harbour (Type A), which is able to provide daily shelter for at least 100 fishing vessels of more than 60 GRT each, especially those fishing in the waters of the Indonesian EEZ. Type A harbours are able to support annual landings of 18 000 to 120 000 t. 2) Nusantara Fishing Harbour (Type B), that are able to provide daily servicing of 75 fishing vessels of 15–60 GRT each, fishing in Indonesian home waters and the EEZ. The Type B harbours are able to support annual landings of 7 200–18 000 t. 3) Coastal Fishing Harbour (Type C fishing harbour), capable of daily harbouring 50 fishing vessels of 5–15 GRT and supporting annual landings of 3 000–7 200 t.

Based on data 2006 (FAO, 2006), at least there are 2 type A fishing harbours in the BOBLME parts: Belawan (Medan) with the capacity of 180,000 ton and actual landings 35,672 ton, and Bungus (Padang) with the capacity of 18,000 t and actual landings 549 ton (FAO, 2004); 1 type B fishing harbour : Sibolga (capacity 7,200 ton, actual recorded landings 231 ton), and 1 type C fishing harbour Sungai Liat (capacity 3,000 ton and actual landings 3,681 ton).

a. Marine Capture Fisheries

Indonesia has two main sub areas in terms of BOBLME parts; the Malacca Strait and the Indian Ocean (along the western part of Sumatera). Based on fish density analysis in the Straits of Malacca (ranging between 303 -2,501 fishes/1000 m3), the potential fish resource for large pelagic is 25,560 tons per year and for small pelagic resources is 124,840 tons per year (Purnomohadi, 2003). Pelagic fish, demersal fish and shrimp are all harvested by capture fishery. Total sustainable potential fish has been estimated at more than 270,000 tons per year. This value represents approximately 5.9 % of the potential fishery for the whole of Indonesia.

The pelagic stock consists of Rastrelliger spp., Megalaspis cordyla, Decapterus spp., squid, cuttlefish and sardines, while demersal stock consists of species I-29

belonging to families of Ariidae, Carangidae (excluding Megalaspis spp. and Decapterus spp.), Leiognathidae, Lutjanidae, Polynemidae, Serranidae, sharks and rays (Martosubroto and Naamin, 1988 in Chua et al., 1997). Based on statistical records, there are more than 45 species of fishes, crustaceans, and shellfishes caught in the Malacca Strait. These pelagic fish species dominate (62% of total catch), while the demersal stock (include shrimps and squids) provide the rest of the total catch.

During 2006 – 2007, production volume of capture fisheries in Sumatera was raised from 1,216,691 tons on 2006 become 1,343,789 tons on 2007. Compared by province in Sumatera, volume of capture fisheries in North Sumatera, Riau Island and West Sumatera on 2007 are on top positions (DKP, 2009).

Table 3. Production data of capture fisheries by province in Sumatra 2005 - 2007

P r o v i n ce Volume (Ton) 2005 2006 2007

Nangroe Aceh Darussalam 81.163 124.963 130.550 Sumatera Utara 326.336 342.378 348.222 Sumatera Barat 108.912 123.528 187.092 Riau 97.782 99.194 102.090 Jambi 43.121 25.100 43.638 Sumatera Selatan 27.831 35.485 37.790 Bengkulu 38.750 40.725 42.435 Lampung 137.728 133.551 135.214 Bangka Belitung 119.845 127.274 123.202 Kapulauan Riau 181.118 164.493 193.556 TOTAL 1.162.586 1.216.691 1.343.789 Source: DKP, 2009

The operation between 2001 to 2005 of Belawan Fishing Port was increasing, with the dominant fish catches: Blue scad mackerel, Threadfin breams, Squids, Tiger shrimp, Goat fish, Indo-pacific Mackerel, Cuttle fish, Croakers, Hair tails. Indicators of various operations in Belawan Fishing Port such as number of fishermen, fishing gears, and fish production are as Table 4. below.

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Table 4. Total number of fishing gear and fishermen in Belawan Fishing Port

DISTRIBUTION YEAFISHE FISHERMEN FISHING FISH RMEN (Persons) GEAR PRODUCTION VALUES (YEAR (Unit) (Ton) (Rp. 1000) 2001 6,285 446 52.376 366.632.000 2002 6,500 463 39.427 291.916.000 2003 6,750 481 30.369 247.309.500 2004 7,000 499 43.560 522.720.000 2005 7,229 533 71.455 1.035.690.000 Source: DKP, 2008

Number of fishing boat used in NAD, North Sumatera and Riau are varied by each type. Traditional gears such as the bottom gill nets, lift nets and tidal traps, are used to catch shrimps along the coast, and operate mainly in shallow waters (less than 12 m deep). Shrimps trawling was introduced in the 1960s and developed rapidly in all three provinces. Around 1975, shrimp production in the Strait of Malacca reached a level of 22,000 tons. Following the ban on trawling in the waters around Sumatra (January 1st 1981, Presidential Decree No. 39 of 1980), shrimp production fell to 18,000 tons. In 1983, the production increased to 21,106 tons, probably due to increasing fishing units (Burbridge, 1998 in Chua, 1997). Table 5. below, showed the number of fishing boat used in the coast of NAD, North Sumatera and Riau during 1995 are mainly traditional (boat without motor).

Table 5. Number of fishing boats used in NAD, North Sumatra and Riau,1995 Type of fishing boat NAD North Riau Total Sumatera Without motor 2,656 8,404 9,198 20,258 With outboard motor 3,004 0 1,434 4,438 <5 GT, with motor 757 9,863 7,613 18,233 5-10 GT, with motor 837 1,296 792 2,925 10-20 GT, with motor 39 258 346 643 20-30 GT, with motor 0 339 0 339 30-40 GT, with motor 0 483 0 483 >50 GT, with motor 0 76 0 76 Total 7,293 20,719 19,383 47,395 Source:Fisheries Statistic of Aceh, North Sumatera and Riau Province 1995 in Indra Jaya, et al, IPB, GEF/UNDP/IMO, 2008

The fishing industry provides jobs for many people, the total number of fishermen (part and full time) in NAD, North Sumatera , West Sumatera and Riau based on I-31

data 1990-1993 are: 70,576; 120,427; 46,812 and 127,611 persons consecutively (Purnomohadi, 2003).

b. Brackish Water and Mari-culture Based on statistical data of the Statistics Indonesia the production of fish culture (marine culture and brackish water pond) in the Indonesian region of BOB (NAD, North Sumatera, Riau and Riau Island) during the years 2005-2007 showed that marine culture fisheries is relatively stagnant in these areas, while brackish water pond fisheries is increasing in North Sumatera and NAD. Production of fish culture in the coasts of Sumatra figured in Table 6 .below.

Table 6. Quantity of fish culture production by province and fishery sub sector, 2005- 2007 (ton)

No P r o v I n c e Marine Culture Brackish Water Pond 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007

Nangroe Aceh 1 Darussalam - 17 - 12,336 19,596 26,451

2 Sumatera Utara 548 - 612 18,730 17,689 22,171 3 Sumatera Barat 126 40 34 5 5 4 4 Riau 26 59 5 741 245 507 5 Kepulauan Riau 4,856 903 4,805 - - 253 6 Jambi - - - 1,304 1,575 1,252 Sumatera 7 Selatan - - - 21,516 27,388 33,194 8 Bengkulu - - - 1,438 790 786 9 Lampung 821 1,693 2,094 123,571 158,011 165,990 10 Bangka Belitung 24 31 24 152 154 165

J u m l a h 890,074 1,365,922 1,509,528 643,975 629,613 933,832 Source; Statistics Indonesia, 2009. Note: No.1-5 is the production in BOB area of Indonesia

Oil and Gas Sector About 21 companies operated in NAD, North Sumatera and Riau as listed in the Table 7 below. These 21 companies listed as oil and gas companies under Performance Program (PROPER), the program of waste water quality performance rated by the Ministry of Environment. The oil and gas operations in the three provinces of BOB have major contributions to the provinces GDP as well as national GDP.

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1.2.2 Important livelihoods and human wellbeing During the period of 2005-2009 per capita GDP Indonesia is increasing from Rp12,7 million (US$1.317,6) to Rp 24,3 million (US$2.590,1) on 2009. At the first quarter 2010, economic sectors that have major contribution to GDP are; manufacture (25,4%), agriculture (including fisheries, 16,0%), trading, hotel and restaurant (13,9%), mining (11,2 %) and construction (10,0%). These sectors contribute for about 76,5 % to the total GDP (BPS, 2010). Fisheries and other marine activities are very important to the people living along the coast of Indonesian archipelago. In 1992, the fishery sector employed almost 1.8 million people and become a source of foreign revenue for Indonesia. The value of export from this sector reached over one billion US$ in 1992. The potential marine fishery resources of the Strait of Malacca amounted 5.9 % of the total fishery resource in Indonesia. In the provinces in the area of BOB, most of people living mainly in three sectors: agriculture, fisheries and industries (oil and gas; and agroindustry).

North Sumatera Province (North Sumatra) is one of the provinces that economic growths relatively fast. In May 2010, the total export reached US$ 741.17 (BPS Sumatera Utara, 2010). The east coastal land, 36.8% of the total land area, is fertile low land, and with the typical weather of tropical rain forest, is dominated by traditional agricultural planting. The West and hinterland are mountainous area with fishing, planting, and horticulture as its main industries. Other industries include tourism, mining, aquaculture and import and export. Tobacco, palm oil, tea and rubber are produced in large quantities, particularly around Medan in the north of the province.

Riau Province is rich with natural resources, particularly petroleum, natural gas, rubber, palm oil and fiber plantations. The economy of Riau expanded faster (8.66% in 2006) than Indonesian average (6.04% in 2006), mainly due to resource based economy, such as crude oil (600,000 bpd), palm oil and other forest products. Cumulatively Riau exported about US$ 3,024.67 million in January-March 2010 or increasing 45.01% from the same period of 2009, which is US$ 2,085.88 million, contributed about 8.55% to the national export (BPS Riau, 2010).

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Table 7. List of oil and gas companies under PROPER during 2005-2007 (Source: Ministry of Environment, 2008)

Type of industries Location No Name of Companies District/City Province

1 PT. Arun LNG Oil and gas LNG / LPG Aceh Utara NAD

2 Exxon Mobil Oil Oil and gas EP Aceh Utara NAD

North 3 PT. Pertamina DOH Sumbagut - P. Susu Oil and gas EP . Langkat Sumatera

North 4 PT. Pertamina Unit Pengolahan I Oil and gas UP Langkat Sumatera

PT. Pertamina UPMS I - Depot Labuhan North 5 Oil and gas UPMS Medan City Deli Sumatera

North 6 PT. Pertamina UPMS I - Depot Siantar Oil and gas UPMS Siantar City Sumatera North 7 PT. Pertamina (Persero) UPMS I Oil and gas UPMS Padang City Sumatera

8 PT. Premier Oil Natuna Oil and gas EP . Natuna Riau Island

9 PT. Star Energy Oil and gas EP Natuna Riau Island

10 PT. ConocoPhilips Indonesia Eastern Hub Oil and gas EP Natuna Riau Island

11 PT. ConocoPhillips Indonesia Western Hub Oil and gas EP Natuna Riau Island

12 Chevron Pasific Indonesia - Duri Oil and gas EP Bengkalis Riau

13 Chevron Pasific Indonesia – Bekasap Oil and gas EP Bengkalis Riau

14 Chevron Pasific Indonesia – Minas Oil and gas EP Siak Riau

15 Pertamina UP II Dumai - Kilang Dumai Oil and gas UP Dumai City Riau

16 Pertamina UP II - Kilang Sei Pakning Oil and gas UP Dumai City Riau

18 Bumi Siak Pusako Oil and gas EP Siak Riau

19 Medco Lirik Operation (Kampar) Oil and gas EP Indragiri Ulu Riau

20 Kondur Petroleum Oil and gas EP Bengkalis Riau

Kab. Indragiri 21 Pertamina EP Areal Lirik Reg. Sumatera Oil and gas EP Riau Ulu

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II OVERVIEW OF SOURCES OF POLLUTION

2.1 LAND BASED

In addition to natural intrusions, the Straits of Malacca and Singapore are receptacles of waste discharged from both land-based and sea-based sources. Many of the wastes contain hazardous substances harmful to human health as well as to the health of the ecosystem. Pollutant sources include discharges from agriculture activities (pesticides, organic wastes and fertilizers), human settlements (sewage and garbage), industry (heavy metals, hydrocarbons, phenols, etc) and shipping (sewage, garbage, oil, chemicals). These pollutants have greatly affected the water quality of the Straits.

The water quality of the Strait of Malacca is affected by the organic waste loadings from municipal, industrial, agricultural and shipping discharges. These discharges include sewage, piggery and other animal wastes and wastewater effluents from palm oil, rubber and other processing plants. High organic content in water usually leads to oxygen consumption (ie, biochemical oxygen demand-BOD) resulting in low levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water column. On the eastern coast of North Sumatra, the BOD values range from 3.3 to 56.6 mg/l and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from 10.8 to 766.1 mg/l. The BOD levels at four sampling stations in the Bengkalis Straits of Riau range from 8.14 to 13.64 mg/l, and COD’s range from 20.16 to 32.64 (Abdullah et al 1995). Dahuri and Pahlevi (1994, in Chua,1997) also reported that heavy metal concentration in some locations, such as Lhokseumawe in NAD, Asahan and Deli Serdang in North Sumatera has already exceeded the national marine water quality standards for bathing, swimming and mari-culture (Table 8).

