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Endoparasites in the Endangered Fennoscandian Population of Arctic Foxes

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Endoparasites in the Endangered Fennoscandian Population of Arctic Foxes Endoparasites in the endangered Fennoscandian population of arctic foxes () Tomas Meijer, Roland Mattsson, Anders Angerbjörn, Eva Osterman-Lind, Xavier Fernández-Aguilar, Dolores Gavier-Widén To cite this version: Tomas Meijer, Roland Mattsson, Anders Angerbjörn, Eva Osterman-Lind, Xavier Fernández-Aguilar, et al.. Endoparasites in the endangered Fennoscandian population of arctic foxes (). European Journal of Wildlife Research, Springer Verlag, 2011, 57 (4), pp.923-927. 10.1007/s10344-011-0505-2. hal- 00669044 HAL Id: hal-00669044 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00669044 Submitted on 11 Feb 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Eur J Wildl Res (2011) 57:923–927 DOI 10.1007/s10344-011-0505-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Endoparasites in the endangered Fennoscandian population of arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) Tomas Meijer & Roland Mattsson & Anders Angerbjörn & Eva Osterman-Lind & Xavier Fernández-Aguilar & Dolores Gavier-Widén Received: 17 December 2009 /Revised: 19 January 2011 /Accepted: 24 January 2011 /Published online: 11 February 2011 # Springer-Verlag 2011 Abstract The Fennoscandian arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) oocysts 28% (2008) and 26% (2010); Cystoisospora population is endangered due to overharvest and competi- ohiensis-like oocysts 38% (2008) and 4% (2010); Eimeria tion with the larger red fox (Vulpes vulpes). In this study, sp. 7% (2008) and 9% (2010); Sarcocystis sp. 3% (2008) we have screened the population in Sweden for endopar- and 9% (2010); Taenia sp. 10% (2008) and 4% (2010); asites by analysis of non-invasively faecal samples collect- Mesocestoides sp. 3% (2008) and 0% (2010); Balantidium ed at reproductive dens during two summers, one with low sp. 0% (2008) and 9% (2010) and Spiruroidea-like eggs food abundance (2008) and the other with high food 0% (2008) and 4% (2010). To our knowledge, Balantidium abundance (2010). Eggs, larvae and oocysts of a total of sp., Sarcocystis sp. and Trichuris sp. has never been 14 different endoparasites were identified with a species described before in wild arctic foxes. richness per inhabited den of 3.2 (CI95%±0.48) in 2008 and 2.7 (CI95%±0.72) in 2010. Capillariidae-like eggs Keywords Alopex lagopus . Parasites . Conservation . was identified at 59% of the dens in 2008 and 57% in 2010 Wildlife disease . Sweden and Toxocara canis with 7% (2008) and 30% (2010); Toxascaris leonina with 93% (2008) and 65% (2010); Uncinaria stenocephala 65% (2008) and 39% (2010); Introduction Crenosoma vulpis 3% (2008) and 4% (2010); Trichuris sp. 7% (2008) and 4% (2010); Cystoisospora canis-like Endoparasite helminth infections have been found to be an important component in the dynamics of wild mammal Communicated by C. Gortázar populations. Effects on vital demographic parameters such as decreased survival and fecundity have been described * : T. Meijer ( ) A. Angerbjörn (Anderson and May 1978). From a conservation perspec- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden tive, endoparasite infections might thus hamper population e-mail: [email protected] recovery or decrease the efficiency of conservation actions. : : In Fennoscandia, the arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) population R. Mattsson X. Fernández-Aguilar D. Gavier-Widén suffered a severe demographic and genetic bottleneck Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), during the twentieth century (Nyström et al. 2006) due to 75189 Uppsala, Sweden overharvest and increased competition with the larger red fox (Vulpes vulpes; Hersteinsson et al. 1989). Since 1998, E. Osterman-Lind the conservation project, “Save the Endangered Fennoscandian Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, ” National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Alopex , has conducted conservation actions to increase the 75189 Uppsala, Sweden viability of the population. The actions include supplementary feeding to increase juvenile survival and red fox culling to D. Gavier-Widén decrease interference competition (Angerbjörn et al. 2008). Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary, Public Health University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Despite management actions, the juvenile and adult survival 75189 Uppsala, Sweden in Fennoscandia is lower compared to other small canids 924 Eur J Wildl Res (2011) 57:923–927 (Meijer et al. 2008). The arctic fox population in Fennoscan- technique with centrifugation according to Thienpont et dia is highly dependent upon small rodent cycle for al. (1986), but with a few modifications. Three grammes of reproduction and survival (Angerbjörn et al. 1995). Between faeces were mixed with 10 ml of saline and sieved into a the small rodent peaks, food is scarce and endoparasite test tube which was centrifuged. All samples were also infections might be one possible factor contributing to the analysed with a modified Telemann sedimentation tech- lower survival. In this study, we investigated the species nique (Thienpont et al. 1986), where 3 g of faeces and richness of endoparasites in the arctic fox population in 10 ml acetic acid solution were mixed and sieved into a test Sweden by analysis of non-invasively collected faecal tube before the addition of ether and centrifugation. Parasite samples during 2 years, one with high small rodent abundance eggs and oocysts were identified morphologically according and one with low rodent abundance. Samples were included to Thienpont et al. (1986)andPellérdy(1974). We used from two summers since endoparasites can be variable over Fisher’s exact test to detect differences in proportion infected time and change with food abundance (e.g., Saeed et al. litters/dens between years. 2006). Approximately, 90% of the recorded arctic fox litters in Sweden were screened for endoparasites in the study. Results Materials and methods Parasitological analysis of the faecal samples revealed eggs, larvae and oocysts of a total of 14 different The samples were collected in the Swedish part of the endoparasites (Table 1), including seven nematode spe- mountain tundra in Jämtland, Västerbotten and Norrbotten cies: Capillariidae-like eggs, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris Counties. Fresh faecal pellets were collected during July– leonina, Uncinaria stenocephala, Crenosoma vulpis, August 2008 and 2010 at reproductive den sites with arctic Trichuris sp., Spiruroidea-like eggs; five protozoan spe- foxes. The samples originated from both juvenile and adult cies: Cystoisospora ohioensis-like oocysts, Cystoisospora arctic foxes in order to describe the species richness of canis-like oocysts, Balantidium sp., Eimeria sp. and endoparasites at den/litter level. In 2008, the small rodent Sarcocystis sp. and two cestodes: Taenia sp. and Meso- abundance was low, and in 2010, it was high. In total, 29 cestoides sp. Species richness per inhabited den was 3.2 dens with litters were sampled in 2008 and 23 in 2010; this (CI95%±0.48) in 2008 and 2.7 (CI95%±0.72) in 2010 represents 90% of all litters born in Sweden 2008 and 2010. (p=0.21). Parasitological examinations of the faecal samples were T. leonina was the most frequent parasite species found conducted at the National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, at 93% of the dens in 2008 and 65% in 2010 (Table 1.). C. Sweden. Analyses were performed using a flotation canis-like oocysts, U. stenocephala and Capillariidae-like Table 1 Parasite species and richness (%) at arctic fox Endoparasite 2008 2010 Trend Fisher exact test 1996 a (V. lagopus) den sites (n) with (n=29) (n=23) (p value) (n=3) litters in 2008 and 2010 Protozoa Balantidium sp. 0 9 + 0.19 Cystoisospora canis-like oocysts 28 26 − 0.57 X Cystoisospora ohiensis-like oocysts 38 4 −− 0.01 X Eimeria sp. 7 9 + 0.6 X Sarcocystis sp. 3 9 + 0.41 Nematoda Capillariidae-like eggs 59 57 0 0.51 X Toxocara canis 7 30 ++ 0.03 X Toxascaris leonina 93 65 − 0.01 X Uncinaria stenocephala 65 39 − 0.05 X Crenosoma vulpis 3 4 0 0.69 X Trichuris sp. 7 4 − 0.58 Spiruroidea-like eggs 0 4 + 0.44 Cestoda X indicates that the species was Taenia sp. 10 4 − 0.39 identified Mesocestoides sp. 3 0 − 0.55 a from Aguirre et al. (2000), Sweden Eur J Wildl Res (2011) 57:923–927 925 eggs were all found in relatively high abundance during Discussion both 2008 and 2010 (Table 1). C. ohioensis-like oocysts were found at 38% of the den sites in 2008 but only at 4% The species richness identified in this study is similar to in 2010. T. canis showed the opposite pattern compared to previous studies of arctic foxes in Fennoscandia (Aguirre et C. ohioensis-like oocysts and increased from 7% in 2008 to al. 2000), Greenland (Kapel and Nansen 1996) and Iceland 30% in 2010. The other parasite species were all found in (Skirnisson et al. 1993), even though the species composi- 10% of the dens or less. tion differs between the areas (Table 2.). Most notable is the Table 2 Endoparasite species identified in the arctic fox from Sweden Iceland Greenland Canada Svalbard Sweden (Aguirre et al. 2000, this study), Iceland (Skirnisson Cestoda et al. 1993), Greenland (Kapel Taenia crassiceps xx and Nansen 1996; Rausch et al. Taenia ovis krabbei xx 1983), Canada (Eaton and Secord 1979) and Svalbard Taenia sp. x x (Stien et al. 2002) Taenia polyacantha x Mesocestoides canislagopodis xx Mesocestoides lineatus x Mesocestoides sp. x Diphyllobothrium dendriticum xx x and Diphyllobothrium sp. Schistocephalus solidus x Echinococcus multilocularis xx Nematoda Ascarioid nematodesa x Capillariidae aerophila x Capillariidae-like eggs x Toxascaris leonina xxx x Toxocara canis xx Uncinaria stenocephala xxx Crenosoma vulpis x Trichuris sp. x Spiruroidea-like eggs x Strongyloides stercoralis x Protozoa Balantidium sp.
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