DOCSLIB.ORG

4 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Lymphatic Filariasis Lymphatic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
4 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Lymphatic Filariasis Lymphatic 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Lymphatic filariasis Lymphatic filariasis is an inflammatory parasitic infection of lymphatic vessels caused by the filarial roundworms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori, which results in massive lymphoedema (elephantiasis) of the affected tissues. The adult worms inhabit the lymphatics where they elicit an inflammatory response that causes acute lymphangitis and eventualy lymphatic obstruction leading to severe lymphoedema. 2.1.1 Epidemiology WHO (1995) reported that lymphatic filariasis is widespread throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa, the Western Pacific and some parts of the America. More than 1.1 thousand million people (20% of the world’s population) now live in areas where they are at risk of infection with lymphatic filarial parasites and a minimum of 120 million people is currently infected (about 107 million with W. bancrofti and 13 million with B. malayi or B. timori). A total of 44 million persons currently suffer from one or more of the overt manifestations of the infection: lymphoedema and elephantiasis of the limbs or genitals, hydrocele, chyluria, pneumonitis, or recurrent infections associated with damaged lymphatic vessels. The remainder of the 120 million infected has “preclinical” hidden damage of their lymphatic and renal systems. 2.1.1.1. Geographical distribution Lymphatic filariasis is known to occur in 73 countries (Figure 1); 38 in the Africa region, 7 in the region of the America, 4 in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 8 in the South-East Asia region and 16 in the Western Pacific region. The condition has been previously reported, and might still 4 5 occur in another 40 countries. The highest numbers of infected persons live in the South-East Asia region with India alone accounting for 45.5 million. In Sub- Sahara Africa, the estimate of 41 million cases is less precise, and there is a particular need to determine more accurately the distribution of infection and disease in affected countries. Several countries in Asia have large numbers of infectious cases that are very prevalent in many of the pacific islands as well. Brugian filariasis is most highly endemic in India and China (32% and 20% respectively, of the global burdens). It is also prevalent in Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Republic of Korea (Ottesen et al., 1997). Endemic countries Figure 1 Distribution of lymphatic filariasis (From WHO, 1992) 6 2.1.1.2 Situation of lymphatic filariasis in Thailand Lymphatic filariasis is an important health problem in many Asian countries. The largest numbers of people both at risk and infected live in India, but disease is a severe problem in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines and Thailand (WHO, 1992). In Thailand, lymphatic filariasis is found in the rural areas. Its spreading and abundance are different depending on character of areas. Among 76 provinces, only 10 of them have some foci of lymphatic filariasis transmission, namely Mae Hong Son, Lamphun, Tak, Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi, Ranong, Surat Thani, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat and Narathiwat (Figure 2). Mae Hong Son Lamphun Tak Kanchanaburi Ratchanaburi Ranong Surat Thani Nakhon Si Thammarat Krabi Endemic area Narathiwat Figure 2 Endemic areas of lymphatic filariasis by provinces in Thailand (Modified from Annual report of Filariasis Division, 2004) 7 It has been reported that there were 326 patients with lymphatic filariasis registered between October 2001 and September 2002 (Annual report of Filariasis Division, 2002). Most of them (194 cases; 59.51%) were asymptomatic, 110 cases (33.74%) were patients having antigen of microfilariae in blood. The rest were lymphadenitis stage (11 cases; 3.37%) and in elephantiasis stage (11 cases; 3.37%). The prevalence rate of lymphatic filariasis was highest in Narathiwat (21.79 per a hundred thousand) and Mae Hong Son (20.92 per a hundred thousand). The highest rate of patients, who were in elephantiasis stage, was found in Nakhon Si Thammarat province (0.46 per a hundred thousand) and Surat Thani province (0.22 per a hundred thousand). Overall, the prevalence rates of lymphatic filariasis during previous 10 financial years (from 1992 to 2002) have decreased from 11.16 per a hundred thousand