Dartmouth Model United Nations Ukrainian Cabinet

April 6 – 8, 2018

DARTMOUTH MODEL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE

Thirteenth Annual Conference • April 6 - 8, 2018 Dartmouth College • Rockefeller Center • Hanover, NH 03755 E-mail: [email protected] • DartmouthMUN.com

Scott Okuno January 20, 2018 Secretary-General Dear Delegates: Jessica Campanile Director-General On behalf of the entire Dartmouth Model United Nations staff, I would like to welcome and thank you for registering for the thirteenth annual Dartmouth Model United Nations conference this April Anjali Peddanna Chief of Staff 2018. We have been working relentlessly since the end of last year’s conference to provide a better and more worthwhile Model U.N. experience for this winter’s delegates. We are optimistic about this Nina Kosowsky winter’s conference and Dartmouth Model U.N.’s future. Chargé d’Affaires DartMUN is a unique conference. We pair world-class delegations and dais staff members in smaller, Anne Pinkney more-interactive environments to facilitate an enriching experience for delegates of all skill levels. We Undersecretary-General of believe DartMUN’s active, small committees ensure delegates feel comfortable immersing themselves General Assemblies in a competitive but supportive environment that encourages trial by error and participation. Lauren Dusseau Furthermore, DartMUN’s well-trained staff is excited to work with your delegates this winter in Undersecretary-General of committee to equip the next generation of college students with the skills to tackle complex global Special Committees problems.

Soham Basu With this said, Model United Nations is only meaningful when delegates are thoroughly prepared. To Undersecretary-General of aid in your research preparation, your committee staff has spent hours researching, writing, and Current Crisis Committees editing this Background Guide. The Background Guide serves as an introduction to your respective committee and an overview of the topics that you will be debating over the course of the Sam Zarkower Undersecretary-General of conference. Historical Crisis Committees The Background Guide is intended to be a starting point for your research and is not, in itself, an Bethany David adequate exposure to the complexities of your committee’s topics. To be prepared, each delegate Director of should do further research and focus on processing information through the lens of their respective Technology country or position. If you are having trouble digesting all the information, the Background Guide contains relevant discussion questions that break down the topics. Also, as questions or ideas arise, Sam Wilson do not be shy in contacting your committee staff via e-mail. Committee staff are knowledgeable and Director of can help you better understand a particular topic or how your country fits into a larger international Finances debate. More often than not, discussing the problem with another person can open up more paradigms and viewpoints that may guide you throughout the brainstorming process.

As in years past, all delegates are expected to write a brief position paper before the conference to synthesize all of their preparatory research and analysis. Please see the position paper guidelines on the conference website for specific information about content, format, etc. Committee staff will collect position papers at the beginning of the first committee session on Friday evening, so be sure to bring a hard copy because delegates who do not submit position papers will not be eligible for awards. Sincerely,

DartMUN is a student run, non-profit, Scott Okuno all volunteer organization sponsored by Secretary-General he Dickey Center for International Understanding. DartMUN XIII

ARTMOUTH ODEL NITED ATIONS ONFERENCE D M U N C Thirteenth Annual Conference • April 6 - 8, 2018 Dartmouth College • Rockefeller Center • Hanover, NH 03755 E-mail: [email protected] • DartmouthMUN.com

January 25, 2018

Dear Delegates: Scott Okuno Secretary-General It is my distinct pleasure to welcome you to the 2018 Dartmouth College Model UN Ukrainian Cabinet Crisis Committee. My name is Claire Rafson and I will serve as your committee chair. This Jessica Campanile crisis committee will test your ability to respond quickly, effectively, and analytically delegates must Director-General consider that the outcomes of every action taken by this committee may have repercussions that are