Table 8.. Marine water quality in the Straitsof Malacca

Parameters Lowest (mg/l) Highest (mg/l) Environmental Standard (mg/l)1 required Allowable Hg Ud 0.013 <0.0001 <0.0003 Pb 0.035 0.060 <0.0002 <0.01 Cd 0.009 0.014 <0.0002 <0.01 Cu 0.017 0.107 <0.001 <0.06 Source: Rozak et al., 1984, Dahuri & Pahlevi, 1994 in Chua, 1997). 1 Environmental standard based on Ministry of Environment Decree No.02 of 1988

Industrial waste Mining activities and industrial activities are the main source of land-based pollution to the marine and coastal environment, mostly for heavy metal pollution. Industrial activities along the coast and land of BOB in Indonesia that majority are Plantation, Oil and Gas

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Industries discharge quite amount of pollutant content of BOD, COD, phenol and oil and grease. Greatest source of BOD in North Sumatera comes from alcohol distillery industries which contribute about 1,827,000 ton/year, followed by plywood, milk and refinery of vegetable oil industries (Noor et al., 1998)

Developed area on the Strait of Malacca, such as Batam, Riau Island Province, is one area with the high economic and industry growth in the area of BOB. Batam is an island of Riau islands that bordered by with Singapore. The monitoring of water quality in Batam Port waters by the Ministry of Environment (Ministry of Environment, 2008) concluded that phenol content ranged 0.06 mg/L – 0.08 mg/L, ammonia 0.47 mg/L - 0.81 mg/L, MBAS 0.8 mg/L – 3.1 mg/L (over the standard for marine water quality which is < 0.06 mg/L) and oil and grease 6 mg/L(over the standard for marine water quality which is < 5 mg/L). The marine water quality standard used to compare these parameters is based on the Ministry of Environment Decree No. 51 of 2004.

State of Environment Report in Indonesia, 2002, it is reported that the load of industrial waste entering the Siak River in Riau Province contributed majorly from 25 big and medium industries. Result of monitoring conducted from 1991 to 1999 shows that he load was tendency to increase in 1994 due to two types of industries (oil palm and paper) failed to decrease their pollution load. Industries shall comply with the effluent standard regulated after the first government regulation on water pollution control in Indonesia issued on 1990.

In the case of small scale industries, there were 2.941 small scale industry centers (fermented soybean cake, tofu, tapioca, and fish processing) that potentially polluted the environment of Sumatera Island. Liquid waste produced by small scale industries majorly is not managed in advance. Ministry of Environment assists small scale industries by supporting the small scale industry centers to treat and utilize their liquid waste into biogas for domestic consumption.

Domestic Waste The decrease of river water quality is influenced by solid and liquid disposal from domestic waste. Based on Census Data 2000 from BPS (Ministry of Environment, 2002), at the national level there were around 27 percent household having no toilet facilities. Domestic activities contributes to the organic and pollution causing harmful algal blooms in several places in Indonesia. Coliform is a major concern in the water system in the area. The major sources of coliform are municipal sewage, animal waste and garbage. Human activities as a consequence of tourism activities contribute to marine litter pollution. Marine litter from land based activities such as domestic, industrial and tourism contribute a major portion for the pollution to the coastal and marine environment.

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Agriculture Waste Agriculture activities also contribute the pollution from land base to coastal and marine environment. Data shows that the use of pesticide and fertilizers potentially pollute the environment in Sumatera. In the year 1998-1999, it was estimated that solid pesticides used for paddy field reached 0.78 kg/ha, liquid pesticide more than 1.4 lt/ha and chemical fertilizers reached up to 417 kg/ha. Most of residual pesticide and fertilizers entered into the ground and river water.

On the east coast of Sumatera which developed largely agriculture and plantation, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides and herbicides are used heavily to control pests in rice fields, oil plalm and crop plantations. Dahuri and Pahlevi (1994 in Chua 1997) reported that about 3,780 tons of insecticides and 22 tons of herbicides are used along the East Coast of Sumatera. Agriculture activities also contribute nutrient and sediment to the environment. Organic fertilizers release nitrogen (N), and Phosphorous (P) to the water system.

Table 9. Use of pesticides and fertilizers in paddy fields in Indonesia (1998-1999)

Area (Island) Pesticide Chemical Fertilizer liquid solid (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) Sumatra 0.78 1.42 198.5 Jawa 4.78 1.22 417.67 Bali and Nusa Tenggara 0.47 0.98 228.06 Kalimantan 0.42 1.2 91.38 Sulawesi 1.32 2.31 202.84 Source: BPS 2001 in State of Environment Report in Indonesia 2002

2.2 SEA/MARINE BASED

Oil spills, oil and grease spills, derelict fishing gears, wastes from oil refineries, offshore exploration and shipping are the main source of sea/marine based pollution in Indonesia. Sources pollution from shipping activities can be from ballast water, domestic waste and oil waste. Ports along the east coast and west coast of Sumatera contribute sea based and land based pollution to the BOB area. At least 24 ports located at the east coast facing the Strait of Malacca. Local media reported that within 2008 (Batam Post, 2008), there have been two times of oil pollution incidents occurred on the coasts of Batam and Bintan islands that made local tourism and fisheries suffer from these incidents. It is reported that the oil and grease parameter of marine water quality in the ocean close to Batam Port found at the concentration of 21 mg/L over the standard for marine water II-37 quality which is < 5 mg/L (SLHI, 2008). Operational activities at the port that contributed to the marine pollution are shipping industries (including water ballast), and tank cleaning.

Oil spills has found frequently in the Strait of Malacca as one of major route tanker in the world (Figure 2). Almost every year, oil spill incidents occur in the Strait of Malacca and Riau Islands water due to the activity of oil exploitation, refinery and its transportation. Chua noted that between 1977 and 1992, there were 71 shipping casualties in the straits, mostly due to collisions and groundings. Table showed that the number of tanker casualties (17%) is the greatest concern due to serious pollution damage to the environment. In October 1997, the largest oil spill occurred in the Malacca Strait, collision between tanker Evoikos and empty tanker Orapin Global released about 28,500 tonnes of heavy oil to the coastal and marine environment. As long as 20.5 km of crude oil drifted to Indonesian and Malaysian waters. About 16 agencies and 60 vessels from three littoral states and a team from Japan involved combating the spilled oil in the sea.

At the west coast of Sumatera, there are two main bays that directly facing to the Indian Ocean: Bayur and Bungus Bay. On the coasts of these two bays, there are ports and industrial activities that potentially pollute the Indian Ocean. Many tankers, ships and containers load charcoal, cement and oil contributed to the crowded of Bayur and Bungus Port. Moreover, the rivers flow to Bayur and Bungus Bay have significantly contribute organic and inorganic substances substances. Three rivers, namely Beramas, Bungus and Cindaker affected the water condition in the estuary areas (Effendi, in Indonesian Science Institute, R&D for Oceanology, 2000). Generally DO in Bayur Bay is lower than in Bungus Bay, however the oxygen saturation degeree in the water surface layer shown that DO content in these bays has not shown effect to the environment yet (Simanjuntak, et al. in Praseno, 2000). The rivers flow and tidal currents of Indian Ocean also gives the significant role to sedimentation to these bays. Transport of sediment from the land to the bay water are low due to the weak flow of the rivers (Helfinalis in Praseno, 2000).

Nutrient supply to Bayur Bay, especially in rainy season, contribute to the abundance of phytoplankton in Indian Ocean. A number of Dinoflagellata found in these two bays, with species found are Ceratium furca, C. focus, C. macroceros, C. massilensis, C.tripos, Dinophysis miles and Protoperinidium conicum (Praseno et al., 2000).

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Figure 2. Major crude oil routes and oil demand for East Asia

Table 10. Breakdown of shipping casualties in the Malacca Straits, 1977-1993

Ship Type Number of Percentage incidents Container 3 4 Fishing 11 15 General cargo 23 32 Passenger 4 6 Government Craft 6 8 Tanker 12 17 Tug 5 7 Others 7 10 Total 71 100 Source: Chua (1997)

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2.3 PRIORITY CATEGORIES OF PARAMETERS

The Eastern and western part of Sumatra have different characteristics geographically and biologically. It is also different water quality due to different activities affected. In the western coast of Sumatera, the high biomass of demersal fish resources is more affected by Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and high water temperature rather than the depth. Biomass in depth of <30 m is higher than >30 m. The stability of community structures of demersal fish is more affected by DO, high temperature and low salinity (Riho, 1999). While the eastern coast of Sumatra that has shallow water has congested with industrial and municipal areas lead to the pollution affected the marine water quality.

Based on analysis of several activities affected marine water quality in BOB area of Indonesia, several cases which often occurred and causing environmental problems are: a. Wastes (tailings) from mining industry and oil refineries b. Wastes from industries and domestic activities c. Oil spills from Ships/Tankers d. Harmful Algal Blooms e. Marine Litter

Therefore, based on the cases, there are several parameters which are a priority of concern to the marine and coastal environment in Indonesia, such as: a. Heavy Metals (Hg, As, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni) b. PAHs and other Hydrocarbons, including oil and grease (from oil spills) c. Nutrients (phosphates, ammonia) d. Persistent Organic Pollutants e. Pesticide

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III EXISTING WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS

3.1 GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 82 YEAR 2001 ON WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

The Government Regulation Number 82/2001 has been developed to protect surface water from the wastewater of many industries distributed along Indonesian archipelago. This government also mandated the local government to establish the river water class and the water quality status and to national government to establish the effluent standard. Since 1990s, effluent standards from many activities developed to guide the implementation of water quality management and water pollution control in Indonesia (see Table 18). The Regulation specifies four classes of water quality criteria (see Annex 1): 1. Class I: water that can be used as standard water for drinking water and or other use requiring the same water quality.

2. Class II: water that can be used for infrastructure/facility of water recreation, cultivation of fresh water fish, animal husbandry, water for irrigation and or other use requiring the same water quality.

3. Class III: water that can be used for cultivation of fresh water fish, animal husbandry, water for irrigation and or other use requiring the same water quality.

4. Class IV: water that can be used for irrigation and or other use requiring the same water quality.

Most of big rivers in Sumatera cannot fulfill the criteria for Class I and Class II. Table 11. showed that there were no river fulfilled the criteria of Class I and Class II, mainly at the downstream, based on classified water quality criteria in 2001/2002. At downstream, river water quality in general fulfilled the water quality criteria of Class III.

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Table 11. Water quality of Siak and Batanghari River

Province River BOD COD DO TSS TDS mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Riau Siak Upstream - - 4.18 55.00 - Downstream - - 2.45 79.00 - West Batanghari Sumatera Upstream - - 7.50 0.50 10.0 downstream - - 5.90 2.50 40.0 Jambi Batanghari Upstream 4.31 7.50 5.52 - 87.0 downstream 7.43 45.50 5.79 - 370.7 Source: Bapedal in SLHI 2002

3.2 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT DECREE NO. 51 YEAR 2004 ON MARINE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

Marine water quality standard In Indonesia has begun since 1988 under the Ministry of Environment Decree No. 02 Year 1988 on Environmental Standards. At the end of 1990s the project under ASEAN-Canada Cooperative Programme on Marine Science developed ASEAN Marine Water Quality Criteria for 17 parameters (Ammonia, Arsenic, Bacteria, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Cyanide, Dissolved Oxygen, Lead, Mercury, Nitrate/Nitrite, Oil and Grease, Phenol, Phosphate, Temperature, TSS, TBT and Zinc). The objective of this project were to develop the ASEAN Marine Quality Criteria, to incorporate Quality assurance into ASEAN Marine Pollution monitoring, and to evaluate the inter laboratory comparison exercise in ASEAN Marine Pollution Monitoring. In 2004, ASEAN-Australia Development Cooperation Program developed ASEAN Marine Water Quality Project. The aim of this project were almost the same as the project before. However, the project had not developed new ASEAN marine water quality criteria.

Marine water quality standard in Indonesia is regulated under the Ministry of Environment Decree on No. 51 Year 2004. Some of marine quality standards in Indonesia adopted the ASEAN Marine Quality Criteria. The regulation consists of parameters that should be enforced for the marine water quality. In a coastal segment marine water is subjected to several types of uses. Depending of the types of uses and activities, marine water quality standard under this decree have been specified to determine its suitability for a particular purpose. Based on this, marine water quality standards criteria have been specified for following designated uses (see Annexes): (1) Marine water quality standard for port (Annex 2). (2) Marine water quality standard for marine tourism (Annex 3). (3) Marine water quality standard for marine biota (Annex 4).

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Under the decree, the standards are applicable only for each designated waters and are designed to protect coastal and marine environment, therefore if the local government has not zoned and decided its coastal and marine area, the marine water quality standard for marine biota applies.

3.3 DRAFT MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT DECREE ON MARINE SEDIMENTS STANDARDS

Sediment is an important component in marine ecosystem that functions as habitat for many benthic and epibenthic organisms. Chemical exposure to marine sediment can potentially and significantlly harm to the existing of these living organisams. Contaminated sediments can affect large areas of an ecosystem. When organisms live in or eat in these areas of contamination, not only are they directly harmed but they also accumulate contaminants in their tissues and transfer them throughout the food web. In Indonesia, most of urban development as well as sensitive estuarine areas are critical to the food supply of many fish and wildlife. Some of these areas have already accumulated contaminants in their sediment, such as .

