Chen et al. Genome Biology (2021) 22:207 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-021-02408-w RESEARCH Open Access Revealing the full biosphere structure and versatile metabolic functions in the deepest ocean sediment of the Challenger Deep Ping Chen1†, Hui Zhou1,2†, Yanyan Huang3,4†, Zhe Xie5†, Mengjie Zhang1,2†, Yuli Wei5, Jia Li1,2, Yuewei Ma3, Min Luo5, Wenmian Ding3, Junwei Cao5, Tao Jiang1,2, Peng Nan3*, Jiasong Fang5* and Xuan Li1,2* * Correspondence: nanpeng@fudan. edu.cn;
[email protected]; lixuan@ Abstract sippe.ac.cn †Ping Chen, Hui Zhou, Yanyan Background: The full biosphere structure and functional exploration of the microbial Huang, Zhe Xie and Mengjie Zhang communities of the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, the deepest known contributed equally to this work. hadal zone on Earth, lag far behind that of other marine realms. 3Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science Results: We adopt a deep metagenomics approach to investigate the microbiome and Ecological Engineering, School in the sediment of Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench. We construct 178 of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) representing 26 phyla, 16 of which are 5Shanghai Engineering Research reported from hadal sediment for the first time. Based on the MAGs, we find the Center of Hadal Science and microbial community functions are marked by enrichment and prevalence of Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean mixotrophy and facultative anaerobic metabolism. The microeukaryotic community is University, Shanghai, China found to be dominated by six fungal groups that are characterized for the first time 1CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic in hadal sediment to possess the assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate/sulfate Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute reduction, and hydrogen sulfide oxidation pathways.