DOCSLIB.ORG

Pleasure and Suffering in Intensive Care Unit Nursing Staff

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem Original Article 2011 May-Jun;19(3):565-72 www.eerp.usp.br/rlae Pleasure and Suffering in Intensive Care Unit Nursing Staff Helena Eri Shimizu1 Djalma Ticiani Couto2 Edgar Merchan-Hamann3 The aim of this study was to analyze the causal factors of pleasure and suffering in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) nursing staff and to compare the occurrence of these factors at the beginning and end of the career. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted with 26 nurses and 96 nursing technicians. The previously validated Pleasure and Suffering Scale was used. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with the SPSS 12.0 software and the Kruskal Wallis test was used to assess the presence of these factors at the beginning and end of the career. The results indicated that, for both the nurses and the nursing technicians, the factors that contribute to feelings of pleasure, professional achievement and freedom of expression, and the factors that cause suffering, professional exhaustion and lack of recognition, were encountered at critical levels. Descriptors: Nurses; Intensive Care Units; Occupational Health. 1 RN, Ph.D. in Nursing. Associate Professor, Universidade de Brasília, DF, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]. 2 RN, Secretaria de Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]. 3 Physician, Ph.D. in Public Health. Adjunct Professor, Universidade de Brasília, DF, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]. Corresponding Author: Helena Eri Shimizu Rua SQN 205 Bloco G Apto 605 Bairro: Asa Norte CEP: 70843-070 Brasília, DF, Brasil E-mail: [email protected] 566 Prazer e sofrimento em trabalhadores de enfermagem de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os fatores causadores de prazer e sofrimento em trabalhadores de enfermagem que atuam em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e comparar a ocorrência desses fatores, no início e no final da carreira. Este é um estudo descritivo transversal, realizado com 26 enfermeiros e 96 técnicos de enfermagem. Utilizou-se a escala de prazer e sofrimento, validada previamente. Os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva, com software SPSS12.0, e, para avaliar a presença desses fatores, no início e no final da carreira, o teste de Kruskal Wallis. Constatou-se que, tanto para enfermeiros como para os técnicos de enfermagem, os fatores que contribuem para os sentimentos de prazer, realização profissional e liberdade de expressão e os fatores que causam sofrimento, esgotamento profissional e falta de reconhecimento se encontram em níveis críticos. Descritores: Enfermeiros; Unidade de Terapia Intensiva; Saúde do Trabalhador. Placer y sufrimiento en trabajadores de enfermería de una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los factores causadores de placer y sufrimiento en trabajadores de enfermería que actúan en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) y comparar la ocurrencia de esos factores en el inicio y al final de la carrera. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado con 26 enfermeros y 96 técnicos de enfermería. Se utilizó la Escala de Placer y Sufrimiento, validada previamente. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de la estadística descriptiva, con software SPSS12.0, y, para evaluar la presencia de esos factores en el inicio y al final de la carrera, se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal Wallis. Se constató que, tanto para enfermeros como para los técnicos de enfermería, los factores que contribuyen para los sentimientos de placer, realización profesional y libertad de expresión y los factores que causan sufrimiento, agotamiento profesional y falta de reconocimiento, se encuentran en niveles críticos. Descriptores: Enfermeros; Unidade de Terapia Intensiva; Salud Laboral. Introduction The recognition is growing that health care workers, due to frequent interruptions, and the management of especially those of the nursing team, experience a large and variable amount of information due to the stressful situations in the work that lead to suffering. diverse interventions required(1-5). Furthermore, the Several studies have indicated the need to identify, in nursing team are almost constantly confronted with critical areas such as the ICU, the causative factors suffering and death of their fellows, and are exposed of the suffering, as well as the defensive strategies to to the ambiguous feelings that are transferred to them avoid this, in order to maintain the psycho-emotional by both the patient and their family members(1-2). balance of the worker(1-5). Care for critically ill patients These situations invariably provoke feelings of requires from the nurses and nursing technicians, intense anxiety, which contribute to the development hereafter referred to as the nursing team, speed in of mediation strategies that function to try to avoid decision making, a heightened sense of responsibility in tensions which cumulatively threaten the integrity of the prioritization of actions, the resolution of complex their