The Ministry of Environment is preparing to establish a marine sediment standard to be applied in coastal areas in Indonesia. Assessment has been done for the establishment of marine sediment standard and resulted a Draft of Marine Sediment Standard. Other activities, such as survey and monitoring marine sediment quality in the coastal area of Dumai, Riau Province; Maros, South Sulawesi Province and Dore Bay in Sorong, Papua Province has already conducted in 2008-2009. The survey objective is for completion and revision to the Draft of Marine Sediment Standard. The survey result and the draft can be shown in Table 12. below.

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Table 12. Concentration of marine sediment in several locations and draft of marine sediment standard

Chemical Concentration of Marine Sediment (mg/kg dry weight) Parameter Dumai Maros Teluk Dore Draft of P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3 Marine Sediment Standard Cadmium <0.01 <0,01 <0,01 <0.01 <0,01 <0,01 < 0,01 <0,01 <0,01 6,20 (Cd) Chrom (Cr) 64,07 18,40 31,20 59,99 60,21 48,51 36,26 39,60 44,15 160,00 Total Lead(Pb) 16,55 15,21 16,12 43,68 55,70 53,74 40,45 39,73 40,29 36,80 Copper (Cu) 6,80 6,25 3,81 47,49 52,02 58,59 15,60 33,93 30,03 108,20 Zinc (Zn) 64,86 47,34 32,80 79,44 100,15 100,94 40,29 62,90 91,18 271,00 Arsenic (As) < 0,05 < 0,05 < 0,05 58,00 Mercury (Hg) < 0,01 <0,01 <0,01 0,30

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IV THE NATIONAL PROGRAMME – COASTAL OCEAN MONITORING AND PREDICTION SYSTEM

Insufficient data were found to predict the environmental pollution on the coastal and marine of BOBLME area in Indonesia. Due to the limited data for identifying the hotspots along the coast of BOB area in Indonesia, the hotspots of marine pollution have not been concluded yet. However, several institutions have already conducted the identification of sensitive ecosystem on the coastal area. Ministry of Fisheries has conducted the annual monitoring of chlorophyll a through satellite imagery to identify the abundance of fish resources in the Indonesian waters.

4.1 MAPPING HOTSPOTS ALONG THE COAST

Pollution Hotspots Pollution hotspots are being considered for coastal ocean monitoring programme in the area of BOBLME in Indonesia: Sabang, Banda Aceh, and Lhokseumawe (NAD), Pangkalansusu, Medan and Bagan Siapi-api (North Sumatera), Bengkalis and Dumai (Riau), Batam (Riau Island), Bungus and Bayur Bay (Padang-West Sumatera). These areas are the source of land based pollution, so mainly domestic and industrial waste contribute to the coastal and ocean environment. Beside land base pollution, Bungus Bay, Bayur Bay, Batam and Dumai have significantly impact from sea based pollution due to their function as port. While Bengkalis, land based pollution from oil refinery and sea based pollution from offshore exploitation and transportation activities majorly contribute to the Strait of Malacca.

Coral Reef Coral reef ecosystems in Indonesia can be categorized as the richest marine biodiversity in the world (Figure 3).While as shown in Figure 4, the distribution of coral reef based on several references (WCS, TERANGI, NOAA, 2008), were in very good condition (>75%), good (>50 -75%), sufficient (>25- 50%),and damaged (<25%). The figure showed that coral reef distribution in damaged condition was spread out through the coast of Sumatera, Jawa, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi and also northern coast of Papua. The distribution of coral reef in BOB of Indonesia showed on the NAD, eastern part of NAD, North Sumatera and West Sumatera, especially in the small islands, and also in the coasts of Riau Island.

Report of Status of The World’s Marine Species (IUCN, 2008), Indonesian waters area and its surrounding (Malaysia and Philippines), were the region that is very susceptible to climate change, especially the ecosystem of coral reef due to the increasing of surface marine water temperature as the impact of global climate change. The impact of this change to the ocean environment is made more severe by the anthropogenic threat, including the coastal area development, sedimentation as well as pollution.

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Figure 3. Coral reefs in the world

Source: RED LIST: Status of the World’s Marine Species. IUCN, 2008.

West Sumatera province has several small islands that have potential for eco-tourism with sandy beach and coral reefs spread around islands. In Pisang Gadang Island, although river water contributes the marine pollution around the island, there are still table corals of Acropora hyacinthus and Acropora cythrea, corals from non Acropora and soft coral in the water depth of 0.5-5 meters. These coral reefs are perfect habitat for coral fishes like groupers, yellow tail fish, Napoleon fish (Napoleon wrasse). Grouper catch is high around the Mentawai Islands.

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Figure 4. Distribution of coral reefs in Indonesia

Source: Ministry of Environment, 2008

Oceanography and Marine Research data (P2O LIPI, 2008) studied the condition of coral reef of 985 locations in Indonesian coasts from year 2004 to 2008. From the total distribution of coral reef in Indonesia, there were 5,48% areas that has reduction of coral reef compared to the data of year 2007. The data showed that 5.51% coral reef was in very good condition, 25,48% in good condition, and not good condition was 37,33%, and 31,98% in damaged condition. These conditions showed as Figure 5. below.

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Figure 5. Conditions of coral reefs in 985 locations in Indonesian coasts (2004 to 2008)

Source: P20-LIPI, 2008

Mangrove Based on data from Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and Social Forest (2001) in Gunarto (2004), total area of mangrove in Indonesia in the year of 1999 was estimated about 8.60 million hectares, however about 5.30 million hectares were in damaged condition. While based on FAO (2007), total mangrove forest in Indonesia remained about 3,062,300 ha in year 2005. Nevertheless it is still the highest in the world (19 % of the total mangrove in the world), compared to Australia (10%) and Brazil (7%). In Asia, the mangrove of Indonesia take portion of 49 % from the total mangrove forest in Asia, followed by Malaysia (10% ) and Myanmar (9%). It was estimated that the total mangrove in Indonesia has been reduced for about 120,000 hectares from year 1980 to 2005 due to land conversion to agriculture and mariculture areas (FAO, 2007). The distribution of mangroves in Indonesia in year 2007 is shown in the Figure 6 below.

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Figure 6. Distribution of mangroves in Indonesia

Source: Ministry of Environment

4.2 TIME SERIES ANALYSIS AND SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS

Up to date, the series analysis for marine water quality monitoring in the western and eastern part of Sumatera has not been conducted yet, while marine water quality monitoring in the Strait of Malacca has been carried out by some researchers and agencies. Significant findings based on the monitoring of marine water quality in the area of the Strait of Malacca showed that the marine water is already polluted by sediment, organic and inorganic waste, such as heavy metals. On the Sumatra coast facing the Strait of Malacca, Dahuri and Pahlevi (1994) reported heavy metal contamination in some locations such as Lhokseumawe in North Aceh and Asahan and Deli Serdang in North Sumatra. The heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium and copper) were found to exceed national water quality standards for bathing, swimming and mariculture. Heavy metal contents were high in sediments of the Pakning River, Bengkalis district, Riau, where oil refining, offshore oil exploitation and transportation activities occur (Abdullah et al 1995).

4.3 ROLE OF MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND MINISTRY OF FISHERIES

The role of Ministry of Environment is basically ruled under the Act No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection while the role of Ministry of Marine and Fisheries (MoMAF) is ruled under the Act No. 7 of 2007 on Coastal and Small Island Management. Ministry of Environment is responsible for controlling the quality of the environment and using several

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tools of policy to implement the environmental management, such as standards, criteria, inventory as well as incentives like awards and low taxes to people, companies or governments who can achieve high performance in their environmental management.

The Ministry of Environment has developed Water Pollution Management Policy as stated in its Strategic Planning for the year 2005-2009. Some of the programmes that is being done are Clean River Programme (PROKASIH), Programme for Pollution Control Evaluation and Rating (PROPER) which urges the industry to obey the national effluent standard and not discharge their waste into the river or environment, and Clean City (ADIPURA) for processing solid domestic waste. The objective of the programmes is to decrease the pollution load discharging to the rivers or environment in Indonesia.

Table 13. Several roles of MoE and MoMAF

No. Role of Ministry of Environment Role of Ministry of MarineAffairs and Fisheries 1 Environmental pollution and Development of fishery sector degradation control 2 Develop national environment Coastal and small islands resources inventory management 3 Develop national plan for Planning and management of marine environmental management and coastal area (RPPLH) 4 Develop and implement instruments Assess and accelerate fish-stock; and for environmental pollution and ensure natural disaster mitigation in degradation control. coastal area and small islands.

5 Coordinate the mitigation of and Coordinate mitigation of coastal hazards adaptation to climate change

4.4 NATIONAL LABORATORIES

There are several national laboratories implementing research and analysis for environmental samples, especially for marine and coastal environmental areas, i.e.: 1. Research Center for Oceanography 2. Research Agency for Marine and Fisheries, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries 3. Center for Environmental Impact Control, Ministry of Environment 4. Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) 5. Private Laboratories, such as PT. Sucofindo Laboratories and ALS 6. Agency for Oil and Gas (LEMIGAS) 7. Universities

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4.5 RESEARCH

Marine researches in Indonesia have been conducted by several agencies based on their objectives and targets. The main marine research institutions in Indonesia are:

1. National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping (BAKOSURTANAL). 2. Meteorological and Geophysics Institute of Indonesia (BMG). 3. Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT). 4. Indonesian Navy Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service (DISHIDROS TNIAL). 5. Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (BRKP-DKP). 6. Research Centre for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (P2O -LIPI).

Besides national research center, universities also play an important role in the marine research in Indonesia, such as :

1. University of Indonesia, Depok 2. Institute for Agriculture, Bogor 3. Institute for Technology, Bandung 4. Riau University, Pekanbaru 5. Airlangga University, Surabaya 6. Institute for Technology Sepuluh November, Surabaya 7. Brawijaya University, Malang 8. Hasanuddin University, Makassar 9. Andalas University, Padang 10. Sam Ratulangi University, Manado.

Most of the universities have sufficient infrastructure for implementing research and analysis on heavy metals, but there is still insufficient facilities and laboratory instruments for research and analysis on persistent organic pollutants such as organochlorine, pesticides, dioxins, PCBs, PAHs, and hydrocarbon analysis for identifying oil spills. In Indonesia, only LEMIGAS has the capability to identify and analyze the finger print of oil spill in the environment.

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V PRESENT STATUS OF MARINE POLLUTION: CONTAMINANT LEVELS IN WATER, SEDIMENT, FISH AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES

5.1 EUTROPHICATION AND NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; CHLOROPHYLL; COD, SUSPENDED SUBSTANCES

In 2007, Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research, Ministry of Marine and Fisheries and SEACORM, monitored and analyzed fertility pattern of Indonesian marine waters. Based on the result, the potential of pelagic fishes could be concluded as still abundant and high, whereas some parts has experienced the production reduction. This activity had resulted in the map of chlorophyll-a distribution in the Indonesian marine waters that can be seen in Figure 7 below.

The result was expected to assist in the determination of fishing ground pattern, zoning for the marine fisheries usage, and mari-culture location and also for fish stock assessment. The annual waters fertility pattern, it can be said generally that the quite fertile area has always been found in the marine waters in the western part of Sumatera, between Kalimantan, Sumatera, Java, and Sulawesi, Southern part of East Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara, and also , Arafuru Sea and Malacca Strait. The most fertile area was found in Aru Sea (southern part of Papua), southern part of Malacca Strait, southern part of Kalimantan and .

Industrial pollutants include nutrients from sewage and organic matter, fertilizer run-off, detergents containing phosphorus, and thermal discharge - the heated water from the cooling systems of power plants and other industries - cause nutrient, BOD and COD parameter overload, the growth of aquatic plant life, and the depletion of dissolved oxygen, or eutrophication. Other industrial pollutants include heavy metals and other toxic substances. While sediments from river discharges are brought about by natural processes, human activities such as deforestation, land reclamation, onshore mining, and dredging, increase the amount of sediment loads brought into the Strait of Malacca . Land reclamation and sedimentation has been particularly intensive in Singapore by dumping sand and dirt directly onto coral reef flats and shallow water (Hotta and Dutton, 1995). This activity affected the water clarity in the Singapore and Malacca Straits.

Monitoring of 4 industries in the period of year 2007 showed that there were reduction of the load of waste discharge for BOD parameter about 0.34 kg/ton, COD parameter about 0.72 kg/ton, and TSS parameter about 0.37 kg/ton. Whilst during the period of year 2008 the load discharge reduction of COD parameter was about 0.11 kg/ton and TSS parameter was about 0.05 kg/ton. The load reduction of those parameters were estimated and compared to the standards.

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The occurrence of red tide causing dinoflagellates is a matter of growing concern. However, up to date, the red tide outbreaks that cause numerous deaths of fishes in the western and eastern coast of Sumatera has not been reported yet.

Figure 7. Distribution of annual mean chlorophyll a in Indonesian waters

Source: BRKP, DKP, 2007 in State of Environment of Indonesia, 2008

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Solid Waste

The amount of solid waste increases about 2-4% per year. The minimum infrastructure and regulation to enforce the management of solid waste as well as the culture of the community to dump their waste everywhere is the challenge of this management. Table 14. below shows the amount of solid waste in the province of NAD, North Sumatera, West Sumatera and Riau.