Anjali Peddanna both positive and negative. Chief of Staff To introduce myself, I am a Junior (‘19) here at Dartmouth majoring in History modified with Nina Kosowsky Economics. Beyond my academics, I am a member of Dartmouth’s dance team, the Dartmouth Chargé d’Affaires Outing Club, and am extremely involved with the Rockefeller Center for Public Policy. In high school I participated primarily in speech and debate, but last year, I had the opportunity to co-chair Anne Pinkney the future crisis committee. In my free time you can find me hiking or watching reality tv. Undersecretary-General of General Assemblies Over the course of the weekend I will be working alongside my Assistant Director, Alice Bennett, as Lauren Dusseau your Committee Director. The success of this conference relies on the preparation of each delegate Undersecretary-General of on the topic of this committee, . Our committee will have the power to take substantive Special Committees military action with real time response by our crisis staff. It is your task to consider all aspects of the crisis and topic at hand, as well as your country’s unique position and insight on the matter. Soham Basu Undersecretary-General of In order to aid in your preparation and make the simulation as meaningful as possible, Alice and I Current Crisis Committees have put together the following background information on Ukraine. This Background Guide serves Sam Zarkower as an introduction to the committee and an overview of the topics that you will be debating over the Undersecretary-General of course of the conference. The Background Guide is intended to be a starting point for your research Historical Crisis Committees and is not, in itself, an adequate exposure to the complexities of our topic. To be prepared, each delegate should do further research and focus on processing information through the lens of Bethany David Director of Technology All my best, Sam Wilson Director of Claire Rafson Finances [email protected]

DartMUN is a student run, non-profit, all volunteer organization sponsored by he Dickey Center for International Understanding.

ARTMOUTH ODEL NITED ATIONS ONFERENCE D M U N C Thirteenth Annual Conference • April 6 - 8, 2018 Dartmouth College • Rockefeller Center • Hanover, NH 03755 E-mail: [email protected] • DartmouthMUN.com

January 25, 2018

Dear Delegates,

Scott Okuno Hello! And welcome to DARTMUN 2018! My name is Alice Bennett, and I’ll be serving as your Secretary-General Assistant Committee Director in The Ukrainian Cabinet Crisis this year. We are so excited to watch you all tackle the issues at hand, and hopefully bring about peace in a war-torn, corrupt nation. We Jessica Campanile expect precise research beyond your background guide, passionate discussion, and overall that you Director-General come to committee ready to lay it all on the table. We do not doubt that you will be able to

Anjali Peddanna accomplish all of these tasks and more, please feel free to ask us for help at any time, we are here for Chief of Staff you!

Nina Kosowsky The Ukrainian Cabinet Crisis Committee has been formed by your Committee Director and Chargé d’Affaires I, to give you all a platform upon which you can discuss and potentially solve many of the issues that still plague Ukraine today. We have chosen to address two distinctly different branches of the Anne Pinkney conflict: Civil Unrest and Economic Uncertainty. These two topics require two very different Undersecretary-General of General Assemblies mindsets and approaches, and with the diverse cast-list we are sure that you will hear from many different points of view before coming to a final decision about anything. Lauren Dusseau Undersecretary-General of To give you some background on myself, my name is Alice Bennett, and I’m a 20’ here at Special Committees Dartmouth, hopefully majoring in English and minoring in Theater. I live just a few hours away in Providence, Rhode Island, and aside form MUN on campus I am in an acapella group, and manage Soham Basu the Women’s Lacrosse team! I love talking about baking, fashion, and philosophy. Undersecretary-General of Current Crisis Committees All that said, I hope you will consider me someone to come to if you have any questions, comments, Sam Zarkower or concerns in committee, and please always feel free to reach out, no question is too big or too Undersecretary-General of small! These issues are incredibly relevant and real to this day. I’m so excited to meet all of you and Historical Crisis Committees observe how you choose to handle this intense conflict.

Bethany David Director of Sincerely, Technology

Sam Wilson Alice Bennett, AD Director of Finances

DartMUN is a student run, non-profit, all volunteer organization sponsored by he Dickey Center for International Understanding.