in 1992 financial year to 0.53 per a hundred thousand in 2002 financial year (Figure 3) (Annual report of Filariasis Division, 2002). Prevalence rate/100,000 Prevalence 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Financial years Figure 3 Prevalence rate of lymphatic filariasis in Thailand (Modified from Annual report of Filariasis Division, 2004) Iyengar (1953) examined lymphatic filariasis in the South of Thailand for the first time in four southern provinces, namely Nakhon Si Thammarat, Surat Thani, Patthalung and Pattani, and found that B. malayi was the cause of the 8 disease and spread equivalently among these provinces. When the territories of examinations were expanded, the disease also existed in the areas of Eastern South, namely Chumphon, Pattani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Surat Thani, Patthalung,and Narathiwat (Harinasuta et al., 1970). At present, lymphatic filariasis in the South of Thailand is under control and is limited in only 4 provinces. Number of patients with lymphatic filariasis who are registered for treating is as follow; Ranong, 2 patients, 1.25 per a hundred thousand; Surat Thani, 18 patients, 2.01 per a hundred thousand; Nakhon Si Thammarat, 8 patients, 0.52 per a hundred thousand; and Narathiwat, 148 patients, 21.79 per a hundred thousand (Annual report of Filariasis Division, 2002). In addition, blood examination of population in these areas for identifying the microfilaraemia subjects was preceded. Number of microfilaraemia subjects only caused by B. malayi was 10 subjects (0.10% of total population) in Surat Thani and 88 subjects (0.66% of total population) in Narathiwat (Annual report of Filariasis Division, 2002). However, spreading of the disease was found only in rural villages. Migration of population and non- cooperation of communities and patients are at risk. 2.1.2 Pathogenesis Mosquito bites transmit infective larvae that migrate to lymphatic and lymph nodes. After maturing into adult forms over several months, the worms mate and the females release microfilariae into lymph nodes and the bloodstream. The manifestations of lymphatic filariasis result from the inflammatory response to degenerating adult worms in the lymph nodes. The initial inflammatory response is an acute lymphangitis, which resolves in 1 to 2 week. Repeated filarial infections are common in endemic regions and produce repeated bouts of lymphangitis (filarial fevers), which eventually (over years) may cause extensive scarring and obstruction of 9 lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic vessels obstruction causes localized dependent edema, most commonly affecting legs, arms, genitalia and breasts. In its most severe form, which occurs in less than 5% of the infected population, this edematous distortion of body parts is known as elephantiasis (Genta & Conner, 1998). 2.1.2.1. Life cycle of the parasites In Thailand, lymphatic filariasis is caused by B. malayi and W. bancrofti. Life cycles of both parasites are similar and divided into 2 stages as follows (Figure 4). A. Mosquito stages 1 A mosquito takes human blood containing microfilariae. 2 Microfilariae shed theirs sheaths, penetrate mosquito’s stomach wall and migrate to muscle of thorax. 3 Microfilariae shapes become short, thick and are called sausage- stage or L1 larvae. The L1 larvae molt and transform to the L2 larvae or pre- infective larvae, which has one or two papillae at the caudal end. 4 L2 larvae molt and transform to the L3 larvae or infective larvae. Their shapes are longer than that of L2 larvae. 5 The L3 larvae migrate to proboscis of the mosquito. The time interval between microfilariae ingestion of mosquito and transformation to the L3 larvae is approximately 7-14 days, which depend on the type of parasites and microfilarial body temperature. Generally, the microfilariae are rapidly developed at the optimal temperature. 10 6 5 4 7 3 8 1 2 Figure 4 Life cycles of filarial parasites (B. malayi) (Modified from Garcia, 2001) B. Human stages 6 During a blood meal, the L3 larvae from the proboscis of the mosquito penetrate human skin and enter in the lymphatic system. 7 The L3 larvae develop into L4 larvae and enter adult stage containing male and female worms. 8 After fertilization, the female worms produce sheathed microfilariae reaching the blood circulation. The period from the entering of L3 larvae into human body to appearing 11 to sheathed microfilariae is approximately 3 months. Generally, microfilariae age 6-12 months and adult worms age 5-10 years (WHO, 1987). 