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Investigating the Contribution of Historic Site Interpretation Centers to Meaning-Making: the Case of Bahrain

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Investigating the Contribution of Historic Site Interpretation Centers to Meaning-Making: the Case of Bahrain United Arab Emirates University Scholarworks@UAEU Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations 9-2020 INVESTIGATING THE CONTRIBUTION OF HISTORIC SITE INTERPRETATION CENTERS TO MEANING-MAKING: THE CASE OF BAHRAIN May Jalal Al Saffar Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uaeu.ac.ae/all_dissertations Part of the Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Al Saffar, May Jalal, "INVESTIGATING THE CONTRIBUTION OF HISTORIC SITE INTERPRETATION CENTERS TO MEANING-MAKING: THE CASE OF BAHRAIN" (2020). Dissertations. 121. https://scholarworks.uaeu.ac.ae/all_dissertations/121 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at Scholarworks@UAEU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarworks@UAEU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ii Declaration of Original Work I, May Jalal Al Saffar, the undersigned, a graduate student at the United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), and the author of this thesis entitled “Investigating the Contribution of Historic Site Interpretation Centers to Meaning Making: The Case of Bahrain”, hereby, solemnly declare that this thesis is my own original research work that has been done and prepared by me under the supervision of Professor Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul, in the College of Engineering at UAEU. This work has not previously been presented or published, or formed the basis for the award of any academic degree, diploma or a similar title at this or any other university. Any materials borrowed from other sources (whether published or unpublished) and relied upon or included in my thesis have been properly cited and acknowledged in accordance with appropriate academic conventions. I further declare that there is no potential conflict of interest with respect to the research, data collection, authorship, presentation and/or publication of this thesis. Student’s Signature: Date: _22nd August, 2020__ iii Copyright Copyright © 2020 May Jalal Al Saffar All Rights Reserved iv Advisory Committee 1) Advisor: Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul Title: Professor Department of Architectural Engineering College of Engineering 2) Member: Mahmoud A. Haggag Title: Associate Professor Department of Architectural Engineering College of Engineering 3) Member: Rashed Al Shaali Title: Assistant Professor Department of Architectural Engineering College of Engineering v Approval of the Doctoral Dissertation This Doctoral Dissertation is approved by the following Examining Committee Members: 1) Advisor (Committee Chair): Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul Title: Professor Department of Architectural Engineering College of Engineering Signature Date 28/09/2020 2) Member: Ahmed Agiel Title: Assistant Professor Department of Architectural Engineering College of Engineering Signature Date 02/10/2020 3) Member: Negmeldin Alsheikh Title: Associate Professor Department of Curriculum and Methods of Instruction College of Education Signature Date 06/10/2020 4) Member (External Examiner): Vikramaditya Prakash Title: Professor Department of Architecture Institution: University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA Signature Date 06/10/2020 vi This Doctoral Dissertation is accepted by: For/ Dean of the College of Engineering: Professor Sabah Alkass Signature Date December 07, 2020 Dean of the College of Graduate Studies: Professor Ali Al-Marzouqi Signature Date 7/12/2020 Copy ____ of ____ vii Abstract This dissertation investigates the role and contribution of the Historic Site Interpretation Centers in the process of meaning-making from the historic site to the visitors, as well as their visiting experience and attendance at the same settings. The Historic Site Interpretation Centers exhibit a unique museum typology dedicated to sites of historical significance, offering a dual mode of interpretation, labeled as ‘in situ’ and ‘in context’. The objective was to evaluate the physical attributes and applied display strategies in conveying meaning from historic sites to visitors and, to explore the resulting stakeholders’ (i.e. service providers and visitors) perception and emotional experience in these dual settings. Hence, a convergent mixed method of multiple case-study analysis was used to evaluate the given settings’ physical attributes, and multi-ethnographic tools inclusive of archival documents, online survey, semi-structured open-ended interviews, and non-obtrusive observation were used to explore the stakeholders’ perception and emotional experience. Four historical sites in Bahrain were selected: Qal’at Al Bahrain, Shaikh Salman bin Ahmed