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Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism
Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert Robert Fredona Working Paper 18-021 Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert Harvard Business School Robert Fredona Harvard Business School Working Paper 18-021 Copyright © 2017 by Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona ABSTRACT: N.S.B. Gras, the father of Business History in the United States, argued that the era of mercantile capitalism was defined by the figure of the “sedentary merchant,” who managed his business from home, using correspondence and intermediaries, in contrast to the earlier “traveling merchant,” who accompanied his own goods to trade fairs. Taking this concept as its point of departure, this essay focuses on the predominantly Italian merchants who controlled the long‐distance East‐West trade of the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Until the opening of the Atlantic trade, the Mediterranean was Europe’s most important commercial zone and its trade enriched European civilization and its merchants developed the most important premodern mercantile innovations, from maritime insurance contracts and partnership agreements to the bill of exchange and double‐entry bookkeeping. Emerging from literate and numerate cultures, these merchants left behind an abundance of records that allows us to understand how their companies, especially the largest of them, were organized and managed. -
Charters: What Survives?
Banner 4-final.qxp_Layout 1 01/11/2016 09:29 Page 1 Charters: what survives? Charters are our main source for twelh- and thirteenth-century Scotland. Most surviving charters were written for monasteries, which had many properties and privileges and gained considerable expertise in preserving their charters. However, many collections were lost when monasteries declined aer the Reformation (1560) and their lands passed to lay lords. Only 27% of Scottish charters from 1100–1250 survive as original single sheets of parchment; even fewer still have their seal attached. e remaining 73% exist only as later copies. Survival of charter collectionS (relating to 1100–1250) GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD from inStitutionS founded by 1250 Our picture of documents in this period is geographically distorted. Some regions have no institutions with surviving charter collections, even as copies (like Galloway). Others had few if any monasteries, and so lacked large charter collections in the first place (like Caithness). Others are relatively well represented (like Fife). Survives Lost or unknown number of Surviving charterS CHRONOLOGICAL SPREAD (by earliest possible decade of creation) 400 Despite losses, the surviving documents point to a gradual increase Copies Originals in their use in the twelh century. 300 200 100 0 109 0s 110 0s 111 0s 112 0s 113 0s 114 0s 115 0s 116 0s 1170s 118 0s 119 0s 120 0s 121 0s 122 0s 123 0s 124 0s TYPES OF DONOR typeS of donor – Example of Melrose Abbey’s Charters It was common for monasteries to seek charters from those in Lay Lords Kings positions of authority in the kingdom: lay lords, kings and bishops. -
Everyday Life: the Middle Ages
Everyday Life: The Middle Ages Medieval Towns icture yourself and a friend walking happily down a street in a town of medieval times. Together you are discussing plans for the evening, and P neither of you has any idea of the catastrophe that is about to unfold. As you round a corner, you hear a shrill voice coming from the window of a house six stories above the street. The voice belongs to a lady issuing a warning that roughly translates into “look out below!” Before you can take evasive action, you are suddenly drenched with a bucket of gooey garbage. Your nose tells you it is a mixture of black pudding, beans, and the remains of eels the family on the sixth floor had for dinner. Do you angrily make your way up to the room from whence came the garbage and express your displeasure? Do you threaten to punch the lady’s husband in the nose? Of course not. You brush yourself off as best you can and go on your way. If anyone is to be scolded, it is you for not having jumped out of the way quickly enough. Garbage (and worse) being thrown into the street was a common practice in medieval towns. Even birth and rank held no privilege when it came to being hit with something unpleasant. No less a person than King Louis IX of France was himself doused with the contents of a chamber pot while strolling along a Paris street one fine day. In the absence of any kind of sanitation service, people did the natural thing and tossed their waste wherever it might fall. -