2.1.2.2. Periodicity of lymphatic filariasis In human, the microfilariae show circadian periodicity. They live mostly in pulmonary capillaries and enter blood circulation at certain intervals of time. Periodicity of microfilariae in the blood circulation relates to the time of blood meal and divides into 2 main types as follows. 1) Periodic types a) Nocturnal periodic type The microfilariae are found in the blood circulation during night-time. b) Diurnal periodic type The microfilariae are found in the blood circulation during day-time. 2) Subperiodic types a) Nocturnal subperiodic type The microfilariae are found in the blood circulation during night-time and day-time with greater in density during night-time. b) Diurnal subperiodic type The microfilariae are found in the blood circulation during night-time and day-time with greater in density during day-time. The periodicity of parasites in human host is similar to that in animals. For example, the periodicity of B. malayi in an infected cat is nocturnal subperiodic, so the periodicity of parasites in infected human is nocturnal subperiodic too (Edeson, 1959). In the South of Thailand, lymphatic filariasis is generally caused by B. malayi, which is mainly nocturnal subperiodic type (Kanjanopas et al., 2001).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites of Habituated Wild Chimpanzees
    Aus dem Institut für Parasitologie und Tropenveterinärmedizin des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin Gastrointestinal helminthic parasites of habituated wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the Taï NP, Côte d’Ivoire − including characterization of cultured helminth developmental stages using genetic markers Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Veterinärmedizin an der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Sonja Metzger Tierärztin aus München Berlin 2014 Journal-Nr.: 3727 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin Dekan: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jürgen Zentek Erster Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna Zweiter Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Heribert Hofer Dritter Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Achim Gruber Deskriptoren (nach CAB-Thesaurus): chimpanzees, helminths, host parasite relationships, fecal examination, characterization, developmental stages, ribosomal RNA, mitochondrial DNA Tag der Promotion: 10.06.2015 Contents I INTRODUCTION ---------------------------------------------------- 1- 4 I.1 Background 1- 3 I.2 Study objectives 4 II LITERATURE OVERVIEW --------------------------------------- 5- 37 II.1 Taï National Park 5- 7 II.1.1 Location and climate 5- 6 II.1.2 Vegetation and fauna 6 II.1.3 Human pressure and impact on the park 7 II.2 Chimpanzees 7- 12 II.2.1 Status 7 II.2.2 Group sizes and composition 7- 9 II.2.3 Territories and ranging behavior 9 II.2.4 Diet and hunting behavior 9- 10 II.2.5 Contact with humans 10 II.2.6
    [Show full text]
  • A Parasitological Evaluation of Edible Insects and Their Role in the Transmission of Parasitic Diseases to Humans and Animals
    RESEARCH ARTICLE A parasitological evaluation of edible insects and their role in the transmission of parasitic diseases to humans and animals 1 2 Remigiusz GaøęckiID *, Rajmund Soko ø 1 Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland, 2 Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract From 1 January 2018 came into force Regulation (EU) 2015/2238 of the European Parlia- ment and of the Council of 25 November 2015, introducing the concept of ªnovel foodsº, including insects and their parts. One of the most commonly used species of insects are: OPEN ACCESS mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), house crickets (Acheta domesticus), cockroaches (Blatto- Citation: Gaøęcki R, SokoÂø R (2019) A dea) and migratory locusts (Locusta migrans). In this context, the unfathomable issue is the parasitological evaluation of edible insects and their role in the transmission of parasitic diseases to role of edible insects in transmitting parasitic diseases that can cause significant losses in humans and animals. PLoS ONE 14(7): e0219303. their breeding and may pose a threat to humans and animals. The aim of this study was to https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219303 identify and evaluate the developmental forms of parasites colonizing edible insects in Editor: Pedro L. Oliveira, Universidade Federal do household farms and pet stores in Central Europe and to determine the potential risk of par- Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL asitic infections for humans and animals.