health with the risk of evolving into a framework problems, the continuous reorganization of the activities of pathogenesis(1-3). www.eerp.usp.br/rlae Shimizu HE, Couto DT, Merchan-Hamann E. 567 The work carried out by the nursing team in the end of the career, to develop management strategies this environment, although essential, has little social that foster improvement in the work processes in order recognition; is undervalued and invisible to the other to contribute to a more satisfying working life. health professionals and the patients(1-2,6). Additionally, This study aims to analyze the factors that cause in recent years in Brazil, mainly in the public health pleasure and suffering in the work of nurses and nursing institutions, nursing care in general has been penalized technicians in the ICU, and to compare the degree of with a deficiency of human and material resources that occurrence of these factors at the beginning and end of directly influences the quality of care provided to the the career. population(1-2). It appears that the experience of suffering in the work in an ICU would be intense due to the Methods constant exposure of the workers to extremely stressful This was a cross-sectional descriptive study situations, which are often unconsciously, characterized, conducted with nurses and nursing technicians of the ICU according to the psychodynamics of the work(7), as of a tertiary public hospital, prominent within the network individual or shared experiences, which have their origins of the Department of State and Health, the Federal in situations of conflict between the desire/needs of the District Base Hospital. The sample was selected in a non- employee and the organization of the work(7). Distress in probabilistic way and consisted of 122 participants who the work is manifested as a form of emotional, physical were divided into two categories: the first composed of and social exhaustion, and when this is pronounced it may cause the impoverishment of the personality, Nurses (n = 26), and the second of Nursing Technicians leading the individual to an emotional numbness, i.e. (n ​​= 96). The inclusion criterion adopted was for workers an “erasure” of emotional manifestations(7-8). Such to have more than 6 months of work and those who experiences also cause the failure of the professional if were absent from work for more than 90 consecutive confronted with their own feelings, which may lead them days in the ICU studied were excluded. For the data to conceal from themselves the psychic suffering, their collection, a questionnaire was used to characterize the painful emotional experiences(9). study population which included: marital status, level of Despite the possible health injuries arising from the schooling, number of jobs, and the Pleasure-Suffering organizational context, the positive significance of the at Work Scale (PSWS). This scale includes a Work and work is being rediscovered as a means of preventing and Risk of Illness Inventory (WRII), constructed based on overcoming these negative effects, through a position the Psychodynamics of Work theoretical framework, that emphasizes the positive subjective experiences in comprising a total of four independent scales, and is an improving the quality of life of the workers and preventing auxiliary diagnostic instrument of critical indicators in (14) pathologies(9-13). These work experiences, when positive, the work, having previously been validated . help to enrich the identity of the individual, leading to The PSWS consists of four factors, two for joy the maximum development of their potential. From this and two for suffering. The factors that are indicators of perspective, the process of caring for critically ill patients, pleasure are: professional achievement and freedom of which involves a meeting between the subjects - who expression; and the factors that are indicators of suffering care and who are cared for, due to its dynamism and are professional exhaustion and lack of recognition. The complexity, demands choices, arbitrations, prioritization first factor, professional achievement, consists of nine of actions and goals, and guidance in the decision making items, with an alpha = 0.89, and relates to the experience of the workers, which makes it somewhat possible to of professional gratification, pride and identification with overcome the fragmentation of the work process. The the work performed. Factor two, freedom of expression, workers can appropriate the management of their work(10- with five items, and an alpha = 0.69, relates to the 11) by means of permanent negotiations between what is experiences of freedom to think, organize and talk prescribed, i.e. the standards, routines, procedures and about their work. Factor three, professional exhaustion, unexpected demands of the care quotidian. It is possible contains six items, with an alpha = 0.84, related to to discover a new way to develop the work that is more frustration, insecurity, worthlessness and disqualification rewarding for the workers and provides higher quality concerning performance expectations, producing care for the patients.
Recommended publications
  • Exploring the Emotional and Moral Lives of Animals