The Baltic Sea Region the Baltic Sea Region
TTHEHE BBALALTTICIC SSEAEA RREGIONEGION Cultures,Cultures, Politics,Politics, SocietiesSocieties EditorEditor WitoldWitold MaciejewskiMaciejewski A Baltic University Publication A chronology of the history 7 of the Baltic Sea region Kristian Gerner 800-1250 Vikings; Early state formation and Christianization 800s-1000s Nordic Vikings dominate the Baltic Region 919-1024 The Saxon German Empire 966 Poland becomes Christianized under Mieszko I 988 Kiev Rus adopts Christianity 990s-1000s Denmark Christianized 999 The oldest record on existence of Gdańsk Cities and towns During the Middle Ages cities were small but they grew in number between 1200-1400 with increased trade, often in close proximity to feudal lords and bishops. Lübeck had some 20,000 inhabitants in the 14th and 15th centuries. In many cities around the Baltic Sea, German merchants became very influential. In Swedish cities tensions between Germans and Swedes were common. 1000s Sweden Christianized 1000s-1100s Finland Christianized. Swedish domination established 1025 Boleslaw I crowned King of Poland 1103-1104 A Nordic archbishopric founded in Lund 1143 Lübeck founded (rebuilt 1159 after a fire) 1150s-1220s Denmark dominates the Baltic Region 1161 Visby becomes a “free port” and develops into an important trade center 1100s Copenhagen founded (town charter 1254) 1100s-1200s German movement to the East 1200s Livonia under domination of the Teutonic Order 1200s Estonia and Livonia Christianized 1201 Riga founded by German bishop Albert 1219 Reval/Tallinn founded by Danes ca 1250 -
STUDIES of the VENERABLE BEDE, the GREAT FAMINE of 1315-1322, and LIBRARIES in PRISONER of WAR CAMPS a Paper Submitted to the Gr
STUDIES OF THE VENERABLE BEDE, THE GREAT FAMINE OF 1315-1322, AND LIBRARIES IN PRISONER OF WAR CAMPS A Paper Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Trista Stephanie Raezer-Stursa In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies October 2017 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title STUDIES OF THE VENERABLE BEDE, THE GREAT FAMINE OF 1315-1322, AND LIBRARIES IN PRISONER OF WAR CAMPS By Trista Stephanie Raezer-Stursa The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Gerritdina (Ineke) Justitz Chair Dr. Verena Theile Dr. Mark Harvey Approved: October 19, 2017 Dr. Mark Harvey Date Department Chair ABSTRACT This paper includes three studies about the Venerable Bede, the Great Famine of 1315- 1322, and libraries in prisoner of war camps. The study of the Venerable Bede focuses on his views on and understanding of time, especially its relation to the Easter computus. The second study is a historiography of the Great Famine of 1315-1322, with an emphasis on the environmental aspects of the catastrophe. The third paper is a study of the libraries that were provided for German soldiers in prisoner of war camps in the United States during World War II, which includes an analysis of the role of reading in the United States’ attempt to re-educate the German prisoners. -
St Thomas Becket and London, but Some Background Information May Be Helpful
25 February 2020 Thomas Becket and London Professor Caroline barron Introduction This lecture is about St Thomas Becket and London, but some background information may be helpful. Thomas Becket was born in London in 1120, the son of Gilbert and Mathilda Becket whose families had come from Rouen in the wake of the Norman Conquest. Gilbert Becket was a rich and successful Londoner who seems to have made his money by owning and dealing in property. He lived in the small central parish of St Mary Colechurch on the north side of Cheapside. As yet there were no elected mayors of London (this privilege came by a royal charter in May 1215), but the city was allowed to elect its own sheriffs and Gilbert seems to have held this office in the 1130s. The Becket family fortunes were seriously affected by a fire (there were many such fires in early medieval London) which destroyed much of Gilbert’s property. In about 1140 young Thomas entered the employment of the sheriff, Osbert Huitdeniers (Eightpence) and became, in effect, a civil servant. He must have had a good education, possibly in one of the schools which we know existed in London at this time. From acting as a clerk to the sheriff, Thomas moved in 1143 to join the prestigious household of Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury (1138-1161). Although in minor clerical orders, Thomas enjoyed the ‘extravagant and ostentatious’ lifestyle of a successful young courtier and he attracted the attention of the king, Henry II who appointed him as his chancellor in 1155. -