    [Show full text]
  • THE LARGER ANIMAL PARASITES of the FRESH-WATER FISHES of MAINE MARVIN C. MEYER Associate Professor of Zoology University of Main
    THE LARGER ANIMAL PARASITES OF THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF MAINE MARVIN C. MEYER Associate Professor of Zoology University of Maine PUBLISHED BY Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Game ROLAND H. COBB, Commissioner Augusta, Maine 1954 THE LARGER ANIMAL PARASITES OF THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF MAINE PART ONE Page I. Introduction 3 II. Materials 8 III. Biology of Parasites 11 1. How Parasites are Acquired 11 2. Effects of Parasites Upon the Host 12 3. Transmission of Parasites to Man as a Result of Eating Infected Fish 21 4. Control Measures 23 IV. Remarks and Recommendations 27 V. Acknowledgments 30 PART TWO VI. Groups Involved, Life Cycles and Species En- countered 32 1. Copepoda 33 2. Pelecypoda 36 3. Hirudinea 36 4. Acanthocephala 37 5. Trematoda 42 6. Cestoda 53 7. Nematoda 64 8. Key, Based Upon External Characters, to the Adults of the Different Groups Found Parasitizing Fresh-water Fishes in Maine 69 VII. Literature on Fish Parasites 70 VIII. Methods Employed 73 1. Examination of Hosts 73 2. Killing and Preserving 74 3. Staining and Mounting 75 IX. References 77 X. Glossary 83 XI. Index 89 THE LARGER ANIMAL PARASITES OF THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF MAINE PART ONE I. INTRODUCTION Animals which obtain their livelihood at the expense of other animals, usually without killing the latter, are known as para- sites. During recent years the general public has taken more notice of and concern in the parasites, particularly those occur- ring externally, free or encysted upon or under the skin, or inter- nally, in the flesh, and in the body cavity, of the more important fresh-water fish of the State.
    [Show full text]
  • Worms, Germs, and Other Symbionts from the Northern Gulf of Mexico CRCDU7M COPY Sea Grant Depositor
    h ' '' f MASGC-B-78-001 c. 3 A MARINE MALADIES? Worms, Germs, and Other Symbionts From the Northern Gulf of Mexico CRCDU7M COPY Sea Grant Depositor NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY \ PELL LIBRARY BUILDING URI NA8RAGANSETT BAY CAMPUS % NARRAGANSETT. Rl 02882 Robin M. Overstreet r ii MISSISSIPPI—ALABAMA SEA GRANT CONSORTIUM MASGP—78—021 MARINE MALADIES? Worms, Germs, and Other Symbionts From the Northern Gulf of Mexico by Robin M. Overstreet Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Ocean Springs, Mississippi 39564 This study was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Office of Sea Grant, under Grant No. 04-7-158-44017 and National Marine Fisheries Service, under PL 88-309, Project No. 2-262-R. TheMississippi-AlabamaSea Grant Consortium furnish ed all of the publication costs. The U.S. Government is authorized to produceand distribute reprints for governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation that may appear hereon. Copyright© 1978by Mississippi-Alabama Sea Gram Consortium and R.M. Overstrect All rights reserved. No pari of this book may be reproduced in any manner without permission from the author. Primed by Blossman Printing, Inc.. Ocean Springs, Mississippi CONTENTS PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION TO SYMBIOSIS 2 INVERTEBRATES AS HOSTS 5 THE AMERICAN OYSTER 5 Public Health Aspects 6 Dcrmo 7 Other Symbionts and Diseases 8 Shell-Burrowing Symbionts II Fouling Organisms and Predators 13 THE BLUE CRAB 15 Protozoans and Microbes 15 Mclazoans and their I lypeiparasites 18 Misiellaneous Microbes and Protozoans 25 PENAEID
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Longnose Skates Zearaja Chilensisand Dipturus Trachyderma (Rajiformes: Rajidae)
    Univ. Sci. 2015, Vol. 20 (3): 321-359 doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.SC20-3.arol Freely available on line REVIEW ARTICLE A review of longnose skates Zearaja chilensis and Dipturus trachyderma (Rajiformes: Rajidae) Carolina Vargas-Caro1 , Carlos Bustamante1, Julio Lamilla2 , Michael B. Bennett1 Abstract Longnose skates may have a high intrinsic vulnerability among fishes due to their large body size, slow growth rates and relatively low fecundity, and their exploitation as fisheries target-species places their populations under considerable pressure. These skates are found circumglobally in subtropical and temperate coastal waters. Although longnose skates have been recorded for over 150 years in South America, the ability to assess the status of these species is still compromised by critical knowledge gaps. Based on a review of 185 publications, a comparative synthesis of the biology and ecology was conducted on two commercially important elasmobranchs in South American waters, the yellownose skate Zearaja chilensis and the roughskin skate Dipturus trachyderma; in order to examine and compare their taxonomy, distribution, fisheries, feeding habitats, reproduction, growth and longevity. There has been a marked