Ukrainian Cabinet DartMUN XIII

Committee Overview his/her procedural preferences clear at the start of the first committee session. Model United Nations, or MUN, is a worldwide academic program that promotes There may be a speaker’s list, yet most understanding of and involvement in committees do without one. There is often no international relations and global issues official setting of the agenda, as debate tends to through simulation of the real United Nations. flow between topics and is determined by the The United Nations is an international pertinent crisis at hand. organization, often called a peacekeeping body, that ensures active efforts by all 192 member In general, discussion occurs through states to the principles of peace, justice, moderated caucuses in which the chair calls equality, and human dignity. upon delegates to speak. Delegates motion for moderated caucuses of a specified length and What are Crisis Committees? speaking time and on a specified topic. Many issues may be discussed concurrently and crises Crisis Committees are specialized groups at introduced by the crisis staff may interrupt DartMUN that spend most of their time discussion. Occasionally, unmoderated dealing with real-time events that require caucuses (motioned for by a delegate) are held immediate attention and action. These crises in which formal debate is suspended and range from terrorist attacks to natural disasters delegates speak at will in groups of their to corruption within a certain organization. choosing. In voting, a motion for an Common considerations of crisis committees unmoderated caucus takes precedence over a include: understanding the crisis and its motion for a moderated caucus. Often, implications, informing/not informing the motions are simply passed without voting if press and public, undertaking immediate there are no competing motions. damage-control, reacting to the actions of other groups, and preventing future crises. Action is taken through directives, and there are generally no working papers or resolutions, Simulation Overview unless the chair so desires. Notes are used to communicate between delegates while the Parliamentary Procedure Specific to Crisis Committees committee proceeds. They may also be sent to (adapted) delegates on another committee if it is a JCC. They are often used to work with delegates of The same parliamentary procedures which are similar viewpoints to coordinate actions. used for GAs and Specials apply to the Crisis Questions can also be sent to the chair (or Committees. However, Crisis Committees tend crisis staff) in a note. to be more informal than other committees, that is, they require a limited use of Directives and Notes: parliamentary procedure. They are often times more unstructured, and the flow of the Directives: committee is heavily dependent on the discretion of the chair. The chair will make In order to carry out any action during

Ukrainian Cabinet DartMUN XIII committee, a directive must be sent by an Communiqué individual, a group of individuals, or the committee as a whole. If it is not on behalf of To the Emperor of Japan: the entire committee, then the delegate(s) can We demand an immediate, unconditional choose to make the directive private and it will surrender by all Japanese forces within 48 not be revealed to the whole committee. If the hours, or we shall be forced to unleash chair deems necessary, the directive may need heretofore unimaginable devastation upon your to be introduced by a requisite number of cities. writers. To pass a directive on behalf of the - The Allies whole committee, a simple majority vote is required. The chair will hold a vote as each Press Release directive is introduced. Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - a date which will live Types of Directives in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and There are three types of directives – Action air forces of the Empire of Japan. Orders, Communiqués, and Press Releases. - Franklin D. Roosevelt Action orders are used to direct troops, agencies, individuals, etc. to take an action that Examples of Notes is within the authority of the committee. An individual may only send an action order if it is To a member of the same committee: within his powers (check the background guide for a summary of the characters and their [Address Section on outside of Note] committee roles and powers). A communiqué To: Franklin D. Roosevelt is used to communicate with foreign From: Winston Churchill governments, other committees of the JCC, or individuals outside the committee. A press [Message on inside of Note] release is used to reveal information to the We ask that you work with us to increase public. intelligence efforts directed against our so- called allies, the Soviets, so that we will not be Examples of Directives surprised by any actions they take after the war. - Winston Churchill Action Order: To a member of another committee in JCC: Direct Allied forces to invade Normandy, France on June 6th. Paratroopers shall be [Address Section on outside of Note] dropped behind enemy lines on June 4th. To: Leaders of Romania, Axis Landings shall take place at Utah, Omaha, From: Josef Stalin, Allies Gold, Juno, and Sword beaches. [Message on inside of Note] -The Allies Seeing as the defeat of Nazi Germany is near, we would advise you to make a deal with the now or we will show no mercy