    Exploring the Emotional and Moral Lives of Animals

    MARC BEKOFF & JONATHAN BALCOMBE Humans have long tried to imagine what other species think and how they may feel, projecting our own perspec - tives and emotions onto the Minds of Thei r Own animal experience. The sight of Exploring the emotional and moral lives of animals a hawk spiraling effortlessly on an updraft or two horses cantering side by side in a field is enough to inspire wonder about the inner lives of other creatures. And people observ - ing their pets’ activities and moods view the existence of cat and dog emotions—in the form of joy, grief, even jealousy—as beyond question. What seems blatantly apparent to many animal lovers, however, is often chal - lenged by scientists as nothing more than sentimental anthro - pomorphism. Portrayal of ani - E M mals as lesser beings without I T S M A E thought or emotion dates at least as far back as the days of Aristotle. animals, a concept rarely considered within the scientific community . R D / N E E But ethologists engaged in the study of animal behavior are Now teaching a course on animal minds and behavior for U Q C A drawing from a growing body of evidence to build a case to the Humane Society University, the two authors have new books out this M E C U R B contrary. On the forefront of the burgeoning field are scientists and year. Bekoff’s latest, The Animal Manifesto: Six Reasons for Expanding ; E M I T S authors Marc Bekoff and Jonathan Balcombe. After years of research - Our Compassion Footprint , was published in February; Balcombe’s M A E R D / ing the emotions of animals, Bekoff began exploring the concepts new book, Second Nature: The Inner Lives of Animals , is out in March.
  • Advances in Neuroscience Imply That Harmful Experiments in Dogs Are Unethical Jarrod Bailey,1 Shiranee Pereira2

    Advances in Neuroscience Imply That Harmful Experiments in Dogs Are Unethical Jarrod Bailey,1 Shiranee Pereira2

    JME Online First, published on July 24, 2017 as 10.1136/medethics-2016-103630 Current controversy J Med Ethics: first published as 10.1136/medethics-2016-103630 on 24 July 2017. Downloaded from Advances in neuroscience imply that harmful experiments in dogs are unethical Jarrod Bailey,1 Shiranee Pereira2 1Cruelty Free International, ABSTRACT environments (common features of most laboratory London, UK Functional MRI (fMRI) of fully awake and unrestrained kennels), kennel noise and restricted sight lines are 2People for Animals, Chennai, India dog 'volunteers' has been proven an effective tool to acknowledged stressors, and together these factors understand the neural circuitry and functioning of the lead to well-characterised stereotypies—repeti- Correspondence to canine brain. Although every dog owner would vouch tive, invariant behaviour patterns with no obvious Dr Jarrod Bailey, Cruelty Free that dogs are perceptive, cognitive, intuitive and capable goal or function, which include circling, pacing, International, 16a Crane Grove, of positive emotions/empathy, as indeed substantiated whirling, jumping, wall bouncing, and repetitive London, N7 8NN, UK; by ethological studies for some time, neurological grooming or self-biting—as well as other abnormal ja rrod .bailey@ c rueltyf reeinte rnat iona l. org investigations now corroborate this. These studies show behaviours such as polydipsia or polyphagia (eating that there exists a striking similarity between dogs and drinking to a great degree), compulsive staring Received 18 April 2016 and humans in the functioning of the caudate nucleus and excessive barking, for example (see ref 5). Revised 18 May 2017 (associated with pleasure and emotion), and dogs Such welfare concerns constitute a large part of Accepted 9 June 2017 experience positive emotions, empathic-like responses the ethical objection to dog experimentation.
  • Why Feelings Stray: Sources of Affective Misforecasting in Consumer Behavior Vanessa M