Table 14. Estimation of the amount of solid waste (Gigagram) by province, 2000 - 2007

No Provinsi 2005 2006 2007 1. NAD 1,13 1.14 1.14 2. Sumatera Utara 3,49 3.53 3.57 3. Sumatera Barat 1,23 1.24 1.25 4. Riau 1,71 1.78 1.86

Figure 8. Solid waste in Aceh after Tsunami, 2004

5.2 OIL POLLUTION AND OIL SPILL, REFINERY WASTE WATER AND OFF SHORE OPERATIONS, ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF OIL POLLUTION

Oil Refinery Up to year 2008, oil refinery sector industry has been increased the efficiency of waste water and the waste load has been reduced over 68 % (from 32,7 kg to 10,4 kg organic matter(BOD) per m3 of raw material). Oil and Gas Production Since 2006, all type of industries in Indonesia should follow Ministry of Environment Regulation No. 12 Year 2006 on Guidelines on Criteria and Permit of waste water discharge to the sea. While Oil, Gas and Geothermal industries should inject their waste water in order to reduce the discharge of waste water to the environment. In 2007, the V-54

Ministry of Environment has released permits to discharge waste to the sea for 86 points of discharges from 17 companies. Total waste water that is discharged to the sea has been managed up to 12 million m3/day. On year 2008, permits have been given to 19 companies, and during this year there has been 1 permit that should discharge the waste by injection. On year 2009, there were 13 permits of waste discharge to sea and 3 permits of waste injection. Up to year 2008, oil refinery sector industry has increased the efficiency of waste water and the waste load has been reduced over 68 % (from 32.7 kg to 10.4 kg organic matter (BOD) per m3 of raw material (Reliantoro and Helmy, 2009).

Figure 9. Waste water discharge permits to the sea from oil, gas and geothermal industries

injection Year discharge to the sea

The locations of Oil, Gas and Geothermal industries that have been given permits to discharge their waste water to the sea in Indonesia can be seen in Figure 10 below.

Figure 10. Distribution of permits for waste water discharge to the sea in Indonesia

V-55

Oil Spill on the Sea

The sea is often treated as a disposal place by irresponsible parties, usually oil waste, probably from tanker boat cleaning, oil transfer between ships or ship crew negligence. For example, a tanker with 50,000 tons of displacement, the water tank disposal could reach 1,200 barrels. Oil and grease also could originate from fisheries activity, small or large fishery activities. Sea polluted with oil spill could bring negative impacts to its ecosystem and the surrounding coastal areas, including the sea organisms and natural resources. The area of BOB in Indonesia, especially the Strait of Malacca, is very susceptible to the oil spill due to the fact that it serves as tanker sea lane. Several major accidents of oil spill due to this activity occurred occasionally. Table 15. below, shows the oil spill incident in waters of the BOB in Indonesia. These oil spills have seriously affected marine life and sea birds. They can also have a very negative effect of fisheries stocks and human health. Under the President Regulation No. 109 Year 2006 on Oil Spill on Sea National Contingency Plan, the owner of the ship/operator and the highest leader in the oil and gas company oil exploitation in the sea should be responsible of the oil spill event, and should compensate the fund to the State for: 1. Oil spill recovery on sea 2. Environmental impact assessment of oil spill on sea 3. Community loss due to oil spill on sea 4. Environmental damage due to oil spill on sea

Nationally, the government and oil companies regularly practice and exercise the oil spill combating on sea in order to increase the response readiness of oil spill incidents in Indonesian waters. Joint exercise with other countries, such as Philippines and Japan, has also been conducted every two years under the Memorandum of Understanding Sulawesi Sea Oilspill Network that was signed in 1981.

V-56

Table 15. Oil spill events, 1975-2004

No Year Location Event, type or volumen of oil spill

1. 1975 Strait of Malacca Showa Maru sinking (1 million barrel of diesel )

2. 1975 Strait of Malacca Collision Isugawa Maru and Silver Palace

3. 1979 Lhokseumawe Golden Win leaking (1500 kl of kerosene)

4. 1992 Strait of Malacca Collision MT Ocean Blessing and MT Nagasaki Spirit (5000 barrel oil)

5. 1993 Strait of Malacca Tanker Moersk collide

6. 1996 Natuna KM Batamas Sentosa II, sinking (MFO)

7. 1996 Riau Islands Tanker MT. Kuala Berkah, Sinking, Type of oil LSWR

8. 1996 Belawan MT. Pan Oil , Sinking, CPO

9. 1997 Riau Islands Orapin Global and Evoikos, collision

10. 1997 Riau Islands Pipa Transfer oil Caltex, leaking , crude oil

11. 1999 Batam Mighty Serent II, Sinking, waste oil

12. 2000 Batam MT kandas (4000 tonnes of oil )

13. 2002 Bengkalis Riau TKG. Bumindo, sinking, MFO

14. 2004 Malacca Strait, MV. Kamimasen Hyundai, Tongkang Cargo, TSS Area Collision, Oil

15. 1999 Batam Mighty Serent II, Sinking, Oil

16. 2004 Tanjung Balai Tanker, MT. Vista Mariner, sinking, Oil Karimun

17. 2004 Pekanbaru Tanker MT. Maulana, burn, Oil

18. 2004 Batu Ampar Kapal Motor, KM. Swadaya Lestari, Waste oil Batam

Source: Ministry of Transportation

V-57

5.3 HEAVY METALS AND PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS)

Arsenic (As) There are some studies on arsenic contamination in Indonesian environment. Figure 11 shows the available information on the occurrence of arsenic in several locations of Indonesia and their potential sources such as natural and anthropogenic activities.

Figure 11. Summary of documented occurrence of arsenic in the aquifers of Indonesia and its potential sources (natural: geothermal and volcanic activities, anthropogenic: mining and oil/gas production-related sources).

Source: Ilyas, et al., 2009.

The Ministry of Environment has implemented arsenic monitoring, due to high concern of mass media and community of the Riau province and South Sumatera province (Figure 12 and 13) about the impact of heavy metals in the coastal and ocean ecosystem to the human health. Monitoring of arsenic quality in the marine waters of the Eastern part of Sumatera has been taken at about 45 sampling points. The result showed that arsenic level (from 1993 – 2009) in this water were still under the Standard of Marine Waters – Ministry of Environment Regulation No. 51 Year 2004 (Ministry of Environment, 2008). This survey on seawater quality located in areas close to oil and gas production (Conoco Philips, Star Energy, Exxon Mobil and Kondur Petroleum areas) of Natuna Waters (eastern part of Sumatera Island) showed low concentrations of As ranging from 0.002 to 0.008 μg/l (Tempo, 2008, in Ilyas, et al., 2009).

V-58

Figure 12. Concentration of arsenic in the Natuna and East Sumatra waters

Time Source: Ministry of Environment, 2008

Monitoring of arsenic parameter has also been taken in the area of South Sumatera province. As the concern of cause of the arsenic came from the oil and gas company, then the sampling points (well’s community) were selected based on locations that are close to the industries and suspected to have high contribution of the existing arsenic in the environment. One location has been selected as a control site, called Mata Merah. The result that has been taken by laboratory analysis showed that arsenic from all wells monitored were still under the concentration of 0.01 ppm or below the Drinking Water Standard as regulated under Ministry of Health Regulation Number 97 Year 2002. The concentrations of arsenic monitored can be figured as graphic below.

Konsentrasi Arsen di Beberapa Sumur di Palembang

0.012 0.01 0.008 As 0.006 0.004 Baku Mutu 0.002

Konsentrasi (mg/L) 0

Mata Merah Sako Kentan Pasar Plaju Talang Putri Talang Kelapa Talang AndongSungai Gerong Sungai Mayor Zen Lokasi

Figure 113. Concentration of arsenic in the South Sumatra groundwater Note: Baku Mutu = Drinking Water Standard

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Mercury From reports on environmental monitoring at several ports in 2006-2008 (KLH, 2008), there are findings on Mercury (Hg) in the marine water, detected in 4 from 6 locations monitored. The locations with highest mercury concentration in the environment are Batam Centre for Sea-Ferry Port (0.014 mg/L), Harbour Bay International Port (0.0047 mg/L), Industrial Port CPO Kabil (0,0036 mg/L), Batu Ampar International Cargo Port (0.009 mg/L). Other ports monitored have mercury concentrations below 0.003 mg/L.

Other Heavy Metals Several research institutions and universities have done monitoring on heavy metals (As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn), several data of heavy metals concentration in sediments are given in the table below.

V-60

Table 16. Heavy metal concentrations (ppm) in sediments of marine and coastal areas in Indonesia

Concentration (ppm) Location Reference As Cd Cr Cu Pb Hg Ni Zn

P2O LIPI, Teluk Banten, 2005 - < 0,001 - 0,20 - 0,44-40,09 1,56-15,16 - - 5,96-89,05 2005

Muara Kuala Tungkal, P2O LIPI, - 0,15-0,32 - 16,8-25,70 8,30-18,90 - 9,60-20,0 58,0-72,0 Jambi, 2000 2000

P2O LIPI, Kalimantan Timur, < 0,001 - 2003 - 9,90-45,75 2,028-14,49 4,44-15,17 - 7,88-52,31 15,77-121,169 2003 0,099

Pulau Kumeke 74,5 - - 15,7 - 2,80 88,8 -

Pulau Dakokaya 38,9 - - 5,0 - 0,12 30,2 - CSIRO, 2004

Pulau Babi 8,2 - - 5,0 - 0,29 18,3 -

Bintan, Riau Islands < 0.001 < 0.01 9.00 – 93.15 < 0.01 = 13.09 14.12 – 35.57 < 0.001 - 9.49 193.4 MOE, 2009

Telaga Tujuh, - - - 88,17 46,34 - - 96,79 UNRI Karimun Islands, Riau

North Lombok, West < 0.001 < 0.01 1.40 - 39.74 12.28 – 21.17 < 0.01 - 0.30 < 0.001 - 25.72 - 127.22 MOE, 2009 Nusa Tenggara

West Halmahera, < 0.001 < 0.01 6.81 - 18.60 16.70 – 36.04 < 0.01 – 6.76 < 0.001 - 103.19 – 207.54 MOE, 2009 North Maluku

Cisadane River Rochyatun, et - 0.15 – 0.04 - 5.08 – 34.39 9,42 -37,50 - 3.80 – 8.60 33.96 – 172.78 Estuary al., 2006

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5.4 GENERAL STATUS AND TRENDS OF MARINE POLLUTION: TREND HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS (HABS); TOXIN-PRODUCING AND SHELLFISH POISONING; PATHOGEN ORGANISMS-VIRUSES AND BACTERIA; THE HEALTH OF COASTAL ORGANISMS

Up to this report prepared, the status and trends of marine pollution in the BOB waters in Indonesia, especially the trend harmful algal blooms (HABs), toxin-producing and shellfish poisoning; pathogen organisms-viruses and bacteria; the health of coastal organisms cannot be assessed due to very limited information. Mainly HABs observation and researches were being conducted in Jakarta Bay. The HABs in this location are high due to domestic waste going to the bay from the mainland activities of three provinces: Banten, West Java and Jakarta.

The research conducted in January 2005 showed that in Jakarta Bay waters found 38 species of phytoplankton from Bacillariophyceae consisting of 25 species and non Bacillariophyceae 13 species. The compositions of phytoplankton was dominated by Bacillariophyceae which were Chaetoceros sp. and Skeletonema sp while the non Bacillariophyceae was found from class of Dinophyceae were Ceratium sp, Dinophysis sp, and Noctiluca sp. Result of research conducted in December 2006, it was found 42 species of phytoplankton from Diatoma 21 species and non-Diatoma 21 species in Jakarta Bay waters. The composition of phytoplankton dominated by Chaetoceros sp, Skeletonema sp and Stephanophyxis sp can be holding out in polluted water (Fachrul and Syach, 2008).

V-62 VI TRANS BOUNDARY COASTAL POLLUTION ISSUES AND CONCERNS

The major trans boundary coastal pollution issues are oil pollution and hazardous waste carried and discharged by ships, especially in the Strait of Malacca since the frequent oil spill occurred in this area. The three littoral states, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore, have already become parties of the United Nation Convention of Law of the Sea and MARPOL 73/78. Indonesia ratified UNCLOS in 1985 and MARPOL 73/78 (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 and the Protocol of 1978) on Annex 1 (oil pollution) in 1986. Under Article 218 of the UNCLOS, the three littoral states should increase the cooperation with respect to Port State Control to investigate and prosecute illegal discharge from vessels. Under this provision, if a vessel voluntarily enters the port of one of the three states, the Port State can undertake investigations, and where the evidence so warrants, institute proceedings in respect of illegal discharge by such vessels in the straits, even though such discharge was in the territorial waters of another state. Even though this power is subject to certain safeguards, it does provide legal basis for enhanced cooperation among the three states to effectively deal with illegal discharges from vessels in the strait (UNDP, 1998).

The effort to enhance the cooperation of the navigational safety and environmental protection in the Strait of Malacca is being implemented under the Marine Electronic Highway Project funded by GEF/World Bank with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as an executing agency. The project has conducted the hydrographic survey and planning of several activities, including baseline survey, oil spill modeling, procurement and installation of navigational safety equipment and data link, development of marine data centre, and also establishment of technical committees. The grant will fund the project up to the demonstration phase that will be ended on July 2011.