Al Fateh Fort, Bu Maher Fort and Al Khamis Mosque. The findings suggest that visitation interest and meaning-making are primarily affected by first, a range of different contextual relationships between the Historic Site Interpretation Centers and their historic sites, building physical attributes and display strategies. Second, visitors’ interests and expectations are the main trigger for visitation, while their cultural background and collective memory are recognized as influential factors in the process of meaning-making. The difficulty in creating meaning-making may reside in a single or a combination of factors: a rigid de-contextualization of objects, an architectural design of the interpretive center insensitive to the particularities of the location, presentation strategies ineffective enough to generate a disinterest among visitors. Undoubtedly, the present situation of historic sites in Bahrain affiliates itself to the ever-present debate on the philosophical groundings of Critical Regionalism from its generation in the early 80s of the last century to its present and undeniable actuality and force. This research acknowledges the original reasons and ideological perspective behind its inception and the contemporary critical readings of the same text in the light of new economic, environmental, political concerns and design challenges. While understanding some of the concerns and challenges that viii drove architectural production since the concept was coined, this research’s intention is to remain close to the essence of Critical Regionalism, which is to effectively understand the importance of a context while designing appropriate structures easily interpreted by visitors, and capable to generate coherent meaning-making within a specific setting. Finally, a new classification of museums is suggested on the basis of contextual relationships to the historic site and the involvement of dual modes of interpretation - ‘in situ’ and ‘in context’ - in order to overcome the existing dichotomy in the contribution and role of such museums. In addition, this study’s ambition is to provide some design and curatorship directions for architects, museographers, and policymakers in Bahrain and beyond. Keywords: Historic site interpretation centers, historic site, Bahrain, meaning- making, visitor experience, ethnographic research, convergent mixed method. ix Title and Abstract (in Arabic) مساهمة المتاحف التابعة للمواقع التاريخية في البحرين في تفسير المواقع ال تاريخية و شرحها : دراسة إستكشافية الملخ ص تبحث هذه اﻷطروحة في دور مراكز تفسير المواقع التاريخية ومساهمتها في عملية توصيل معنى الموقع التاريخي للزوار، باﻹضافة إلى تجربة الزيارة والحضور لهذه اﻷماكن نفسها. تعرض مراكز تفسير الموقع التاريخي تصنيفاً فريداً للمتحف يكون مخصصاً للمواقع ذات اﻷهمية التاريخية، بحيث أنها تقدّم طريقة مزدوجة للتفسير، يتم تصنيفها على أنها "في الموقع" و "في السياق". كان الغرض هو تقييم السمات المادية واستراتيجيات العرض المطبقة في نقل المعنى من هذه المواقع التاريخية إلى الزائرين واستكشاف نتائج اﻷطراف الفاعلة )أي مزودي الخدمة والزوار(، والتجربة العاطفية في هذه اﻹعدادات المزدوجة. ومن ثَ َّم، يتم استخدام طريقة مختلطة متقاربة لتحليل دراسات الحالة المتعددة لتقييم الخصائص المادية لﻹعدادات المعينة، واﻷدوات اﻹثنوجرافية المتعددة بما في ذلك الوثائق اﻷرشيفية، واﻻستطﻻع عبر اﻹنترنت، والمقابﻻت المفتوحة شبه المنظمة، والمﻻحظة غير المتطفلة التي تستخدم ﻻستكشاف تص ّور اﻷطراف الفاعلة والخبرة العاطفية . تم اختيار أربعة مواقع تاريخية في البحرين : قلعة البحرين، وقلعة الشيخ سلمان بن أحمد الفاتح، وقلعة بو ماهر، ومسجد الخميس. تشير النتائج إلى أ ّن اﻻهتمام بالزيارة وصنع المعنى يتأثران في المقام اﻷول بمجموعة من العﻻقات بالسياق المختلف ذاته بين مراكز تفسير المواقع التاريخية ومواقعها التاريخية، وبناء السمات المادية واستراتيجيات العرض . ثانياً، تُعدّ اهتمامات الزوار وتوقعاتهم هي الدافع الرئيسي للزيارة، بينما يتم التعرف على خلفيتهم الثقافية وذاكرتهم الجماعية بوصفها عوامل مؤثرة في عملية صنع المعنى. قد تكمن الصعوبة لخلق ا لمعنى في عامل واحد أو في مجموعة من العوامل، هي: الفصل الصارم لسياق الموضوع، تفسير التصميم المعماري للمركز غير الحساس لخصوصيات الموقع ، استراتيجيات العرض غير فعالة بما يكفي لجعل عدم اﻻهتمام بين الزوار. مما ﻻ شك فيه أن الوضع الحالي للمواقع التاريخية في الب حرين مرتبط بالنقاش الدائم حول اﻷسس الفلسفية لﻹقليمية النقدية من جيلها في أوائل الثمانينيات من القرن الماضي إلى واقعيتها وقوتها الحالية التي ﻻ يمكن إنكاره ا. يقر هذا البحث باﻷسباب اﻷصلية والمنظور اﻷيديولوجي وراء نشأته والقراءات النقدية المعاصرة للنّ ّص نفسه في ضوء اﻻهتمامات اﻻقتصادية والبيئية والسياسية الجديدة وتحديات التصميم. مع فهم بعض اﻻهتمامات والتحديات التي دفعت اﻹنتاج المعماري منذ صياغة المفهوم، فإن نية هذا البحث البقاء على مقربة من جوهر اﻹقليمية النقدية، والتي تتمثل في فهم أهمية السياق بشكل فعال أثناء تصميم الهياكل المناسبة التي يسهل على الزوار تفسيرها لتكون قادرة على خلق معنى متماسك في بيئة معينة . أخيراً، فقد تم تقديم اقتراح لتصنيف جديد للمتاحف على أساس العﻻقات السياقية بالموقع التاريخي وإشراك اﻷنماط المزدوجة للتفسير - "في الموقع" و " في السي اق" - من أجل التغلب
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