    Why Feelings Stray: Sources of Affective Misforecasting in Consumer Behavior Vanessa M

    Why Feelings Stray: Sources of Affective Misforecasting in Consumer Behavior Vanessa M. Patrick, University of Georgia Deborah J. MacInnis, University of Southern California ABSTRACT drivers of AMF has considerable import for consumer behavior, Affective misforecasting (AMF) is defined as the gap between particularly in the area of consumer satisfaction, brand loyalty and predicted and experienced affect. Based on prior research that positive word-of-mouth. examines AMF, the current study uses qualitative and quantitative Figure 1 depicts the process by which affective misforecasting data to examine the sources of AMF (i.e., why it occurs) in the occurs (for greater detail see MacInnis, Patrick and Park 2005). As consumption domain. The authors find evidence supporting some Figure 1 suggests, affective forecasts are based on a representation sources of AMF identified in the psychology literature, develop a of a future event and an assessment of the possible affective fuller understanding of others, and, find evidence for novel sources reactions to this event. AMF occurs when experienced affect of AMF not previously explored. Importantly, they find consider- deviates from the forecasted affect on one or more of the following able differences in the sources of AMF depending on whether dimensions: valence, intensity and duration. feelings are worse than or better than forecast. Since forecasts can be made regarding the valence of the feelings, the specific emotions expected to be experienced, the INTRODUCTION intensity of feelings or the duration of a projected affective re- Before purchase: “I can’t wait to use this all the time, it is sponse, consequently affective misforecasting can occur along any going to be so much fun, I’m going to go out with my buddies of these dimensions.
  • What We Mean When We Talk About Suffering—And Why Eric Cassell Should Not Have the Last Word

    What We Mean When We Talk About Suffering—And Why Eric Cassell Should Not Have the Last Word

    What We Mean When We Talk About Suffering—and Why Eric Cassell Should Not Have the Last Word Tyler Tate, Robert Pearlman Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Volume 62, Number 1, Winter 2019, pp. 95-110 (Article) Published by Johns Hopkins University Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/722412 Access provided at 26 Apr 2019 00:52 GMT from University of Washington @ Seattle What We Mean When We Talk About Suffering—and Why Eric Cassell Should Not Have the Last Word Tyler Tate* and Robert Pearlman† ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the phenomenon of suffering and its relation- ship to medical practice by focusing on the paradigmatic work of Eric Cassell. First, it explains Cassell’s influential model of suffering. Second, it surveys various critiques of Cassell. Next it outlines the authors’ concerns with Cassell’s model: it is aggressive, obscure, and fails to capture important features of the suffering experience. Finally, the authors propose a conceptual framework to help clarify the distinctive nature of sub- jective patient suffering. This framework contains two necessary conditions: (1) a loss of a person’s sense of self, and (2) a negative affective experience. The authors suggest how this framework can be used in the medical encounter to promote clinician-patient communication and the relief of suffering. *Center for Ethics in Health Care and School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland. †National Center for Ethics in Health Care, Washington, DC, and School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. Correspondence: Tyler Tate, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, Depart- ment of Pediatrics, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098.
  • Affective Neuroscience of Pleasure: Reward in Humans and Animals