The cooperation in oil spill combating was already arranged since the beginning of the 1990s in the Southeast Asia region under the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on ASEAN OSRAP. The regional cooperation is objected to enhance the cooperation of 5 ASEAN countries at that time (Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines) in oil spill response and preparedness under the fund of Nippon Foundation, Japan. Japan gave the grant for the equipment of oil spill response to Indonesia and the Philippines, and computer and its software inter country connection and information. However, this cooperation was not implemented yet due to many constraints, especially funding. In 2008, under the cooperation of IMO, Ministry of Transport and Ministry of Environment gathered all ASEAN Countries to revitalize the MoU in the national Focal Points Meeting and Workshop. The cooperation also discussed in the ASEAN Maritime Transport Working Group Meeting and ASEAN Working Group on Coastal and Marine Environment. Up to date, the proposal of revitalization of this cooperation has not been endorsed by the ASEAN Countries.

Aside from oil pollution, another transboundary pollution in the area of BOB Indonesia is hazardous waste. Indonesia’s territory is a possible and potential place as a final disposal of waste. Due to its geographical condition which is an archipelago, Indonesian territory is both separated and connected by the sea and has a long seashore line that opens the

VI-63 chance for illegal waste dumping. Waste disposal in the non-inhabited small islands is frequently found. The official capacity to control the trans boundary movement of hazardous waste is very limited, therefore the investigation carried out only in random order or for some suspicious reasons. Other problems are the limited equipment of small ports to conduct the control of trans boundary movement of waste and mismanagement of local government in tackling the issue of hazardous waste. Some of local government issued the permit to import wastes to Indonesia’s territory. Under the Act No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management, the issuance of environmental permit is integrated in EIA system, therefore the arrangements are as follows: 1. National authority – Ministry of Environment will issue the permit for activities that EIA approved by central government. 2. Local authority – Governor or Major/Regent will issue the permit for activities that EIA approved by local government (province, city or district). This arrangement overlaps with the Government Regulation No. 38 of 2007 on Regional Governance where the authority for issuance of waste water discharge is under local government and for issuance of hazardous waste management is under national authority.

Up to date, Indonesia has not ratified the London Dumping Conventions 1972 and its 1996 Protocol, however the government has already developed several regulations on export and import of waste, such as: 1. Act Number 23/1997 regarding Environmental Management, Article 20 (2) & Article 21 2. Government Regulation No.18/1999 on Hazardous Waste Management 3. Presidential Decree No.61/1993 on Basel Convention Ratification 4. Act Number 10/1995 on Custom Policy 5. Ministry of Industry and Trade Decree No.230/MPP/Kp/ 07/1997 on List of Imported Goods 6. Ministry of Industry and Trade Decree No. 231/MPP/Kp/ 07/1997 on Waste Import Procedure

The government has also regulated the export of the hazardous waste based on the Government Regulation Number 18 of 1999 and Basel Convention. The regulation states that: 1. Export activities of hazardous waste must be in the procedure of notification. 2. Hazardous waste can be exported after receiving a formal approval from the importing country and from the authority in Indonesia.

Indonesia has already ratified the Basel Convention under President Decree No.60/1993 and No. 46/2005 on the Ratification of Amendment to Basel Convention on the Control of Trans boundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and Their Disposal. The implementation of the Basel Convention in Indonesia is carried out by several agencies, includes Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Industry and Trade, and Local Government. The activities are to return the waste, inspections, waste imports management and also gathering and evaluating data on the waste’s export-import.

Hazardous waste is not only transferred from ship to the environment but also from coastal hotspot of pollution. In the area of Riau and NAD Province, several industries, especially in the energy sector (oil and gas) discharged some of their waste contained of heavy metals

VI-64 to the environment. For this issue, the government has already issued the permit to obey the effluent standard and limit the quality and quantity of the waste.

VI-65 VII INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS, CONVENTIONS, AND PROTOCOLS ADOPTED

Indonesia has ratified and adopted several international instruments, conventions, and protocols to strengthen the laws and regulation in the environmental protection and management in the country and also international relationship. Several international instruments, conventions, and protocols related to the environmental management have been compiled in Table 17.

Table 17 . Laws and regulations, international conventions and protocols ratified

No. Laws and Regulation Year International convention and protocols ratification 1. Presidential Decree No.19 1978 Ratification of International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Oil Pollution Damage 2. Presidential Decree No.26 1978 Ratification of ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 3. Presidential Decree No.18 1978 Ratification of International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 4. Act No.17 1985 Ratification of the UNCLOS 82, Part XII 5. Minister of Communication 1986 International Certificate for Petroleum Ships and Decree No.97 Hazardous Waste 6. Presidential Decree No.46 1986 Ratification of International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) 7. Minister of Communication 1986 International Certificate for Petroleum Ships and Decree No.97 Hazardous Waste 8. Act No. 6 1994 United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change 9. Act No. 5 1994 Ratification of United Nations Convention On Biological Diversity 10. President Decree No.61 1993 Ratification of Basel Convention (1989) with Ban Amendment (1995) 11 President Decree No.47 2005 Ratification of Amendment to Basel Convention (1995) 12. Act No.19 2009 The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

7.1 THE AGENDA 21 (CHAPTER 17) OF THE UN CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

The Agenda 21 (Chapter 17) of the UN Conference on Environment and Development, 1992, calling for “the protection of the oceans, all kinds of seas, including enclosed and semi-enclosed area and the protection, rational use and development of their living

VII-66 resources”. As its commitment to the international demand for sustainable development, Indonesia has already developed The Indonesian Agenda 21. This agenda is the country's vision aiming at incorporating economic, social and environmental development into one integrated package.

The Indonesian Agenda 21 consists of four sections: 1. Human services (poverty alleviation, changing consumption patterns, demography, human health and environment, human settlement development, economic instruments and environmental accounting); 2. Waste management, (atmospheric protection, hazardous chemical management, toxic waste management, liquid and solid waste management, and radioactive waste management); 3. Land resource management (land resource planning, agricultural and rural development, forest management, and water resources and water quality); and 4. Natural resource management (biodiversity, biotechnology development, and marine and coastal zone management).

7.2 GLOBAL PROGRAMME OF ACTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM LAND-BASED ACTIVITIES (GPA), 1995

Indonesia has already implemented Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities-GPA as a commitment to the global programme in the form of strengthening the capacity of governments to integrate the management of river catchment, coastal and marine ecosystem, especially in pollution control of land based activities and the impact of climate change. At the end of 2009, the National Programme of Action (NPA) has already been developed for the protection of coastal and marine environment from land based pollution and impact of climate change. The NPA consist of: 1. NPA for River Basin Management 2. NPA for Coastal Management a. Coastal Abrasion b. Coral Reef Degradation c. Mangrove Degradation d. Seagrass Degradation e. Marine Water Quality Management f. Mitigation of Coastal Hazard g. Coastal Degradation Impact to Social and Economic of Local Community h. Financing

3. NPA for Integrated River Basin and Coastal Management a. Policy on Integrated River Basin and Coastal Management b. Institutional Arrangement and Regulations c. Strategy for Integrated River Basin and Coastal Management d. Sustainable Financing

VII-67 7.3 STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS, 2001

The increased awareness on the health effects and environmental impacts of persistent organic pollutants set off global efforts towards the management and remediation of these chemicals. The most recent and substantive effort to date has been the negotiation of a global convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The convention was signed in Stockholm on 23 May 2001. The convention bans 12 chemicals, known as the “dirty dozen”, because they do not break down easily in the natural environment, they can travel long distances and accumulate in human and animal tissues. POPs originate largely from pesticides, as by- products of industrial processes, as cancer-causing dioxins released from industry and as chlorine from waste incinerators. After around nine years of delay, Indonesia finally ratified the International Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) under the Act No. 19/2009.

The dirty dozen banned under Stockholm Convention are: 1. Poly-chlorinated biphenyls 2. Dioxins 3. Furans 4. Aldrin 5. Chlordane 6. Dieldrin 7. Endrin 8. DDT 9. Chlordane 10. Hexa Chlorobenzene (HCB) 11. Mirex 12. Toxaphene

7.4 LONDON CONVENTIONS 1972 AND ITS 1996 PROTOCOL

The London Conventions 1972 entered into force in 1975 and by the end of 2001 had been ratified by 78 countries. This convention arranged for dumping on sea. Dumping in this convention is defined as disposal occurring from vessels, aircrafts, platforms or other man- made structures. Indonesia has not ratified this convention yet, however under the Government Regulation No. 19/1999 on Marine Pollution and/or Degradation Control regulated that dumping on sea is prohibited.

7.5 MARPOL (INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS, 1973 AND THE PROTOCOL OF 1978)

MARPOL 73/78 and its implementation require the participation of the Government (the political body having power to conclude international agreements), Legal Administration, Marine Administration, Ship owners, Port Authorities. As an archipelagic country Indonesia was concerned to ratify MARPOL 73/78, therefore in 1986 under the President Decree No. 46/1986 on Ratification of MARPOL 73/78 Annex 1. Indonesia is the party of MARPOL

VII-68 73/78 for the concern of marine environment especially due to frequent oil pollution in Indonesian waters. As a party the country has obligations and also privileges. If pollution occurs within their territorial waters they can prosecute. A non-party, on the other hand, does not have the privilege of prosecuting any ship that pollutes its shoreline. The main concern of port authorities under MARPOL 73/78 is the provision of adequate reception facilities for oily wastes, noxious liquid substances, sewage and garbage. For this concern, the Ministry of Environment has already issued the Minister of Environment Decree No. 3 of 2007 on Ports Reception Facilities of Hazardous Waste . In this decree, major ports have to build the reception facility to treat their waste, especially oil waste from ships.

VII-69 VIII POLICY, ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS AND LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL

8.1 THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT AND RULES

For more effectiveness of the industries (big and small scale) and household in managing their environment, during the period of year 2008, there are already numerous established acts, guidelines and several Ministry of Environment Regulations which are listed in Table 18 below.

Table 18 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act and rules in Indonesia

No. Laws and Regulation Provision

1 Act Number 7 of 2004 Water Resource Management

2 Act Number 18 of 2008 Solid Waste Management

3 Government Regulation Number 19 of 1999 Marine Pollution and/or Degradation Control

4 Government Regulation Number 82 of 2001 Water Pollution Control

5 Minister of Environment Regulation Number Marine Water Quality Standard 51 of 2004

6 Minister of Environment Decree No. 52/1995 Hotel Effluent Standard

7 Minister of Environment Decree No. 29/2003 Palm Oil Wastewater Utilization

8 Minister of Environment Decree No. 29/2003 Guideline on Palm Oil Wastewater Utilization Permit

9 Minister of Environment Decree No. 37/2003 Analyze and Sampling of Surface Water

10 Minister of Environment Decree No. Establishment of Pollution Load Capacity 110/2003

11 Minister of Environment Decree No. Guideline on Wastewater Discharge Permit 111/2003

12 Minister of Environment Decree No. Domestic Effluent Standard 112/2003

13 Minister of Environment Decree No. Coal Mining Effluent Standard 113/2003 14 Minister of Environment Decree No. Establishment of Water Class 114/2003 15 Minister of Environment Decree No. Establishment of Water Quality Status 115/2003 16 Minister of Environment Decree No. Industrial Effluent 122/2004

VIII-70 17 Minister of Environment Decree No. Gold and Copper Mining effluent standard 202/2004 18 Minister of Environment Decree No. 12/2006 Permit on Wastewater discharge to the sea

19 Minister of Environment Decree No. 09/2006 Nickel Mining Effluent Standard

20 Minister of Environment Decree No. 04/2006 Lead Mining Effluent Standard

21 Minister of Environment Decree No. 10/2006 Vinyl Chloride Monomer & Poly Vinyl Chloride Industries Effluent Standard

22 Minister of Environment Decree No. 05/2007 Fruits and Vegetables Product Effluent Standard

23 Minister of Environment Decree No. 04/2007 Oil, Gas and Geothermal Industries Effluent Standard

24 Minister of Environment Decree No. 06/2007 Fish Product Effluent Standard

25 Minister of Environment Decree No. 08/2007 Downstream Petrochemical Industries Effluent Standard

26 Minister of Environment Decree No. 09/2007 Rayon Industry Effluent Standard

27 Minister of Environment Decree No. 13/2007 Oil And Gas Wastewater Injection

28 Minister of Environment Decree No. 13/2008 Coconut Product Effluent Standard

29 Minister of Environment Decree No. 15/2008 Soybean Product Effluent Standard

30 Minister of Environment Decree No. 14/2008 Meat Product Effluent Standard

31 Minister of Environment Decree No. 12/2008 Seaweed Production Effluent Standard

32 Minister of Environment Decree No. 11/2009 Cow and Pig Farming Effluent Standard

33 Minister of Environment Decree No. 09/2009 Traditional Pharmaceutical Industries Effluent Standard

34 Minister of Environment Decree No. 08/2008 Geothermal Power Generated Effluent Standard

Source: Reliantoro & Helmy (2009) The main issue of Act No. 18/2008 on Solid Waste Management is to change the paradigm of collect, transport, and dump into reduce at source and resources recycle. This Act also opens the opportunity to community and private sector to involve in the Solid Waste management. Some methods to implement this paradigm involved, such as: 1. reduce, reuse, recycle, 2. extended producer’s responsiblity, 3. waste utilisation, and 4. environmental friendly end process

VIII-71 8.2 THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT AND RULES

Some of marine and coastal environment in Indonesia are at the very critical condition for the sustainable use and conservation. The protection of this environment is maintained for securing livelihoods, fisheries and food resources, and biodiversity conservation. Marine, coastal, and estuarine protected areas range from small, locally managed and enforced fishery reserves (also known as no-take ecological reserves) to larger national marine parks that are zoned for multiple use. Several type of coastal and marine conservation management in Indonesia: 1. Marine National Park, managed by the Ministry of Forestry 2. National Coastal Park managed by the Ministry of Forestry 3. Local Marine Conservation Area managed by the Ministry of Marine and Fisheries 4. Fish Sanctuary managed under co-management of International Donor 5. Marine protected area managed under community based approach of International Donors 6. Sasi, awig-awig, panglima laut managed community based of local people

The government of Indonesia has already developed several acts and regulations regarding the environmental protection, such as: 1. Act No. 32/2009 on Environment Protection and Management 2. Act no. 7/2007 on Management of Coastal Zone And Small Island 3. Act No.5/1990 on Living Natural Resources 4. Presidential Decree No.32/1990 on Conservation Area Management 5. Ministry of Environment Regulation Number 51 Year 2004 on Marine Water Quality Standard 6. Ministry of Environment Regulation No 4/2001 on Coral Reef Degraded Criteria 7. Ministry of Environment Regulation No 201/2004 on Mangrove Degraded Criteria 8. Ministry of Environment Regulation No 200/2004 on Sea grass Degraded Criteria

Act No.32/2009 on Environmental Protection and Management has already entered into force October 2009. The law stipulates that any violation of water, emission or noise standards is punishable by up to three years in prison and fines of Rp 3 billion ($325,000). However, several operators have blasted the environmental law due to the implementation of the quality standards are not economically feasible given the existing technology, and will require major investment. It is acknowledged that compliance with the law would not be easy.