Ukrainian Cabinet DartMUN XIII when the time for your defeat arrives. » Discussion will shift informally or through a - Josef Stalin new moderated caucus to discuss this development. To chair/crisis staff: [Address Section on outside of Note] Members of Ukrainian Cabinet: To: Chair/Crisis From: Winston Churchill 1. – The current . Poroshenko was elected in 2014. [Message on inside of Note] Was a major supporter of the anti- What is the current disposition of British government protesters. forces in the Middle East? - Winston Churchill 2. – The current Prime Minister of Ukraine. Groysman was An Outline of How a Typical Crisis Committee appointed in 2016 after his successor ‘Flows stepped down among allegations of corruption. Seen by outside observers and » A moderated caucus takes place with Poroshenkos protégé, he has vowed to delegates outlining their position. fight corruption and improve relationships with the European Union. » A delegate motions for a moderated caucus on a specified topic of a specified length with a 3. Alexander Vladimirovich Zakharchenko - the specified speaking time. current head of state and Prime Minister of the self-proclaimed state and the rebel » Delegates discuss actions to take regarding group People's Republic, which that topic through the moderated caucus and declared independence from Ukraine on 11 through notes. May 2014.

» Delegates submit directives to the chair to 4. Stepan Kubiv – The current First Vice Prime take an action and motion to introduce the Minister of Ukraine and Minister of directive. Economic Development and Trade. Before taking on this post, Kubiv served as the » Discussion on the directives will proceed chairman of the . through the current moderated caucus and amendments may be proposed and voted on. 5. Vyacheslav Kyrylenko – One of the leaders of the People’s Front party, and Vice Prime » A delegate will motion to vote on a directive Minister of Ukraine for humanitarian and the directive is either passed or rejected. matters.

» A crisis will occur, oftentimes in the middle 6. Volodymyr Kistion – The Vice Prime Minister of debate. The crisis staff will introduce new on Energy, Ecology, and use of Natural information or developments through news Resources. articles, videos, intelligence reports, etc.

Ukrainian Cabinet DartMUN XIII

7. – Appointed the Minister of The Situation in Ukraine Internal Affairs by Former Prime Minister , and reappointed by the current Prime Minister following the 2014 Introduction Revolution. Ukraine’s ongoing and most deadly crisis since 8. - The Current Minister of its post-Soviet independence began as a protest Foreign Affairs and long term public against the government dropping plans to servant. Notably played a central role in establish closer trade ties with the European negotiating the Ukraine-European Union Union, and has since sparked a global standoff Association Agreement. between Russia and Western powers. The crisis stemmed from more than twenty years of poor 9. Oleksandr Danylyuk – The current Finance governance, a lopsided economy dominated by Minister of Ukraine, who is a member of oligarchs, heavy reliance on Russia and its the Independent party. resources, and sharp differences between Ukraine’s eastern and western halves. After the 10. Stepan Poltorak – The current Minister of ouster of President Viktor Yanukovich in Defence of Ukraine and former February 2014, Russian moves to take control commander of the Internal Troops of of the Crimean Peninsula signaled Moscow’s Ukraine and the National Guard. intent to widen its area of influence and raised serious questions about the ability of the state’s 11. Andriy Reva – The current Minister of Social new leaders to provide stability and a path to Policy of Ukraine meaningful reforms. After the Minsk II Agreement hostilities decreased, but this by no 12. Volodymyr Omelyan – Ukraine’s Minister of means represented an end to the conflict, and Infrastructure. people are still wary of their government. The international community has been watching the 13. Ostap Semerak – Member of the People’s crisis closely, and is deeply interested in Front party and current Minister of bringing peace and stability to the region. This Ecology. committee’s mission will be to mitigate the threats of civil unrest in Ukraine, as well as deal 14. Ihor Nasalyk – The current Minister of with the imminent economic crises caused by a Energy and Coal Mining. growing isolation between Ukraine and the world.1 15. Pavlo Petrenko – The 14th Minister of Justice of Ukraine and member of the People’s History of the crisis Front party. is an autonomous republic of Ukraine with its own parliament and laws that permit the use of the Russian language in everyday life