increase in the number of published studies for both species since 2000, and especially after 2005, although some research topics remain poorly understood. Considering the external morphological similarities of longnose skates, especially when juvenile, and the potential niche overlap in both, depth and latitude it is recommended that reproductive seasonality, connectivity and population structure be assessed to ensure their long-term sustainability. Keywords: conservation biology; fishery; roughskin skate; South America; yellownose skate Introduction Edited by Juan Carlos Salcedo-Reyes & Andrés Felipe Navia Global threats to sharks, skates and rays have been 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Endoparasites in the Endangered Fennoscandian Population of Arctic Foxes
    Endoparasites in the endangered Fennoscandian population of arctic foxes () Tomas Meijer, Roland Mattsson, Anders Angerbjörn, Eva Osterman-Lind, Xavier Fernández-Aguilar, Dolores Gavier-Widén To cite this version: Tomas Meijer, Roland Mattsson, Anders Angerbjörn, Eva Osterman-Lind, Xavier Fernández-Aguilar, et al.. Endoparasites in the endangered Fennoscandian population of arctic foxes (). European Journal of Wildlife Research, Springer Verlag, 2011, 57 (4), pp.923-927. 10.1007/s10344-011-0505-2. hal- 00669044 HAL Id: hal-00669044 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00669044 Submitted on 11 Feb 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Eur J Wildl Res (2011) 57:923–927 DOI 10.1007/s10344-011-0505-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Endoparasites in the endangered Fennoscandian population of arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) Tomas Meijer & Roland Mattsson & Anders Angerbjörn & Eva Osterman-Lind & Xavier Fernández-Aguilar & Dolores Gavier-Widén Received: 17 December 2009 /Revised: 19 January 2011 /Accepted: 24 January 2011 /Published online: 11 February 2011 # Springer-Verlag 2011 Abstract The Fennoscandian arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) oocysts 28% (2008) and 26% (2010); Cystoisospora population is endangered due to overharvest and competi- ohiensis-like oocysts 38% (2008) and 4% (2010); Eimeria tion with the larger red fox (Vulpes vulpes).
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 13(1) 1946
    VOLUME 13 JANUARY, 1946 NUMBER 1 PROCEEDINGS of The Helminthological Society of Washington Supported in part by the Brayton H. Ransom Memorial Trust Fund EDITORIAL COMMITTEE JESSE R. CHRISTIE, Editor U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering EMMETT W. PRICE U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry GILBERT F . OTTO Johns Hopkins University HENRY E. EWING U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine THEODOR VON BRAND The Catholic University of America Subscription $1 .00 a Volume; Foreign, $1.25 Published by THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 13 JANUARY, 1946 NUMBER 1 THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON The Helminthological Society of Washington meets monthly from October to May for the presentation and discussion of papers . Persons interested in any branch of parasitology or related science are invited to attend the meetings and participate in the programs and are eligible for membership . Candidates, upon suitable application, are nominated for membership by the Executive Committee and elected by the Society. The annual dues for resident and nonresident members, including subscription to the Society's journal and privilege of publishing therein at reduced rates, are five dollars . Officers of the Society for 1945 President : THEODOR VON BRAND Vice president : GEORGE W. HUNTER, III Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer : EDNA M . BUHRER Recording Secretary : MARION M. FARR PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY The Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington is a medium for the publication of notes and papers presented at the Society's meetings . How- ever, it is not a prerequisite for publication in the Proceedings that a paper be presented before the Society, and papers by persons who are not members may be accepted provided the author will contribute toward the cost of publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.A Review of Longnose Skates Zearaja Chilensis and Dipturus Trachyderma (Rajiformes: Rajidae)