8.3 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

Basic policy for water control is the Government Regulation Number 82 Year 2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control. The development of this Regulation was based on the decentralization of water resources management and water management into one system. The concept of this decentralization was influenced by the Act Number 22 Year 1999 on Local Governance. The spirit of autonomy at that time is to give the autonomy to the mayor and the regent (city and district) to govern their region. This responsibility consists of all sectors of governance with the exception of foreign politics, security, fiscal and monetary. The autonomy covered from the planning, implementation, control, monitor and evaluation. Whereas the autonomy for the provincial

VIII-72 government is limited into the responsibility under trans boundary issues between city and district, and also responsibilities that have not been done by city or district. As a consequence, the position of province, district and city does not have any hierarchy and is divided by each administration that leads to the difficulty on the implementation of the integrated water management based on ecoregion or catchment area. Water is flowing from the upstream to the downstream without recognizing the border of land administration. From 133 river regions in Indonesia, only 13 regions are in the same area of district or city. The rest are flowing in several different areas of administrations. The Government Regulation No. 82 Year 2001 stated that water quality management should be integrated based on ecosystem characteristics. This integration should be enforced under the inter local government coordination. Water ecosystem management is based on the management of its catchment area. The inter local government coordination can consist of planning of water usage, water quality monitoring, establishing carrying capacity, and water discharge permit. Several steps of water pollution control stated in the Government Regulation No. 82/ 2001: 1. Establishment of carrying capacity of water resources 2. Pollution sources inventory 3. Wastewater quality criteria for land application 4. Waste water discharge to water or water resources 5. Water Quality Monitoring 6. Monitoring of water quality change 7. Evaluate and Monitor the law enforcement

Inventory of pollution sources is to identify pollution sources and characterize the pollution load that is discharged into the water body. As shown in Table 19, all activities or land uses can be characterized by their major pollutants. Table 20 below contains the minimum pollutants or parameter that should be enforced for each activity or industry under the Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001.

Table 19. Major pollutants from land-based activities or land use

Land Use Major pollutants

Agriculture Sediment, N, P, Pesticides, BOD, Heavy Metal

Irigation TDS

Farming Sediment, N, P, BOD

Urban runoff Sediment, N, P, BOD, Pesticides, TDS, Heavy Metal , coliform

Streets Sediment, N, P, BOD, TDS, Heavy Metal

Constructions Sediment, Heavy Metal

Terrestrial disposal N, P, TDS, Heavy Metal , other pollutant

Mining Sediment, Heavy Metal , acidity

Note: N : nitrogen ; P: phosphorous; (Source : Canter, 1996 in Reliantoro and Helmy, 2009)

VIII-73 Since its establishment, the Government Regulation No. 82/2001 has resulted in 36 decrees of the Ministry of Environment, with the last issue of Minister Decree No. 11/ 2009 on Cows and Pigs Farming Effluent Standard.

Table 20. Minimum pollutants controlled by type of industry

Type of industry Type of pollutant/ parameter

Oil and Gas Exploration and COD, M&L, H2S, NH3-N, Phenol, T, Ph Production Oil Refinery BOD5, COD, M&L, Sulfida terlarut, Amonia terlarut, Phenol, T, pH LNG Refinery and Oil & grease, T, pH Integrated LPG Installation,depo and oil Oil & grease, TOC terminal Caustic Industry soda COD, SS, Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, pH Metal Platting Industry (Cu, SS, Cd, CN, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, pH,Metal total Cr, Ni, Zn) Leather Industry BOD5, COD, SS, H2S, Cr, Oil and Grease, NH3-N, pH Palm Oil Industry BOD5, COD, SS, Oil and Grease, NH3-N, pH Pulp and paper Industry BOD5, COD, SS, pH Crumb rubber Industry BOD5, COD, SS, NH3-N, pH Sugar Industry BOD5, COD, SS, H2S, pH Tapioca Industry BOD5, COD, SS, pH, CN Textile Industry BOD5, COD, SS, pH, Phenol total, Cr, Oil and Grease Urea Fertilizer Industry BOD5, COD, SS, pH, CN, NH3-N, Oil and Grease Etanol Industry BOD5, SS, pH Mono Sodium Glutamat BOD5, SS, pH (MSG) Industry Plywood Industry BOD5, SS, pH, Phenol total

Milk and Milk Products BOD5, COD, TSS, pH Industry Soft Drink Industry BOD5, TSS, M&L, pH

Soap, Detergent and Natural BOD5, COD, TSS, M&L, phosphate, MBAS, pH Oil Industry

Beer Industry BOD5, COD, TSS, pH

Dry Battery Industry BOD5, TSS, NH3 total, M&L , Zn, Hg, Mn, Cr, Ni, pH Paint Industry BOD5, TSS, Hg, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr+6, Ti, Cd, Phenol, M&L, pH

Source: Reliantoro and Helmy (2009)

VIII-74 8.4 EIA/SEA FOR CLEARANCE AND APPROVAL OF PROJECTS THAT HAVE POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON THE WATER QUALITY AND COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT IN GENERAL

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is regulated for all projects that have significant or potential impacts to the environment, including coastal and marine environment. The implementation of EIA as a planning tool has been utilized for a relatively long time in Indonesia, formally since 1982 through the Act number 4 of 1982. Its supporting Regulation was established four years later when the Government Regulation Number 29 was enacted in 1986. However, EIA has been practiced in Indonesia before it was established in the Indonesia’s legislation. It is recorded that more than ten EIAs have been carried out in Indonesia before 1980 (Soeratmo, 1988). Figure 14 below shows the number of EIA Reports produced between 1999 until October 2004. Ministry of Environment Decree No.11 of 1994 completed the regulation of EIA. This decree covered the list of projects subject to EIA for Sectoral Activities and Creiteria for Protected Areas. Under this decree, the EIA should be completed with monitoring and mitigation plan. The list of projects subject to EIA for Sectoral Activities has been revised by the Ministry of Environment Decree No.17 of 2001.

Figure 12. Number of EIA reports produced from 1999 until October 2004 Sources: KLH (2005)

The first step of EIA is that the proposed project should experience the screening process based on the list of project to EIA under the Decree of MOE No.17 of 2001. If EIA is required, the proposed project will go through the scoping process, compilation of EIA report and EIA Review. These processes should involve public participation.

VIII-75 Figure 13. EIA process in Indonesia.

Public participation in the EIA was regulated under The Head of Indonesia’s Environmental Management Agency Decree number 8 of 2000 regarding Procedure of Public Participation in EIA Process. The procedure of public participation in the EIA process can be seen in Figure 16. The proponent is required to notify and announce its proposal and minimum requirements for the announcement are set by the guidance, and the public has rights to voice its opinions or responses within 30 days since the announcement date.

VIII-76 Figure 14. Procedure of public participation in the EIA

 Under the Decree Of Head Of Environmental Impact Management Agency No.09/2000 on Guidelines For Preparation Of Environmental Impacts Assessment Study, the report that should be prepared for the proposed project covers: 1. EIA Term of Reference 2. Executive Summary 3. EIA Report 4. Mitigation Plan 5. Monitoring Plan For reviewing and decision making, under Government Regulation No 27 of 1999 there should be established EIA Commission at the National, Provincial, and District Level, with the decision maker is under Ministry of Environment for national level, Governor for provincial level and Mayor or Bupati at the city or district level.

VIII-77

Figure 15. Sample of map on proposed project under EIA

8.5 OTHER INSTRUMENTS AND KEY SECTOR POLICIES

Other instrument to manage the marine and coastal environment is Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). ICZM in Indonesia is coordinated by the Ministry of Marine and Fisheries under the Act No.7/2007 on Coastal and Small Island Management. The ICZM in Indonesia is still in infancy and needs to be improved, especially in the cooperation and coordination among the stakeholders, public participation and also the consistency on the implementation of the regulations.

Land use planning is an important instrument to control land utilization and protect the environment from pollution and degradation. Land use planning is regulated under the Act No.26/2007, where the Ministry of Public Works has mandate to arrange land-use planning in Indonesia. To arrange the utilization of coastal and marine environment, the Act No.7/2007 regulated the marine and coastal zone planning. However, none of the area of coastal and marine in Indonesia has established its planning yet.

Another instrument used to environmental management in Indonesia is environmental audit and cleaner production. Environmental audits are used to assess and quantify the environmental performance of a company. An environmental audit report ideally contains a statement of environmental performance and environmental position, and may also aim to define what needs to be done to sustain or improve the performance and position.

MoE has developed 2 (two) regulations on the environmental audit: 1. Minister of Environmental Decree No.42/1994 on General Guideline on Implementation of Environmental Audit. 2. Minister of Environmental Decree No. 30/2001 on Implementation Guideline of Mandatory Environmental Audit.

VIII-78 Cleaner production is a company initiative to minimize waste and emissions and maximize product output as part of its contribution to protect the environment. Improvements of organization and technology help to reduce or suggest better choices in use of materials and energy, and to avoid waste, waste water generation, and gaseous emissions, and also waste heat and noise. The government has already initiated to guide the companies and local government on cleaner production since 1990s. MoE has established the Ministry of Environment No. 32/2009 on Assistance and Control on the Implementation of Environmental Management System, Ecolabel, Cleaner Production and Environmental based Technology.

Agricultural policy dealing with fertilizer and pesticide use and/or integrated pest management/ organic farming has been established since 1970s by the government regulation No.7 of 1973 on Control on Distribution, Storage and Using of Pesticides. Prior to its use, sale, commercial distribution and or storage, any pesticides must have been registered and holding permission. The mechanisms of pesticides registration is officially controlled by the Ministry of Agriculture. There are steps of being granted permission that have to be applied to pesticides intended to be used and or distributed in the country such as follows: a. Provisional Permission b. Temporary Permission c. Permanent Permission

Several criteria to fulfill to be registration holder for certain pesticide are as follows: the applicant must be an Indonesian citizen either as an individual or Indonesian legal as a firm with several conditions regulated. To protect the environmental management, the government has confirmed technical criteria to evaluate pesticides, which will be distributed and or sold in the country. For registration purpose, any pesticide should meet technical criteria based on the international standard. The following criteria for evaluation, such as: a. Physico-chemical properties b. Bio efficacy c. Mammalian toxicity d. Residue e. Environment toxicity f. Resurgance Test

Under this regulation the government that has authority to regulate and control the use, sale, commercial distribution and or storage of pesticides are Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Trade. Permit of using pesticide will be given if the pesticide has been evaluated on the effectiveness and safety for human health. This permit and labeling of pesticides is under control of Ministry of Agriculture. The Ministry on Environment (MoE) also regulates pesticides under the Government Regulation No. 18 of 1999 on Hazardous Waste and Government Regulation No. 74 of 2001 on Hazardous Material Management. In this regulation, the MoE controls the registration, packing, keeping, treatment, symbol, labeling, transportation, import and export of hazardous waste and hazardous materials. Table 21. indicates the status of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Indonesia.

VIII-79

Table 21 Status of POPs in Indonesia

No. POPs Status 1 Aldrin Never registered for use 2 Chlordane Banned in 1992 3 DDT Banned 4 Dieldrin Banned in 1992 5 Endosulfan - 6 Endrin Never registered for use 7 Heptachlor Never registered for use 8 HCP Banned 9 Mirex Banned 10 PCP Banned in 1980 11 Toxaphene Banned 12 HCH HCH isomers – banned. Lindane – not registered 13 HCB Banned in 1980 14 PCB Banned in 1994 15 Toxaphene Banned 16 Toxaphene Banned Source: POPs Use in South East Asia, Persistent Organic Pollutant Toolkit

8.6 MARKET-BASED INSTRUMENT

Market based instruments have already been implemented in Indonesia since 1990s. However, the implementation of this economic instrument is struggled by many challenges. The main Issues Related to Implementation of Economic Instruments that captured during the Economic Instruments Workshop in January 2010 decided that: 1. Practically, the economic instrument for environment services may not be measurable 2. Mainstreaming of the economic instrument to all economic sectors involved 3. Mechanism for environmental funding 4. Regional Decentralization 5. Structure of Financial system and its relation with environmental management 6. Protocol of implementation of economic instrument

Policy direction on economic instrument in Indonesia is described under the Priorities for Environmental Development (RPJM 2010-2014): 1. Climate change adaptation which include increasing forest rehabilitation area up to 500,000 ha per year. 2. Environmental damage prevention which include reduction of forest fire hot spot, pollution reduction up to 50% in 2014 and halting degradation of watershed areas starting in the year 2010 onward.