1https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/14/avdiivka -frontline-ukraine-war-russia-backed-separatists

Ukrainian Cabinet DartMUN XIII and empower local representatives to levy denied this. Thousands of Ukrainian forces taxes. But the parliament’s acts can be vetoed occupy bases on the peninsula currently by the central government in Kiev, which must blocked by what they say are Russian forces. approve the republic’s prime minister. Since Overall, Russians make up an estimated 59 the ouster of Yanukovich in February 2014, percent of the population of Crimea and Crimea’s parliament has asserted greater , about 23 percent. autonomy and voted for a March 16 referendum to decide whether Crimea should Russia’s actions are in breach of international become part of Russia or remain a part of law, including the nonintervention provisions Ukraine, but with enhanced local powers. in the UN Charter; the 1997 Treaty on Occupied for centuries by Muslim Tatars Friendship and Cooperation between Russia affiliated with the Ottoman Empire, Crimea and Ukraine, which requires Russia to respect was conquered in 1783 by Russia’s Catherine Ukraine’s territorial integrity; and the 1994 the Great. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin deported Budapest Memorandum on Security the Tatar population of about two hundred Assurances. That document states: “The thousand to Central Asia during World War II, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of and the bulk of them did not return until 1989. Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Today Tatars constitute about 12 percent of United States of America reaffirm their Crimea’s population. commitment to Ukraine, in accordance with the principles of the Final Act of the The peninsula only became part of Ukraine in Conference on Security and Cooperation in 1954 when Soviet leader Nikita Krushchev Europe, to respect the independence and transferred it from the Russian Soviet Socialist sovereignty and the existing borders of Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Ukraine.” For its part, Russia has rejected Republic in what was seen as a largely symbolic charges that it is violating international law and administrative move within the Soviet Union. has called for Ukraine to return to the terms of The majority-Russian residents of Crimea the February 21, 2014 agreement between continued to have strong ties with Russia. opposition leaders and Yanukovich that Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union permitted him to stay in office as the head of a in 1991, the two new countries reached an national unity government while elections were agreement to permit the Russian Black Sea planned. On May 25, 2014, Ukrainians elected fleet, a Russian naval unit, to remain based at pro-European Petro Poroshenko as the new the Crimean port of Sevastopol. President of Ukraine. As his first order, President Poroshenko issued a 15-point peace Yanukovich and then Russian president plan to help end the violence in Eastern Dimitry Medvedev signed an agreement in Ukraine. The plan was not successful as riots 2010 that extended Russia’s lease of Sevastopol continued in the eastern Donetsk and until 2042 in exchange for a 30 percent drop in regions. In an attempt to create solidarity the price of natural gas sold to Ukraine. Russia amongst Western Ukraine and the EU, the EU has eleven thousand forces stationed in signed a landmark association pact with Crimea, which were reportedly joined by five Ukraine in June 2014. The agreement bound thousand Russian troops since the ouster of Ukraine, , and Georgia closely to Yanukovich, although Russians officials have Western Europe, which angered Russia. Many