    Universitas Scientiarum ISSN: 0122-7483 [email protected] Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Colombia Vargas-Caro, Carolina; Bustamante, Carlos; Lamilla, Julio; Bennett, Michael B. A review of longnose skates Zearaja chilensis and Dipturus trachyderma (Rajiformes: Rajidae) Universitas Scientiarum, vol. 20, núm. 3, 2015, pp. 321-359 Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49941379004 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Univ. Sci. 2015, Vol. 20 (3): 321-359 doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.SC20-3.arol Freely available on line REVIEW ARTICLE A review of longnose skates Zearaja chilensis and Dipturus trachyderma (Rajiformes: Rajidae) Carolina Vargas-Caro1 , Carlos Bustamante1, Julio Lamilla2 , Michael B. Bennett1 Abstract Longnose skates may have a high intrinsic vulnerability among fishes due to their large body size, slow growth rates and relatively low fecundity, and their exploitation as fisheries target-species places their populations under considerable pressure. These skates are found circumglobally in subtropical and temperate coastal waters. Although longnose skates have been recorded for over 150 years in South America, the ability to assess the status of these species is still compromised by critical knowledge gaps. Based on a review of 185 publications, a comparative synthesis of the biology and ecology was conducted on two commercially important elasmobranchs in South American waters, the yellownose skate Zearaja chilensis and the roughskin skate Dipturus trachyderma; in order to examine and compare their taxonomy, distribution, fisheries, feeding habitats, reproduction, growth and longevity.
    [Show full text]
  • Developmental Stages of Some Nematodes of the Spiruroidea Parasitic in Poultry and Game Birds'^Î'"^
    TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 227 FEBRUARY, 1931 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF SOME NEMATODES OF THE SPIRUROIDEA PARASITIC IN POULTRY AND GAME BIRDS'^Î'"^-. / ■ '• '■ BY ELOISE B. CRAM Zoologist, Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, D. C. F«»* sak by the Superintendent of Documents. Washington. D. C. -- Price 15 c TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 227 FEBRUARY, 1931 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF SOME NEMATODES* OF THE SPIRUROIDEA PARASITIC IN POULTRY AND GAME BIRDS By ELOISE B. CRAM, Zoologist, Zoological Division, Burea^i of Animal Industry ^ CONTENTS Page Page Review of preceding investigations 1 Cheilospirura spinosa Cram, 1927 13 Methods used in the present investigation. _. 2 Development in intermediate host 14 Tetrameres americana C ram ,1927 3 Development in final host 15 Development in intermediate host 3 Dispharynx spiralis (Molin, 1858) Skrjabin, Development in final host 4 1916-- 18 Rate of development --.- 5 Development in intermediate host 19 Cheilospirura hamulosa (Diesing, 1851) Dies- Development in final host 20 ing, 1861 . - 8 Seurocyrnea colini (Cram, 1927) Cram, 1930.. 21 Development in intermediate host 8 Development in intermediate host 22 Development in final host 9 Development in final host 23 Description of adult parasite — 12 Summary 24 Literature cited 26 REVIEW OF PRECEDING INVESTIGATIONS Previous investigations conducted in various parts of the world have revealed the life histories of a few of the nematodes belonging to the Spiruroidea which occur in domestic birds. A discussion of these and more recent findings has been included in a paper by the writer.^ The findings of earlier investigators may be very brieñy summarized as follows: By comparative studies of a morphological naturç three crus- taceans were shown to be the intermediate hosts of three nematodes, 1 J.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the United States National Museum
    PARASITIC NEMATODES FROM CHINA By Benjamin Schwartz Of the Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture The following report is based largely ou a collection of parasitic nematodes submitted for identification to the Zoological Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry by Dr. E. C. Faust of the Peking Union Medical College, Peking, China. In addition to the records based on the specimens submitted by Doctor Faust, many of which are new to China, two records based on China material in the Helminthological Collections of the U. S. National Museum as well as a number of records published by other investigators are included in this paper. Heretofore our knowledge concerning parasitic nematodes from China has been largely limited to forms occurring in man, the para- sitic nematode fauna of wild and domesticated animals having been practically unknown. The list of species given in the following pages contain not only many new records, but also represents an attempt to systematize our knowledge of these parasites from China. Siiperfamily ASCAROIDEA Railliet and Henry, 1915 Family ASCARIDAE Cobbold, 1864 Genus ASCARIS Linnaeus, 1758 ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES Linnaeus, 1758 Several immature specimens from the intestine of swine, collected in Peking in 1920 (No. 26403 U.S.N.M.:'. This species has been reported from man and from swine in various parts of China, Max- well (1921) lists Ascaris suilla ( = Ascaris lumhricoides) from Canis familiaris in China, this being the second report of the occurrence of this species in dogs, the first report being that of Leiper (1913) and the most recent record that has come to light being that of Ando^ and Asai, published in 1924 and reviewed recently (1925; in the Japan Medical World.