    Affective Neuroscience of Pleasure: Reward in Humans and Animals

    Psychopharmacology (2008) 199:457–480 DOI 10.1007/s00213-008-1099-6 REVIEW Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals Kent C. Berridge & Morten L. Kringelbach Received: 3 July 2007 /Accepted: 31 January 2008 /Published online: 3 March 2008 # Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract Introduction Introduction Pleasure and reward are generated by brain circuits that are largely shared between humans and other Affective neuroscience has emerged as an exciting disci- animals. pline in recent years (Berridge 2003a; Damasio 2004; Discussion Here, we survey some fundamental topics Davidson et al. 2003; Davidson and Sutton 1995; Feldman regarding pleasure mechanisms and explicitly compare Barrett and Wager 2006; Kringelbach 2005, 2008; LeDoux humans and animals. and Phelps 2000; Leknes and Tracey 2008; Panksepp 1991; Conclusion Topics surveyed include liking, wanting, and 1998; Rolls 2005). Many important insights have been learning components of reward; brain coding versus brain gained into brain mechanisms of affect, motivation, and causing of reward; subjective pleasure versus objective emotion through studies of both animals and humans. hedonic reactions; roles of orbitofrontal cortex and related A particularly important topic for affective neuroscience cortex regions; subcortical hedonic hotspots for pleasure is to understand how brains generate pleasure and other generation; reappraisals of dopamine and pleasure-electrode psychological components of reward because reward is controversies; and the relation of pleasure to happiness. important in daily life. Pleasure is essential to a normal sense of well-being. Pathological losses of pleasure may be Keywords Reward . Pleasure . Motivation . Hedonic . a devastating part of many affective disorders ranging from Food . Addiction . Nucleus accumbens . depression to schizophrenia and addiction.
  • Examining Affective Forecasting and Its Practical and Ethical Implications

    Examining Affective Forecasting and Its Practical and Ethical Implications

    Examining Affective Forecasting and its Practical and Ethical Implications Emily Susan Brindley BSc Psychology 2009 Supervisor: Prof. David Clarke Contents Page Introduction 1 1. Affective Forecasting – What do we know? 1 2. Biases – Why people cannot predict their emotions accurately 3 2.1 Impact Bias 3 2.2 ‘Focalism’ 4 2.3 Immune Neglect 4 2.4 Dissimilar Context 4 3. The Self-Regulating Emotional System 5 4. Affective Forecasting Applied 6 4.1 Healthcare 6 4.2 Law 7 5. Can AFing be improved? 8 6. Ethics: Should people be taught to forecast more accurately? 10 Conclusions 12 References 13 Examining Affective Forecasting and its Practical and Ethical Implications Introduction Emotions are important in guiding thoughts and behaviour to the extent that they are used as heuristics (Slovic, Finucane, Peters & MacGregor, 2007), and are crucial in decision-making (Anderson, 2003). Affective forecasting (AFing) concerns an individual’s judgemental prediction of their or another’s future emotional reactions to events. It is suggested that “affective forecasts are among the guiding stars by which people chart their life courses and steer themselves into the future” (Gilbert, Pinel, Wilson, Blumberg & Wheatley, 1998; p.617), as our expected reactions to emotional events can assist in avoiding or approaching certain possibilities. We can say with certainty that we will prefer good experiences over bad (ibid); however AFing research demonstrates that humans are poor predictors of their emotional states, regularly overestimating their reactions. Further investigation of these findings shows that they may have critical implications outside of psychology. If emotions are so influential on behaviour, why are people poor at AFing? Furthermore, can and should individuals be assisted in forecasting their emotions? These issues, along with the function of AFing in practical applications, are to be considered and evaluated.
  • The History of Sexuality, Volume 2: the Use of Pleasure

    The History of Sexuality, Volume 2: the Use of Pleasure

    The Use of Pleasure Volume 2 of The History of Sexuality Michel Foucault Translated from the French by Robert Hurley Vintage Books . A Division of Random House, Inc. New York The Use of Pleasure Books by Michel Foucault Madness and Civilization: A History oflnsanity in the Age of Reason The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences The Archaeology of Knowledge (and The Discourse on Language) The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception I, Pierre Riviere, having slaughtered my mother, my sister, and my brother. ... A Case of Parricide in the Nineteenth Century Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison The History of Sexuality, Volumes I, 2, and 3 Herculine Barbin, Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth­ Century French Hermaphrodite Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977 VINTAGE BOOKS EDlTlON, MARCH 1990 Translation copyright © 1985 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Originally published in France as L' Usage des piaisirs by Editions Gallimard. Copyright © 1984 by Editions Gallimard. First American edition published by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., in October 1985. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Foucault, Michel. The history of sexuality. Translation of Histoire de la sexualite. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. I. An introduction-v. 2. The use of pleasure. I. Sex customs-History-Collected works.
  • Religious Perspectives on Human Suffering: Implications for Medicine and Bioethics