Ukrainian Cabinet DartMUN XIII critics opposed this pact because they believed effectively bringing Russia closer to two of its it would split Ukraine in two, while others goals in the Ukraine conflict: the establishment thought it would help resolve the conflict. of permanent pro-Russian political entities in , as well as normalization of its The new ceasefire agreement, also known as annexation of Crimea that started the war in Minsk II, is similar to the first one but now the 2014. Western support for President Petro Ukrainian government confirms that the rebels Poroshenko is ebbing due to Kiev’s have control of the airport. It also states that unwillingness or inability to deliver promised there needs to be an immediate ceasefire and economic reform and robust anti-corruption release of all hostages or prisoners caught measures. 2 Poroshenko’s problems may be during the fighting. Though the government is compounded if early parliamentary elections still in control, the rebels seem to have the are held in 2017, in which pro-Russian parties upper hand because they have control of large could gain ground. The support of the people regions such as Donetsk and Luhansk. of Ukraine is also ebbing, and defenses need to be put in place in case of a civil uprising like Topic A: Physical Conflict the one which occurred in 2014. Does this entail putting even tighter restrictions on the people of the country, limiting more media The situation, despite the Minsk II agreement, access and other freedoms? Or does this entail still has no end in sight. The government in trying to mitigate the violence at its source, Ukraine continues to take steps to restrict attacking rebel groups and protesters to keep media and journalism in the country, back up the unrest at bay? In Kiev, pro-russian by the premise that they need to combat separatists have been preparing on the Russian anti-Ukraine propaganda. In May of offensive for some time now. The Russians 2016 they banned 17 Russian journalists from however claim that the Ukrainian military entering the country. The conflict has displaced forces have been making unauthorized gains an estimated 2 to 3 million people at this point, on Russian territory in the Crimea and with casual violence decimating innocent provoking reactions of the pro-Russian civilians. There are threats back and forth that adversaries. It is hard to say who is telling the Russia will stage another invasion of Ukrainian truth, but one thing is for certain and that is territories, and the people of the country want that the battle being fought between two sides answers and politicians who will actually of one country is far from over. Diplomats and accomplish something. After almost three years analysts in Kiev say they believe Russia’s of war and roughly 10,000 deaths, Russia’s current goal is not to take more territory from military intervention defines all aspects of Ukraine but to push the territories already political life in Ukraine. Divided by the conflict seized back into Ukraine on terms and crippled by corruption, Ukraine is headed advantageous to Moscow, giving them a long- for even greater uncertainty. Trump’s term foothold in the country. The Pro-russian professed admiration for Russian President groups and the unhappy nationalists are at ends scares Kiev, as do rumors that with each other, and their government. the United States may decide to scrap sanctions against Russia. Implementation of the February 2 https://www.hrw.org/world- 2015 Minsk peace agreement is stalled, report/2017/country-chapters/ukraine

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West were extremely strained as the EU and Once Mussolini was in power, he increased the US issued economic sanctions on Russia.5 Italy’s military aggression and invaded Ethiopia. His successful win in Ethiopia in Currently the conflict in Crimea is classified as May of 1936 inspired Hitler to ally with Italy. a “ceasefire”, although as stated previously in The two countries signed a non-military the guide, this is not exactly the case. People alliance in October of 1936. In 1939, Italy are fighting over everything and anything, successfully invaded Albania and signed a full including government corruption, the defensive alliance with Germany3. annexation of Crimea, and where the loyalties of their own neighbor’s lie. It is your job to Crimea come up or further peaceful solutions to the violence, both against and from Russia, as well Crimea is a peninsula attached to Southern as between your own people. Ukraine. It was part of the Soviet Union until 1991, when Ukraine gained its independence Questions to Consider and declared Crimea an autonomous region of the country. The majority of the population of 1. How can you make peace in a timely manner Crimea identifies as Russian and speaks between your own peoples? Russian. This has set the nation up for dividence, as the ethnically Russian population 2. How will you address Russia in this sides with Russia, isolating themselves from the situation? Ukranian nationalists. Since then, the topic of Crimea has been a sensitive subject for 3. Will you require help from other EU Ukraine-Russian relations. The peak of the countries to remedy this situation? Ukrainian crisis occurred in late February of 2014 when Russian troops marched into 4. How can you gain back your nation’s trust as Ukraine and annexed the Crimean Peninsula. politicians? Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that because of Russia’s century-long involvement in Crimea, the territory deserves to be returned Topic B: Economic Uncertainty to Russia. In March of 2014, the Crimean parliament issued a referendum to support the annexation, and it passed with almost 97% Beyond the political unease felt in Ukraine, the approval by Crimean citizens 4 (though this country's financial future remains unknown. number is largely disputed by the West). Two major barriers seem to stand in the way of Russian troops entered Crimea until April, and Ukraine’s recovery from the financial crisis as a result, relations between Moscow and the brought on by the 2014 revolution. The first being hostile actions taken by the Russian 3 Government to harm the Ukrainian Economy. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWitaly.htm 4 https://unagb- mun.wikispaces.com/file/view/Ukraine%20Crisis%20 Topic%20Guide.pdf/573922281/Ukraine%20Crisis% 5https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/background- 20Topic%20Guide.pdf briefing-ukraine-crisis