    [Show full text]
  • Helminths of Squirrels (Sciuridae) from Mongolia
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 2011 Helminths of Squirrels (Sciuridae) from Mongolia David S. Tinnin University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Sumiya Ganzorig Hokkaido University, [email protected] Scott Lyell Gardner University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Tinnin, David S.; Ganzorig, Sumiya; and Gardner, Scott Lyell, "Helminths of Squirrels (Sciuridae) from Mongolia" (2011). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 721. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/721 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Occasional Papers Museum of Texas Tech University Number 303 5 October 2011 HELMINT H S OF SQUIRRELS (SCIURIDAE ) FROM MONGOLIA DAVI D S. TINNIN , SUMIYA GANZORI G , AN D SCO tt L. GAR D NER ABSTRACT Two species of ground squirrels, Urocitellus undulatus and Spermophilus alashanicus, were collected and examined for parasites from two localities in Mongolia in 1999. A total of 24 individuals of U. undulatus were examined resulting in a total of six taxa of helminths found, including: Ascaris tarbagan, Physaloptera massino, Streptopharagus kutassi, Anoplocephaloides transversaria, Hymenolepis suslica, and Moniliformis sp. This represents four new species records and an additional host record for the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent State of Parasitoses in Japan —Epidemiology for Clinicians—
    Ⅵ Parasitoses Recent State of Parasitoses in Japan —Epidemiology for clinicians— JMAJ 48(3): 148–154, 2005 Yoshiya SATO Professor, University of the Ryukyus Abstract: The recent profile of parasitic diseases in Japan has changed dramati- cally from public health problems with high community prevalence of classic soil-transmitted parasitoses (ascariasis, hookworm disease, etc) to epidemics of various new types of parasitoses (larva migrans, zoonotic parasitoses, imported parasitoses, opportunistic parasitoses, etc). Against this background of change are factors such as the diversification of lifestyles and dietary habits, recent changes in values including the return-to-nature movement and the pet boom, the global- ization of parasitoses due to the development of transportation, and the increase in compromised hosts reflecting the rapid increase in the number of aged citizens. These new types of parasitoses are generally characterized by fragile host-parasite relationships, and disruption of these relationships tends to cause the serious manifestation of parasitoses. They also frequently present difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. As a result, we need to shift emphasis from the public health aspects of these diseases that require conventional mass control to respective clinical interventions requiring individualized care for diversified pathogeneses. Key words: Parasitoses; Host-parasite relationship; Parasitic zoonosis; Imported parasitoses Introduction hookworms, and whipworms. It was taken for granted that almost everyone in Japan at that Japan was once called a “paradise for para- time had a roundworm infection. Subsequently, sites” because it was an agricultural country, parasite control associations were organized and the people ate raw foods. In particular, nation-wide, and their efforts dramatically re- the shortage of food directly following World duced these soil-transmitted parasitoses by the War II encouraged the consumption of home latter half of the 1960s.
    [Show full text]