    Religious Perspectives on Human Suffering: Implications for Medicine and Bioethics

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sydney eScholarship Postprint This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in [Journal of Religion and Health] following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version [Fitzpatrick SJ, Kerridge IH, Jordens CFC, Zoloth L, Tollefsen C, Tsomo KL, Jensen MP, Sachedina A, Sarma D. Religious perspectives on human suffering: Implications for medicine and bioethics. Journal of Religion and Health 2016; 55:159–173] is available online at http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10943-015-0014-9 Please cite as: Fitzpatrick SJ, Kerridge IH, Jordens CFC, Zoloth L, Tollefsen C, Tsomo KL, Jensen MP, Sachedina A, Sarma D. Religious perspectives on human suffering: Implications for medicine and bioethics. Journal of Religion and Health 2016; 55:159–173. Religious perspectives on human suffering: Implications for medicine and bioethics Scott J FitzpatrickA,B, Ian H KerridgeB, Christopher F C JordensB , Laurie ZolothC, Christopher TollefsenD, Karma Lekshe TsomoE, Michael P JensenF, Abdulaziz SachedinaG, Deepak SarmaH (2015/16) ACentre for Rural and Remote Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Orange, Australia; BCentre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine (VELiM), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; CCentre for Bioethics, Science and Society, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; DDepartment of Philosophy, University of South Carolina, Colombia, South Carolina, USA USA; EDepartment of Theology and Religious Studies, University of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; FMoore Theological College, Sydney, Australia; GAli Vural Ak Centre for Global Islamic Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA; HReligious Studies, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
  • ANXIETY DISORDERS in ADULTS the Disorders, Their Treatment and Prevention

    ANXIETY DISORDERS in ADULTS the Disorders, Their Treatment and Prevention

    Angstlidelser hos voksne, engelsk Information about ANXIETY DISORDERS IN ADULTS The disorders, their treatment and prevention Psykiatri og Social psykinfomidt.dk CONTENTS 03 What are anxiety disorders? 05 Why do some people suffer from anxiety disorders? 06 What happens in the brain when someone suffers from anxiety? 07 What types of anxiety disorders are there? 08 What are the symptoms of anxiety disorders? 10 Different degrees of anxiety disorders 11 How are they diagnosed? 12 What treatment is available for anxiety disorders? 15 What can be done to prevent anxiety disorders? 16 What can you do yourself if you are suffering from anxiety? 18 What can relatives do? 21 Where can you find more information? Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in the population in the Western world. This brochure describes anxiety disorders, their specific characteristics as well as what they have in common, and their treatment. It also offers some advice to anxiety sufferers and their relatives. This brochure is for adults (age 18 and above), and it is mainly intended for people being treated for anxiety disorders by the psychiatric service in Region Midtjylland, and for their relatives. It is important for you and your relatives to learn about anxiety disorders. The more you know, the better you will be able to relate to the disorder when it occurs, and prevent relapses. Regional psychiatry in Region Midtjylland has six clinics offering outpatient treatment of anxiety disorders. We hope this brochure will help you and your relatives to become better informed about anxiety disorders. Kind regards The psychiatric service in Region Midtjylland Tingvej 15, 8800 Viborg Tel.
  • The Building Blocks of Anticipatory Pleasure: Prospection, Memory & Imagery by Janelle Marie Caponigro a Dissertation Subm

    The Building Blocks of Anticipatory Pleasure: Prospection, Memory & Imagery by Janelle Marie Caponigro a Dissertation Subm