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The second, a dispute over both internal and Ukrainian economic policy is also currently in external economic policy. question. While economic progress has been made, Ukrainian activist agendas directly Ukraine was once on track to become a major conflict with international recommendations gateway between the East and West, for growth. Activist pressure has led Kiev to connecting Eurasia and beyond in a new other tactics: impose sanctions on Russian “Great Silk Road”. 6 Now, Russian actions banks and impose economic blockade on threaten to isolate Ukraine from international Russian-backed separatist territory. This trade. In August, Russia completed a railway blockade on separatist territory is projected to that effectively bypasses Ukraine allowing the slow Ukraine's economic growth to 1.9 percent Russian government to ship to Belarus, the from the projected 2.8 percent. 11 These Baltics, and other southern destinations economic actions resulting from domestic without passing through Ukraine.7 In addition political pressure have called into question to the economic loss of the decrease in trade, whether Ukraine will receive all of the this railway cuts off a 26km stretch of economic aid promised by the IMF, USA and Ukrainian railway. Furthering this isolation, EU. On the other hand, reforms seen by the Putin has begun to build a $4 billion 11-mile international community as promoting stability bridge 8 and $2 billion highway connecting and progress are seen by the Ukrainian public Russia and Crimea.9 Russia has further plans as a burden placed on civilians by a corrupt for new pipelines that could devastate government. Ukrainians themselves absorb the Ukrainian trade. Currently, almost half of majority of the cost of these reforms in the Russian Gas exports to Europe pass through form of price hikes, weakened currency, and Ukraine, but plans to build “Nord Stream 2,”10 pension cuts.12 Ultimately, a question of policy increasing capacity of a direct pipeline between and corruption emerges. The Ukrainian Russia and Germany would reduce Ukraine’s government must address issues of corruption hold on Russian gas exports. Russia has also and reassess economic policy in order to begun planning “Turkish Stream” a similar combat civil unrest without further isolating pipeline that would bypass Ukraine, and allow themselves from the international community. Russia to deliver to Southern Europe and Turkey independently. Russia remains Questions to Consider Ukraine’s largest trading partner and investor, and as tensions remain, Ukraine’s economic 1. How can you maintain foreign support fate is questionable. without further increasing internal rebellion?

2. How should you address Russia’s aggressive attempts at isolation? 6 https://www.ft.com/content/f57f6b4c-92ed-11e7- bdfa-eda243196c2c 7 Ibid. 8https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-03- 31/crimea-pays-a-high-price-three-years-after- russian-takeover 11 https://www.politico.eu/article/russias-latest- 9 https://www.ft.com/content/f57f6b4c-92ed-11e7- victim-in-ukraine-reform-sberbank-bank-vladimir- bdfa-eda243196c2c putin-sanctions/ 10 Ibid. 12 Ibid.

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3. How can you decrease corruption and increase Ukrainian confidence?