Why Feelings Stray: Sources of Affective Misforecasting in Consumer Behavior Vanessa M
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The Influence of Emotional States on Short-Term Memory Retention by Using Electroencephalography (EEG) Measurements: a Case Study
The Influence of Emotional States on Short-term Memory Retention by using Electroencephalography (EEG) Measurements: A Case Study Ioana A. Badara1, Shobhitha Sarab2, Abhilash Medisetty2, Allen P. Cook1, Joyce Cook1 and Buket D. Barkana2 1School of Education, University of Bridgeport, 221 University Ave., Bridgeport, Connecticut, 06604, U.S.A. 2Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bridgeport, 221 University Ave., Bridgeport, Connecticut, 06604, U.S.A. Keywords: Memory, Learning, Emotions, EEG, ERP, Neuroscience, Education. Abstract: This study explored how emotions can impact short-term memory retention, and thus the process of learning, by analyzing five mental tasks. EEG measurements were used to explore the effects of three emotional states (e.g., neutral, positive, and negative states) on memory retention. The ANT Neuro system with 625Hz sampling frequency was used for EEG recordings. A public-domain library with emotion-annotated images was used to evoke the three emotional states in study participants. EEG recordings were performed while each participant was asked to memorize a list of words and numbers, followed by exposure to images from the library corresponding to each of the three emotional states, and recall of the words and numbers from the list. The ASA software and EEGLab were utilized for the analysis of the data in five EEG bands, which were Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma, and Theta. The frequency of recalled event-related words and numbers after emotion arousal were found to be significantly different when compared to those following exposure to neutral emotions. The highest average energy for all tasks was observed in the Delta activity. Alpha, Beta, and Gamma activities were found to be slightly higher during the recall after positive emotion arousal. -
Exploring the Emotional and Moral Lives of Animals
MARC BEKOFF & JONATHAN BALCOMBE Humans have long tried to imagine what other species think and how they may feel, projecting our own perspec - tives and emotions onto the Minds of Thei r Own animal experience. The sight of Exploring the emotional and moral lives of animals a hawk spiraling effortlessly on an updraft or two horses cantering side by side in a field is enough to inspire wonder about the inner lives of other creatures. And people observ - ing their pets’ activities and moods view the existence of cat and dog emotions—in the form of joy, grief, even jealousy—as beyond question. What seems blatantly apparent to many animal lovers, however, is often chal - lenged by scientists as nothing more than sentimental anthro - pomorphism. Portrayal of ani - E M mals as lesser beings without I T S M A E thought or emotion dates at least as far back as the days of Aristotle. animals, a concept rarely considered within the scientific community . R D / N E E But ethologists engaged in the study of animal behavior are Now teaching a course on animal minds and behavior for U Q C A drawing from a growing body of evidence to build a case to the Humane Society University, the two authors have new books out this M E C U R B contrary. On the forefront of the burgeoning field are scientists and year. Bekoff’s latest, The Animal Manifesto: Six Reasons for Expanding ; E M I T S authors Marc Bekoff and Jonathan Balcombe. After years of research - Our Compassion Footprint , was published in February; Balcombe’s M A E R D / ing the emotions of animals, Bekoff began exploring the concepts new book, Second Nature: The Inner Lives of Animals , is out in March. -
Advances in Neuroscience Imply That Harmful Experiments in Dogs Are Unethical Jarrod Bailey,1 Shiranee Pereira2
JME Online First, published on July 24, 2017 as 10.1136/medethics-2016-103630 Current controversy J Med Ethics: first published as 10.1136/medethics-2016-103630 on 24 July 2017. Downloaded from Advances in neuroscience imply that harmful experiments in dogs are unethical Jarrod Bailey,1 Shiranee Pereira2 1Cruelty Free International, ABSTRACT environments (common features of most laboratory London, UK Functional MRI (fMRI) of fully awake and unrestrained kennels), kennel noise and restricted sight lines are 2People for Animals, Chennai, India dog 'volunteers' has been proven an effective tool to acknowledged stressors, and together these factors understand the neural circuitry and functioning of the lead to well-characterised stereotypies—repeti- Correspondence to canine brain. Although every dog owner would vouch tive, invariant behaviour patterns with no obvious Dr Jarrod Bailey, Cruelty Free that dogs are perceptive, cognitive, intuitive and capable goal or function, which include circling, pacing, International, 16a Crane Grove, of positive emotions/empathy, as indeed substantiated whirling, jumping, wall bouncing, and repetitive London, N7 8NN, UK; by ethological studies for some time, neurological grooming or self-biting—as well as other abnormal ja rrod .bailey@ c rueltyf reeinte rnat iona l. org investigations now corroborate this. These studies show behaviours such as polydipsia or polyphagia (eating that there exists a striking similarity between dogs and drinking to a great degree), compulsive staring Received 18 April 2016 and humans in the functioning of the caudate nucleus and excessive barking, for example (see ref 5). Revised 18 May 2017 (associated with pleasure and emotion), and dogs Such welfare concerns constitute a large part of Accepted 9 June 2017 experience positive emotions, empathic-like responses the ethical objection to dog experimentation. -
Is It Possible to Accurately Forecast Suicide, Or Is Suicide a Consequence of Forecasting Errors?
UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM Is it Possible to Accurately Forecast Suicide, or is Suicide a Consequence of Forecasting Errors? Patterns of Action Dissertation Sophie Joy 5/12/2014 Word Count: 3938 Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Can Individual Behaviour Be Forecasted? 4 Can Suicide be Accurately Forecasted? 5 The Suicide Process 6 Mental Health 8 Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide 8 A History of Suicidal Behaviours 8 Is Suicide a Consequence of Poor Affective Forecasting? 10 Can HuMans Accurately Forecast EMotions? 10 FocalisM 11 IMpact Bias 11 Duration Bias 11 IMMune Neglect 11 Application of Affective Forecasting Errors to Suicidal Individuals 12 What is the IMpact of Poor Affective Forecasting on Suicide? 13 Rational Choice Theory 13 Conclusion 15 Reference List 16 1 Is It Possible to Accurately Forecast Suicide, or is Suicide a Consequence of Forecasting Errors? “Where have we come from? What are we? Where are we going? ...They are not really separate questions but one big question taken in three bites. For only by understanding where we have come from can we make sense of what we are; only by understanding what we are can we make sense of where we are going” Humphrey, 1986, p. 174. Abstract Forecasting has been applied to Many disciplines however accurate forecasting of huMan behaviour has proven difficult with the forecasting of suicidal behaviour forMing no exception. This paper will discuss typical suicidal processes and risk factors which, it will be argued, have the potential to increase forecasting accuracy. Suicide is an eMotive social issue thus it is essential that the forecasting of this behaviour is atteMpted in order to be able to successfully apply prevention and intervention strategies. -
Classification of Human Emotions from Electroencephalogram (EEG) Signal Using Deep Neural Network
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2017 Classification of Human Emotions from Electroencephalogram (EEG) Signal using Deep Neural Network Abeer Al-Nafjan Areej Al-Wabil College of Computer and Information Sciences Center for Complex Engineering Systems Imam Muhammad bin Saud University King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Manar Hosny Yousef Al-Ohali College of Computer and Information Sciences College of Computer and Information Sciences King Saud University King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Abstract—Estimation of human emotions from [1]. Recognizing a user‘s affective state can be used to Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals plays a vital role in optimize training and enhancement of the BCI operations [2]. developing robust Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems. In our research, we used Deep Neural Network (DNN) to address EEG is often used in BCI research experimentation because EEG-based emotion recognition. This was motivated by the the process is non-invasive to the research subject and minimal recent advances in accuracy and efficiency from applying deep risk is involved. The devices‘ usability, reliability, cost- learning techniques in pattern recognition and classification effectiveness, and the relative convenience of conducting applications. We adapted DNN to identify human emotions of a studies and recruiting participants due to their portability have given EEG signal (DEAP dataset) from power spectral density been cited as factors influencing the increased adoption of this (PSD) and frontal asymmetry features. The proposed approach is method in applied research contexts [3], [4]. These advantages compared to state-of-the-art emotion detection systems on the are often accompanied by challenges such as low spatial same dataset. -
Effects of Worry on Physiological and Subjective Reactivity to Emotional Stimuli in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Nonanxious Control Participants
Emotion © 2010 American Psychological Association 2010, Vol. 10, No. 5, 640–650 1528-3542/10/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0019351 Effects of Worry on Physiological and Subjective Reactivity to Emotional Stimuli in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Nonanxious Control Participants Sandra J. Llera and Michelle G. Newman Pennsylvania State University The present study examined the effect of worry versus relaxation and neutral thought activity on both physiological and subjective responding to positive and negative emotional stimuli. Thirty-eight partic- ipants with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and 35 nonanxious control participants were randomly assigned to engage in worry, relaxation, or neutral inductions prior to sequential exposure to each of four emotion-inducing film clips. The clips were designed to elicit fear, sadness, happiness, and calm emotions. Self reported negative and positive affect was assessed following each induction and exposure, and vagal activity was measured throughout. Results indicate that worry (vs. relaxation) led to reduced vagal tone for the GAD group, as well as higher negative affect levels for both groups. Additionally, prior worry resulted in less physiological and subjective responding to the fearful film clip, and reduced negative affect in response to the sad clip. This suggests that worry may facilitate avoidance of processing negative emotions by way of preventing a negative emotional contrast. Implications for the role of worry in emotion avoidance are discussed. Keywords: generalized anxiety disorder, -
Relaxation Techniques? a Substantial Amount of Research Has Been Done on Relaxation Techniques