    The Building Blocks Of Anticipatory Pleasure: Prospection, Memory & Imagery By Janelle Marie Caponigro A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Ann Kring, Chair Professor Sheri Johnson Professor Jodi Halpern Fall 2015 Abstract The Building Blocks Of Anticipatory Pleasure: Prospection, Memory & Imagery by Janelle Marie Caponigro Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology University of California, Berkeley Professor Ann Kring, Chair Anticipatory pleasure deficits have been recently documented in people with schizophrenia (Kring & Caponigro, 2010). However, less is known about the extent to which particular processes that support anticipatory pleasure, including memory, prospection, and imagery, are disrupted in schizophrenia. We asked 32 people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 29 people without schizophrenia to provide prospection narratives in response to positive, negative, and neutral event cues. Prior to prospection, participants provided personal memory narratives or completed a control task. When prompted with salient event cues, the content and experience of personal memories rendered by people with schizophrenia did not differ from those of controls. Further, people with and without schizophrenia reported similar vividness of mental imagery and their prospections varied by valence in similar ways. However, we found interesting group differences
  • Reward and Emotion: an Affective Neuroscience Approach

    Reward and Emotion: an Affective Neuroscience Approach

    Reward and emotion: An affective neuroscience approach David Sander1 & Lauri Nummenmaa2 1Swiss Center for Affective Sciences (CISA), Campus Biotech, and Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPSE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland 2TurKu PET Centre, TurKu University Hospital, and Department of Psychology, University of TurKu, Finland Address Correspondence to: Lauri Nummenmaa Turku PET Centre c/o Turku University Hospital FI-20520 Turku, Finland Email: [email protected] Tel: +358 50 574 7933 Acknowlegements This study was supported by the Academy oF Finland (grants #294897 and #332225), Sigrid Juselius stiftelse and Signe och Anet Gyllenberg’s stiftelse, and by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant 100019_188966). DS and LN thank Brian Knutson For in-depth discussions concerning several aspects of this paper. Conflicts of interest None Abstract Pleasure and reward are central for motivation, learning, feeling and allostasis. Although reward is without any doubt an affective phenomenon, there is no consensus concerning its relationship with emotion. In this mini-review we discuss this conceptual issue both from the perspective of theories of reward and emotion as well as human systems neuroimaging. We first describe how the reward process can be understood and dissected as intertwined with the emotion process, in particular in light of the appraisal theories, and then discuss how different facets of the reward process can be studied using neuroimaging and neurostimulation techniques. We conclude that future worK needs to focus on mapping the similarities and differences across stimuli and mechanisms that are involved in reward processing and in emotional processing, and propose that an integrative affective sciences approach would provide means for studying the emotional nature of reward.
  • The Role of Suffering in Theories of Emotion

    The Role of Suffering in Theories of Emotion

    Suffering and Emotion 1 Running head: SUFFERING AND EMOTION The Role of Suffering in Theories of Emotion Joseph de Rivera Frances L. Hiatt School of Psychology Clark University Suffering and Emotion 2 There is a good deal more suffering in human life that there is in our theories of emotion. One reason for this appears to be that our theories tend to focus on individual emotions or moods. Thus, we focus on terms such as anger or anxiety without considering that there common root is anguish. Another reason is that we want to ground our theories in our evolutionary heritage, so we focus on emotions that we share with other animals and that are clearly observable, such as the Big Four of anger, fear, happiness and sadness. Yet while animals certainly appear to experience pain, and show the effects of loss, they do not the way anticipate pain and loss in the way we do when we consider aging, sickness, death, and the loss of those we love. Hence, in addition to examining specific emotions and relating emotion to our animal heritage, it is important to contexturalize emotion in our broader human being. When we do this we must come to grips with emotional experiences such as suffering and mysticism. When we begin with such experiences, rather than with facial expressions, we find that they are focused on our relationship with something that is radically Other than ourselves. Today, in our secular culture with its scientific parlance, we may speak as Jim Averill has, of our “system of cognitive constructs,” but these cognitive constructs are beliefs about the World in which we live.