VIII-80 3. Developing early warning system for natural disaster such as tsunami, flood and climate change. 4. Capacity building which include increasing capacity building for government officials in areas of risk management, mitigation and forest handling in 33 provinces.

VIII-81 IX INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL AND ENFORCEMENT OF EXISTING POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONS

9.1 POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

Authority for water pollution control is arranged under the Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control. Based on this regulation, water quality management should be based on decentralization and ecosystem unit. These concepts are contradictive, decentralization gives the opportunity of local government to authorize under its administrative jurisdiction, on the other side ecosystem based water quality management ignores its administrative jurisdiction.

Decentralization concept firstly ruled under the Act No. 22/1999 on the Regional Governance which gives the biggest authority to district/city government to arrange all sectors of governance, unless foreign politics, justice, defense, monetary, fiscal and religion. Meanwhile, limited authority is given to provincial government, consists of inter administrative jurisdiction of cities and districts and other authority that has been arranged by the city/district government. The Act has been revised by the Act No. 32/2004 on Regional Governance. This law stipulated the harmonization of local authority. The authority should guarantee the harmonic communication between one region to another. It means that authority should integrate and coordinate among regions to increase their community welfare.

Government Regulation No. 82/2001 gave the authority to local government (province, city and district) to control water pollution in their jurisdiction. Local government should define locations and distributions of pollution sources based on its category (point sources and diffuse sources). The authority includes the issuance of effluent discharge and wastewater application on land permit, water quality and effluent quality monitoring, establishment of water class and water quality status. Full authority to control the water pollution is given to Environmental Bureau at the local government, while at national level to the Ministry of Environment.

9.2 INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR POLLUTION CONTROL

The Government of Indonesia has regularly monitored the river water quality and quantity. Directorate General of Water Resource under the Ministry of Public Works is responsible for carrying out the monitoring of river water quantity under the Act No.7 of 2004 on Water Resources, while the quality of river water become a responsibility of Ministry of Environment that mandated its role to the local government (province, district or city).

The Ministry of Environment (MoE) monitors the quality of 30 rivers each year with two times frequencies. The parameters that are monitored include pH, BOD, COD, DO, TSS, Nitrate, Ammonia, Phosphate, and fecal or total coliform. Under the Clean River Program (PROKASIH), MoE has mandated the monitoring of river water quality to the local

IX-82 government, in order to have data series of river water quality and planning to reduce the pollution load discharges to the rivers. PROKASIH was declared in 1990. Provincial government shall regularly submit data concerning the monitoring results of water quality of prioritized rivers. Prioritized rivers were selected by the provincial government based on the importance of the river for domestic, agriculture and industrial business in the province. However, the submission of data stopped for five years, 1997-2002, due to economic crises. The objective of this programme is to enforce the ambient water quality standard under the Government Regulation No. 20 of 1990 on Water Quality Control and No. 82 of 2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control, and effluent standard under the Ministry Decree. The effluent standard has to be implemented by all types of industries that discharge the waste water to the rivers or environment.

To maximize the achievement of better river water quality, MoE also adopted the PROPER (Programme of Performance Rating) to enforce public information disclosure of big and major companies. One of the criteria evaluated is the strategy of the company to reduce their waste water pollution discharging to the environment and achieve better performance in pollution control management. The highest rank for gaining the award is Gold Rating, it will be granted to the company who achieved and succeed in the pollution control management and implement clean production (zero waste). While the worst performance rating (Black Rating) will be given to the company that has not complied with the effluent standard and failed or has no effort to reduce their waste discharging to the environment.

IX-83 X GAPS

10.1 GAP ANALYSIS ON RIVER BASIN AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT

Indonesia has already developed regulations regarding environmental management and protection, ratified many international conventions and accepted international law principles in the environmental management. However, the implementation of those regulations is facing difficulties due to some constraints in the limited human resources and capability in the environmental management, limited understanding in the adoption of the law, commitment of the local government to protect its resources and funding. The lack of information and data on the ecosystem and the quality of the environment as a baseline to enforce the law also influenced the pollution control and ambient quality of BOB in Indonesia.

Information and data of natural resources and pollution sources along the coastal and marine environment of BOB area in Indonesia are mostly at the eastern coast of Sumatra and Malacca Strait; however, only very limited data at the western coast of Sumatra and Indian Ocean are found. Continuous monitoring for marine water quality of BOB in Indonesia has not been conducted yet, and lead to the difficulty for environmental managers to determine the hotspots of pollution sources and the pollution control on the BOB area of Indonesia.

Waste from point sources and non point sources of BOB area mostly reach the coastal and marine environment by rivers. Thus, the pollution control of the coastal and marine environment will not be separated from the river basin management. The policy for river basin management has involved the concept of ‘one policy, one plan and one management’, rehabilitation of critical land, increasing the protection area and prevent the land use change, promote better agricultural practices, improve river water quality, establish water quality standard and reduce the pollution load to the river. Coastal management policy included coastal resources management through hierarchy planning according to Act No.7/2007 and established the marine water quality standard. However, there are some gaps on the policy, strategy, institutional arrangement on the implementation of river basin and coastal management. Table 22. below is the summary of gap analysis on river basin and coastal management in Indonesia.

X-84 Table 22. Gap analysis on coastal and marine environmental management and protection in Indonesia Implementation issues Gap Analysis Subject Policy River basin management: There is no integrated and The concept of ‘one policy, one plan and one comprehensive management for management’ for river basin is not river basin and coastal area due implemented yet. to the administrative boundary Policy for water quality improvement has not based management approach. been integrated to national program. Mechanism for integrated river basin and coastal management Coastal management has not been developed yet. National policy showed that inter-sector and Spatial planning for coastal area ecological approach is not adequately is based on land area and not implemented. integrated to coastal and marine Constraints on the different views of sector area. institution in the management of coastal area. Technical constraint in Coastal management is based on understanding administrative vs. administrative boundary. ecosystem boundaries. Strategy River basin management: No management strategy for The strategy focused on up and midland integrated management covering management without considering the the river basin and coastal areas. integration of coastal area. Waste management has not fully implemented the 3R principles. Coastal management Limited programmes and actions implemented in the coastal and marine environment. Institutional River basin management: Ineffective Institutional arrangement No single authority for river basin arrangement and synergy management . Execution is based on sector’s regulations on river basin and approach. Central and Local Planning Board coastal area. have not been playing their role in Conflict of interest of institutions harmonization of economic and environment on land use management of river in the river basin management. basin and coastal management. Lack of human and institutional capacity. No clear physical boundary Bureau of River Basin management (BP between river basin and coastal DAS) and other river basin management area lead to mismanagement of related institutions have different arrangement authority. and are uncoordinated. Coastal management No institution has clear authority for coastal resources management in relation with harmonization of the upland management. No regulation on new lands formed by sedimentation or accretion. Financing River basin management: Need financial compensation No comprehension funding and inter sector mechanism and cost sharing for financing for river basin management. river basin and coastal Coastal management: management.

X-85 No comprehension funding and inter sector Consider the financial allocation financing for integrated coastal management. by sector will lead the finance used only for sector’s planning. An effort of joint funding between sectors has to be pursued. Source: UNEP, 2009

10.2 REPORT CARD OF POLLUTION STATUS TO PUBLIC

Up to date, the report card of pollution status to public has not been developed yet. Although the pollution status of the river or marine environment has already been determined, the status has not been disseminated to public yet. Even, most local government has not conducted their responsibility to develop the pollution status report card of their environment as mandated in the national regulations. Government Regulation No. 19/1999 on Marine Pollution/Degradation Control mandated the local government to determine the status of its marine environment based on the quality of the coastal ecosystem (mangrove, sea grass and coral reef) and marine water, and the Government Regulation No.82/2004 on Water Pollution Control mandated the local government to classify rivers based on their quality.

X-86 XI PRIORITY ACTIONS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES REQUIRED

Priority actions and remedial measures should be taken to reduce the pollution and degradation of coastal and marine environment at the national, regional/state and local level. Table below indicates the priority actions and remedial measures required by each level.

11.1 PRIORITY ACTIONS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES REQUIRED AT THE NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL LEVEL

Subject National Local Regional River Basin Management Sedimentation - Reforestation - Control the land use Assessment of - Control the land use change sediment change - Physical structure and transport from - Develop regulation on vegetative measures the river to environmental tax, - Rainwater harvesting coastal incentive and cost sharing environment. mechanism - Physical structure and vegetative measures - Rainwater harvesting

Flood - Institution capacity and - Enhance community awareness building capacity and awareness - Reforestation - Control the land use - Control the land use change change - Physical structure and - Develop regulation on vegetative measures environmental tax, - Rainwater harvesting incentive and cost sharing - Maintain and upgrade mechanism city drainage system and - Physical structure and sanitation facilities vegetative measures - Dam construction at the - Rainwater harvesting upland of river. - Conservative agriculture program

Solid Waste - Institution capacity and - Enhance community Capacity awareness building capacity and awareness building for - Promote environmentally - Increase the level of waste friendly behavior through services on waste management 3R principle management - Develop regional facility for - Waste to energy waste treatment conversion programme - Incentive-disincentive - Applying 3R principle, mechanism sanitary landfill system, - Waste to energy waste incinerator and conversion programme composting facilities - Public campaign - Public campaign - Promote technology - innovation in waste management Organic - Law enforcement on water - Develop and maintain Capacity

XI-87 pollution pollution control sewage treatment building for - Promote cleaner production facilities. waste - Strengthen local - Develop settlement’s management government empowerment integrated sewage on pollution control and law treatment plan and enforcement communal septic tank. - Develop incentive - Promote wise use disincentive mechanism fertilizers in agricultural - Promote and regulate activities. community involvement in - Enhance monitoring domestic waste reduction programme on industrial and management. effluent and water - Determine the pollution ambient. hotspot on regional area. - Determine the pollution hotspot on local area. Heavy metal - Promote application of - Establish the integrated EMS, EMP, and regulation industrial zone and for environmental audit. industries relocation - Promote the and increase - Increase law the capacity of hazardous enforcement on waste processing facilities hazardous waste - Increase the capacity of management and local government in pollution control. hazardous waste - Enhance monitoring management and pollution programme on industrial control effluent and water - Promote the best available ambient. technology to reduce heavy - Determine the pollution metal use in the production hotspot on local area. - Develop incentive/disincentive and cost sharing mechanism - Law enforcement in pollution control and hazardous waste management - Determine the pollution hotspot on regional area. Pesticide - Develop and promote - Develop and promote Capacity regulation to control the use regulation to control the building on good of pesticides and non use of pesticides and non practices of organic fertilizers. organic fertilizers. agriculture - Develop and promote the - Develop and promote the use of organic fertilizers use of organic fertilizers and integrated pest control. and integrated pest - Promote the use of control. biological pest control. - Promote the use of - Develop incentive biological pest control. disincentive and cost - Develop incentive sharing mechanism disincentive and cost sharing mechanism. - Training and education for local farmer to use organic fertilizer and biological pest control.

Coastal Coastal - Develop capacity and - Develop capacity and Abrasion empower local government empower local in community based community in community

XI-88 management on based management on environment environment - Public campaign on the - Public campaign on the importance of coastal importance of coastal ecosystem to prevent ecosystem to prevent abrasion. abrasion. - Law enforcement on - Law enforcement on environmental destruction environmental destruction - Promote the cooperation of - Promote the involvement inter sector, NGO, private of community in coastal sector and local rehabilitation. government on coastal rehabilitation - Enhance the CSR for coastal rehabilitation - Promote the economic valuation of the environment. Ecosystem - Develop capacity and - Develop capacity and Degradation empower local government empower local in community based community in community management on based management on environment environment - Public campaign on the - Develop monitoring importance of coastal programme on ecosystem to prevent ecosystem destruction abrasion. - Public campaign on the - Law enforcement on importance of coastal environmental destruction. ecosystem to prevent - Promote the cooperation of abrasion. inter sector, NGO, private - Law enforcement on sector, universities and environmental destruction local government on Promote the involvement coastal rehabilitation. of community in coastal - Small grant programme for rehabilitation. ecosystem rehabilitation. - Enhance the CSR for coastal rehabilitation. - Promote the economic valuation of the environment Marine Water - Develop capacity and - Develop capacity and Modeling for Pollution empower local government empower local sand waves, oil on pollution control and community in pollution pollution and monitoring programme reduction from sediment - Law enforcement on agricultural, fisheries and transport. pollution control and waste domestic activities. management. - Develop monitoring Enforce regional - Promote and develop programme on marine to ratify the domestic waste facilities water quality. international - Public campaign on the conventions, eg. importance of coastal Basel ecosystem to prevent Convention. abrasion. - Law enforcement on Regional environmental destruction monitoring Promote the involvement programme on of community in coastal oil, PAH, heavy rehabilitation. metals and pesticides.

XI-89 Integrated River Basin and Coastal Management Policy - Develop and formulate the - .Develop and formulate Develop and integrated river basin and the integrated river basin establish the coastal management. and coastal Integrated River - Increase the commitment management. Basin and of all stakeholders in - Increase the commitment Coastal integrated river basin and of all stakeholders in Management in coastal management. integrated river basin and the area. coastal management.