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health Relaxation Techniques © Thinkstock What’s the Bottom Line? How much do we know about relaxation techniques? A substantial amount of research has been done on relaxation techniques. However, for many health conditions, the number or size of the studies has been small, and some studies have been of poor quality. What do we know about the effectiveness of relaxation techniques? Relaxation techniques may be helpful in managing a variety of health conditions, including anxiety associated with illnesses or medical procedures, insomnia, labor pain, chemotherapy-induced nausea, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Psychological therapies, which may include relaxation techniques, can help manage chronic headaches and other types of chronic pain in children and adolescents. Relaxation techniques have also been studied for other conditions, but either they haven’t been shown to be useful, research results have been inconsistent, or the evidence is limited. What do we know about the safety of relaxation techniques? Relaxation techniques are generally considered safe for healthy people, although there have been a few reports of negative experiences, such as increased anxiety. People with serious physical or mental health problems should discuss relaxation techniques with their health care providers. What Are Relaxation Techniques? Relaxation techniques include a number of practices such as progressive relaxation, guided imagery, biofeedback, self-hypnosis, and deep breathing exercises. The goal is similar in all: to produce the body’s natural relaxation response, characterized by slower breathing, lower blood pressure, and a feeling of increased well-being. Meditation and practices that include meditation with movement, such as yoga and tai chi, can also promote relaxation. -
What We Mean When We Talk About Suffering—And Why Eric Cassell Should Not Have the Last Word
What We Mean When We Talk About Suffering—and Why Eric Cassell Should Not Have the Last Word Tyler Tate, Robert Pearlman Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Volume 62, Number 1, Winter 2019, pp. 95-110 (Article) Published by Johns Hopkins University Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/722412 Access provided at 26 Apr 2019 00:52 GMT from University of Washington @ Seattle What We Mean When We Talk About Suffering—and Why Eric Cassell Should Not Have the Last Word Tyler Tate* and Robert Pearlman† ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the phenomenon of suffering and its relation- ship to medical practice by focusing on the paradigmatic work of Eric Cassell. First, it explains Cassell’s influential model of suffering. Second, it surveys various critiques of Cassell. Next it outlines the authors’ concerns with Cassell’s model: it is aggressive, obscure, and fails to capture important features of the suffering experience. Finally, the authors propose a conceptual framework to help clarify the distinctive nature of sub- jective patient suffering. This framework contains two necessary conditions: (1) a loss of a person’s sense of self, and (2) a negative affective experience. The authors suggest how this framework can be used in the medical encounter to promote clinician-patient communication and the relief of suffering. *Center for Ethics in Health Care and School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland. †National Center for Ethics in Health Care, Washington, DC, and School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. Correspondence: Tyler Tate, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, Depart- ment of Pediatrics, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098. -
Affective Neuroscience of Pleasure: Reward in Humans and Animals
Psychopharmacology (2008) 199:457–480 DOI 10.1007/s00213-008-1099-6 REVIEW Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals Kent C. Berridge & Morten L. Kringelbach Received: 3 July 2007 /Accepted: 31 January 2008 /Published online: 3 March 2008 # Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract Introduction Introduction Pleasure and reward are generated by brain circuits that are largely shared between humans and other Affective neuroscience has emerged as an exciting disci- animals. pline in recent years (Berridge 2003a; Damasio 2004; Discussion Here, we survey some fundamental topics Davidson et al. 2003; Davidson and Sutton 1995; Feldman regarding pleasure mechanisms and explicitly compare Barrett and Wager 2006; Kringelbach 2005, 2008; LeDoux humans and animals. and Phelps 2000; Leknes and Tracey 2008; Panksepp 1991; Conclusion Topics surveyed include liking, wanting, and 1998; Rolls 2005). Many important insights have been learning components of reward; brain coding versus brain gained into brain mechanisms of affect, motivation, and causing of reward; subjective pleasure versus objective emotion through studies of both animals and humans. hedonic reactions; roles of orbitofrontal cortex and related A particularly important topic for affective neuroscience cortex regions; subcortical hedonic hotspots for pleasure is to understand how brains generate pleasure and other generation; reappraisals of dopamine and pleasure-electrode psychological components of reward because reward is controversies; and the relation of pleasure to happiness. important in daily life. Pleasure is essential to a normal sense of well-being. Pathological losses of pleasure may be Keywords Reward . Pleasure . Motivation . Hedonic . a devastating part of many affective disorders ranging from Food . Addiction . Nucleus accumbens . depression to schizophrenia and addiction. -
About Emotions There Are 8 Primary Emotions. You Are Born with These
About Emotions There are 8 primary emotions. You are born with these emotions wired into your brain. That wiring causes your body to react in certain ways and for you to have certain urges when the emotion arises. Here is a list of primary emotions: Eight Primary Emotions Anger: fury, outrage, wrath, irritability, hostility, resentment and violence. Sadness: grief, sorrow, gloom, melancholy, despair, loneliness, and depression. Fear: anxiety, apprehension, nervousness, dread, fright, and panic. Joy: enjoyment, happiness, relief, bliss, delight, pride, thrill, and ecstasy. Interest: acceptance, friendliness, trust, kindness, affection, love, and devotion. Surprise: shock, astonishment, amazement, astound, and wonder. Disgust: contempt, disdain, scorn, aversion, distaste, and revulsion. Shame: guilt, embarrassment, chagrin, remorse, regret, and contrition. All other emotions are made up by combining these basic 8 emotions. Sometimes we have secondary emotions, an emotional reaction to an emotion. We learn these. Some examples of these are: o Feeling shame when you get angry. o Feeling angry when you have a shame response (e.g., hurt feelings). o Feeling fear when you get angry (maybe you’ve been punished for anger). There are many more. These are NOT wired into our bodies and brains, but are learned from our families, our culture, and others. When you have a secondary emotion, the key is to figure out what the primary emotion, the feeling at the root of your reaction is, so that you can take an action that is most helpful. . -
Relaxation Theory and Practice
RELAXATION THEORY AND PRACTICE RELAXATION THEORY AND PRACTICE1 DIANA ELTON, G. D. BURROWS AND G. V. STANLEY University of Melbourne SUMMARY This paper reviews the theoretical aspects of clinical use of relaxation and the pr.oblems inherent in its applicatio..n in a h03pital setting. It discusses, the relative usefulness of relaxation procedures in va.rious conditions. 1'his includes the advantages versus the disadvantages of group practice, the use of audio casettes, specificity of instructions and inteTdisciplinary aspects 01 patient care. Some guidelines are p\Tovided for the practice of relaxation by physiotherapists. INTRODUCTION of relaxation in treatment of many conditions. We live in an anxiety provoking world. Generally the medical profession has been Each individual may daily face challenges, slow in adopting these approaches. for which there may be little or no solution. In recent times, there has been a growing Mechanization may rob pride of work and interest in relaxation, as a means of dealing individuality. A person could become a slave with tension and anxiety and of generally to the clock, in a constant rush to keep abreast improving the patients' well-being. It has of commitments: "the inability to relax is attracted the attention of several professions: one of the most widely spread diseases of our 1. Psychiatrists are using it more fre time and one of the most infrequently recog.. quently in dealing with conditions where the nized" (Jones, 1953). predominant component is anxiety. Those who .A.nxiety often presents in a variety of practise hypnotherapy often adopt relaxation bodily, behavioural and psychological ways. -
Loneliness, Mental Health Symptoms and COVID-19 Okruszek, Ł.1, Aniszewska-Stańczuk, A.1,2*, Piejka, A.1*, Wiśniewska, M.1*, Żurek, K.1,2*
Safe but lonely? Loneliness, mental health symptoms and COVID-19 Okruszek, Ł.1, Aniszewska-Stańczuk, A.1,2*, Piejka, A.1*, Wiśniewska, M.1*, Żurek, K.1,2* 1. Social Neuroscience Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences 2. Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw * authors are listed alphabetically Corresponding author information: Łukasz Okruszek, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jaracza 1, 00-378 Warsaw, Poland (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has led governments worldwide to implement unprecedented response strategies. While crucial to limiting the spread of the virus, “social distancing” may lead to severe psychological consequences, especially in lonely individuals. We used cross- sectional (n=380) and longitudinal (n=74) designs to investigate the links between loneliness, mental health symptoms (MHS) and COVID-19 risk perception and affective response in young adults who implemented social distancing during the first two weeks of the state of epidemic threat in Poland. Loneliness was correlated with MHS and with affective response to COVID-19’s threat to health. However, increased worry about the social isolation and heightened risk perception for financial problems was observed in lonelier individuals. The cross-lagged influence of the initial affective response to COVID-19 on subsequent levels of loneliness was also found. Thus, the reciprocal connections between loneliness and COVID- 19 response may be of crucial importance for MHS during COVID-19 crisis. Keywords: loneliness, mental well-being, mental health, COVID-19, preventive strategies Data availability statement: Data from the current study can be accessed via https://osf.io/ec3mb/ Introduction Within three months-time since the first case of the novel coronavirus originating from Wuhan (Hubei, China) has been officially reported, COVID-19 has spread to 210 countries and territories affecting over 1602 thousand individuals and causing 95735 deaths as of 10th April (Dong, Du, & Gardner, 2020).