. Institutional - Develop and establish - Develop and establish Arrangement data and information data and information center center - Enforce the - Enforce the implementation of river implementation of river basin and coastal basin and coastal management. management. - Develop pollution load - Develop pollution load carrying capacity for water carrying capacity for resources water resources - . Strategy - Develop spatial planning - Develop spatial planning Establish and for river basin and coastal for river basin and Training on management coastal management Total Maximum - Implement SEA/EIA for - Implement SEA/EIA for Daily Load for integrated river basin and integrated river basin establishment of coastal management. and coastal carrying - Public participation in management. capacity of the planning, implementing, - Public participation in bay. monitoring and evaluating planning, implementing, the integrated river basin monitoring and dan coastal management evaluating the integrated river basin dan coastal management Financing - Develop mechanism for - Develop mechanism for cost and benefit sharing in cost and benefit sharing the integrated river and in the integrated river coastal management and coastal - Develop non government management funding mechanism, eg. - Develop non through trust fund system. government funding mechanism, eg. through trust fund system. Source: Indonesia NPA Reprt, MoE (UNEP, 2009)

XI-90 XII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The natural resources in the area BOB of Indonesia are rich and potential for further development. However, the development of this area has already impacted to the quality of coastal and marine environment. Most of programmes and actions in pollution control have been conducted for industries and domestic waste reduction. Up to date, continuous monitoring of marine water and determination of pollution hotspot in the BOB marine area of Indonesia has not been established yet. Determination and implementation programmes and actions on environmental protection and pollution reduction are important to be conducted in short and long term planning. Several programmes and actions that need to be conducted in short term, such as: 1. Develop a strategic and action plans of the western part of Sumatra.

2. Implement the integrated coastal management on the western part of Sumatra.

3. Modelling of oil spill in the BOBLME

4. Capacity Building for national and local government in Total Maximum Daily Load for establishment of carrying capacity of the bay for the marine environmental protection.

5. Capacity Building for national and local government in Climate Change Adaptation.

In order to achieve the goal of the BOBLME Programme, which is the sustainable management of the living marine resources and an environmentally healthy BOBLME., local, national and regional actions should be integrated and implemented. Involving the role of community actions is also important for the success of the project.

XII-91 ANNEXES

ANNEX 1

GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 82 YEAR 2001 ON WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL

CLASSIFICATION OF WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

CLASS UNIT PARAMETER I II III IV NOTE PHYSICAL

Deviation of temperature from Temperature oC Deviation 3 Deviation 3 Deviation 3 Deviation 3 it’s natural condition

Dissolved mg/ L 1000 1000 1000 2000 Residual For conventional water Suspended mg/L 50 50 400 400 treatment plant, suspended Residual residual < 5000 mg/ L INORGANIC CHEMICAL

If naturally beyond the range, pH 6 - 9 6 – 9 6 - 9 5 - 9 the natural condition used BOD mg/L 2 3 6 12 COD mg/L 10 25 50 100 DO mg/L 6 4 3 0 Minimum limit Phosphate total mg/L 0,2 0,2 1 5 as P

NO3 asi N mg/L 10 10 20 20 For fisheries, free ammonia in NH3-N mg/L 0,5 (-) (-) (-) sensitive fish shall be < 0,02 mg/L as NH3 Arsenic mg/L 0,05 1 1 1 Cobalt mg/L 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 Barium mg/L 1 (-) (-) (-) Boron mg/L 1 1 1 1 Selenium mg/L 0,01 0,05 0,05 0,05 Cadmium mg/L 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 Chromium (VI) mg/L 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,01 For conventional water Copper mg/L 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,2 treatment plant, Cu < 1 mg/L For conventional water Iron mg/L 0,3 (-) (-) (-) treatment plant, Fe < 5 mg/L For conventional water Lead mg/L 0,03 0,03 0,03 1 treatment plant, Pb < 0,1 mg/L Manganese mg/L 0,1 (-) (-) (-) Mercury mg/L 0,001 0,002 0,002 0,005

XII-92 For conventional water Zinc mg/L 0,05 0,05 0,05 2 treatment plant, konvensional, Zn < 5 mg/L mg/l Chloride (-) (-) (-) 600 Cyanide mg/L 0,02 0,02 0,02 (-) Fluoride mg/L 0,5 1,5 1,5 (-) For conventional water Nitrite as N mg/L 0,06 0,06 0,06 (-) treatment plant, NO2 - N < 1 mg/L Sulphate mg/L 400 (-) (-) (-) Free Chlorine mg/L 0,03 0,03 0,03 (-) Not required for ABAM For conventional water Sulfuric as H2S mg/L 0,002 0,002 0,002 (-) treatment plant, S sebagai H2S <0,1 mg/L MICROBIOLOGY number/100 - Fecal coliform 100 1000 2000 2000 For conventional water ml treatment plant, fecal coliform number/100 < 2000/ 100 ml and total - Total coliform 1000 5000 10000 10000 ml coliform < 10000/100 ml RADIOACTIVES - Gross-A Bq /L 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 - Gross-B Bq /L 1 1 1 1

ORGANIC CHEMICAL Oil and Grease ug /L 1000 1000 1000 (-) Detergent as ug /L 200 200 200 (-) MBAS Phenol compound as ug /L 1 1 1 (-) Phenol

BHC ug /L 210 210 210 (-) Aldrin / Dieldrin ug /L 17 (-) (-) (-) Chlordane ug /L 3 (-) (-) (-) DDT ug /L 2 2 2 2 Heptachlor and heptachlor ug /L 18 (-) (-) (-) epoxide Lindane ug /L 56 (-) (-) (-) Methoxyclor ug /L 35 (-) (-) (-) Endrin ug /L 1 4 4 (-) Toxaphane ug /L 5 (-) (-) (-)

NOTES:

Mg = miligram ug = microgram ml = mililiter L = liter Bq = Bequerel MBAS = Methylene Blue Active Substance ABAM = Raw water for drinking water Heavy metal is dissolved metal

XII-93 The value is maximum limit, unless for pH and DO. For pH, the range shall not be less or over the limit regulated. The value for DO is the minimum limit. (-) means that for the class mentioned, the parameter is not required < less than or equal to < less than

XII-94 ANNEX 2 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT DECREE NUMBER 51 YEAR 2004 MARINE WATER QUALITY STANDARD

MARINE WATER QUALITY STANDARD FOR PORT

No. Parameter Unit Standard Physical parameters

1 Clarity a M >3 2 Odor - Not detected 3 TSS mg/l 80 4 Solid waste (garbage) - Not detected1(4) 5 Temperature oC Natural 3( c 6 Oil film - Not detected1(5)

Chemical parameters 1 pHd - 6.5 – 8.5( d) 2 Salinitye %o 3 Total Ammonia (NH3-N) mg/l 0.3 4 Sulphide (H2S) mg/l 0.03 5 Total Hydrocarbon mg/l 1 6 Total Phenol mg/l 0.002 7 PCB μg/l 0.01 8 Surfactan (detergent) mg/l MBAS 1 9 Oil and grease mg/l 5 10 TBT μg/l 0.01 Dissolved metal 11 Mercury (Hg) mg/l 0.003 12 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.01 13 Copper (Cu) mg/l 0.05 14 Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.05 15 Zinc (Zn) mg/l 0.1

Biological parameter 1 Total Coli form f MPN/100 ml 1000(f )

Notes: 1. Not detected means not detected under the detection limit of the equipment/facility used for analyze ( based on the standard method used) 2. Methods for analyze the parameters refer to the national and/or international standard methods for marine water 3. Natural is normal condition of the environment, can be varied every time (noon, night, seasons) 4. Visual observation. 5. Visual observation. Oil film is the thin layer of oil film with the thickness of 0.01mm 6. TBT is antifouling agent that usually used as ship paint

a) Permissible alter up to <10% euphotic depth b) Permissible alter up to <10% average seasonal concentration

XII-95 c) Permissible alter up to <2oC from average seasonal temperature d) Permissible alter up to <0,2 pH unit e) Permissible alter up to <5% average seasonal salinity f) Permissible alter up to <10% average seasonal concentration

XII-96 ANNEX 3 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT DECREE NUMBER 51 YEAR 2004 MARINE WATER QUALITY STANDARD

MARINE WATER QUALITY STANDARD FOR MARINE TOURISM

No. Parameter Unit Standard Physical parameters 1 Color Pt.Co 30

2 Clarity a M natural3( c) 3 Turbidity NTU <5 4 Odor - Not detected 5 TSS mg/l 80 6 Solid waste (garbage) - Not detected1(4) 7 Temperature oC Natural 3( c) 8 Oil film - Not detected1(5)

Chemical parameters 1 pHd - 7 – 8.5( d) 2 Salinitye %o 3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/l >5 4 BOD5 mg/l 10 5 Total Ammonia (NH3-N) mg/l 0.3 6 Phosphate (PO4) mg/l 0,015 7 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 0,008

8 Sulphide (H2S) mg/l Not detected 1

9 Total Phenol mg/l Not detected 1 10 PAH (Polyaromatics hydrocarbon) mg/l 0.03

11 PCB (Polychlor biphenyl) μg/l nihil1 μg/l Not detected 1 12 Surfactan (detergent) mg/l MBAS 1 13 Oil and grease mg/l 1

14 Pesticide( f) μg/l Not detected 1 Dissolved metal 15 Mercury (Hg) mg/l 0.003 16 Chromium hexavalent (Cr(VI)) mg/l 0.002 17 Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.025 18 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.002 19 Copper (Cu) mg/l 0.050 20 Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.005 21 Zinc (Zn) mg/l 0.095 22 Nickel (Ni) 0.075

Biological parameter 1 . E Coliform (faecal )g MPN/100 ml 2. MPN/100 ml 200( g) 2 Coliform (total)g MPN/100 ml 1000 MPN/100 ml 1000( g)

XII-97 RADIO NUCLIDE 1 Unknown composition Bq/l Bq/l

Notes: 7. Not detected means not detected under the detection limit of the equipment/facility used for analyze ( based on the standard method used) 8. Methods for analyze the parameters refer to the national and/or international standard methods for marine water 9. Natural is normal condition of the environment, can be varied every time (noon, night, seasons) 10. Visual observation. 11. Visual observation. Oil film is the thin layer of oil film with the thickness of 0.01mm

g) Permissible alter up to <10% euphotic depth h) Permissible alter up to <10% average seasonal concentration i) Permissible alter up to <2oC from average seasonal temperature j) Permissible alter up to <0,2 pH unit k) Permissible alter up to <5% average seasonal salinity l) Any kind of pesticides, such as: DDT, Endrin, Endosulfan and Heptachlor m) Permissible alter up to <10% average seasonal concentration

XII-98 ANNEX 4 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT DECREE NUMBER 51 YEAR 2004 MARINE WATER QUALITY STANDARD

MARINE WATER QUALITY STANDARD FOR MARINE BIOTA

No. Parameter Unit Standard Physical parameters

1 Clarity a M coral: >5 mangrove: - seagrass >3 2 Turbiditya NTU <5 3 Odor - Not detected 4 TSS mg/l 80 5 Solid waste (garbage) - Not detected1(4) 6 Temperature oC Natural 3( c) coral: 28-30( c) mangrove: 28-32 ( c) seagrass: 28-30( c)

7 Oil film - Not detected1(5)

Chemical parameters 1 pHd - 7 – 8.5( d) 2 Salinitye %o 3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/l >5 4 BOD5 mg/l 20 5 Total Ammonia (NH3-N) mg/l 0.3 6 Phosphate (PO4) mg/l 0,015 7 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 0,008 8 Cyanide (CN-) mg/l 0,5 9 Sulphide (H2S) mg/l 0.01 10 Total Phenol mg/l 0.002 11 PAH (Polyaromatics hydrocarbon) mg/l 0.03 12 PCB (Polychlor biphenyl) μg/l nihil1 μg/l 0.01 13 Surfactant (detergent) mg/l MBAS 1 14 Oil and grease mg/l 1 15 Pesticide( f) μg/l 0.01 16 TBT μg/l 0.01 Dissolved metal 17 Mercury (Hg) mg/l 0.001 18 Chromium hexavalent (Cr(VI)) mg/l 0.005 19 Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.012 Biological parameter 1 . E Coliform (faecal )g MPN/100 ml 2. MPN/100 ml 200( g) 2 Coliform (total)g MPN/100 ml 1000 MPN/100 ml 1000( g)

XII-99 3 Plankton cell/100 ml Not blooming6

RADIO NUCLIDE 1 Unknown composition Bq/l Bq/l

Notes: 12. Not detected means not detected under the detection limit of the equipment/facility used for analyze ( based on the standard method used) 13. Methods for analyze the parameters refer to the national and/or international standard methods for marine water 14. Natural is normal condition of the environment, can be varied every time (noon, night, seasons) 15. Visual observation. 16. Visual observation. Oil film is the thin layer of oil film with the thickness of 0.01mm

n) Permissible alter up to <10% euphotic depth o) Permissible alter up to <10% average seasonal concentration p) Permissible alter up to <2oC from average seasonal temperature q) Permissible alter up to <0,2 pH unit r) Permissible alter up to <5% average seasonal salinity s) Any kind of pesticides, such as: DDT, Endrin, Endosulfan and Heptachlor t) Permissible alter up to <10% average seasonal concentration

XII-100