CHRÉTIEN DE TROYES, YVAIN, OR the KNIGHT with the LION (1170S)1
Primary Source 2.7 CHRÉTIEN DE TROYES, YVAIN, OR THE KNIGHT WITH THE LION (1170s)1 Chrétien de Troyes (fl. 1160–1185), a learned cleric, was one of the most popular and important authors of medieval Europe. His five Arthurian romances, originally written in Old French, including the one excerpted below, started a vogue for tales of King Arthur lasting for centuries. In the story, Yvain defeats and kills a knight to avenge his cousin. As he is pursuing the knight into his castle, he is caught in a trap vestibule. There, he falls hopelessly in love with the knight’s lovely widow, Laudine. Her lady-in- waiting, Lunette, gives him a ring of invisibility and convinces her lady to marry Yvain (the only knight at Camelot who had treated Lunette kindly). After all, she needs a valiant man to defend her and her magic spring of water from marauding knights in an age of public disorder. This is where the excerpted passage begins. Following their wedding, however, Yvain departs with Sir Gawain on adventures so long that his lady repudiates him, rendering him completely insane. After wandering naked for some time like a beast, he regains his sanity and travels widely, defeating evil adversaries and liberating many people (and even a lion) from certain harm and bondage, including 400 maidens forced to embroider beautiful cloth while themselves dressed in rags. These deeds of chivalry, for which he accepts no recompense, enable him to win back Laudine. The significance of the passages below is that they exemplify the ideal of “courtly love.” This tradition, which was codified by Andreas Capellanus in the 1180s,2 required men to idealize the women of their desire, and to burn and suffer for love’s sake. -
PDF) 978-3-11-066078-4 E-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-065796-8
The Crisis of the 14th Century Das Mittelalter Perspektiven mediävistischer Forschung Beihefte Herausgegeben von Ingrid Baumgärtner, Stephan Conermann und Thomas Honegger Band 13 The Crisis of the 14th Century Teleconnections between Environmental and Societal Change? Edited by Martin Bauch and Gerrit Jasper Schenk Gefördert von der VolkswagenStiftung aus den Mitteln der Freigeist Fellowship „The Dantean Anomaly (1309–1321)“ / Printing costs of this volume were covered from the Freigeist Fellowship „The Dantean Anomaly 1309-1321“, funded by the Volkswagen Foundation. Die frei zugängliche digitale Publikation wurde vom Open-Access-Publikationsfonds für Monografien der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft gefördert. / Free access to the digital publication of this volume was made possible by the Open Access Publishing Fund for monographs of the Leibniz Association. Der Peer Review wird in Zusammenarbeit mit themenspezifisch ausgewählten externen Gutachterin- nen und Gutachtern sowie den Beiratsmitgliedern des Mediävistenverbands e. V. im Double-Blind-Ver- fahren durchgeführt. / The peer review is carried out in collaboration with external reviewers who have been chosen on the basis of their specialization as well as members of the advisory board of the Mediävistenverband e.V. in a double-blind review process. ISBN 978-3-11-065763-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-066078-4 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-065796-8 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2019947596 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. -
Contents Humanities Notes
Humanities Notes Humanities Seminar Notes - this draft dated 24 May 2021 - more recent drafts will be found online Contents 1 2007 11 1.1 October . 11 1.1.1 Thucydides (2007-10-01 12:29) ........................ 11 1.1.2 Aristotle’s Politics (2007-10-16 14:36) ..................... 11 1.2 November . 12 1.2.1 Polybius (2007-11-03 09:23) .......................... 12 1.2.2 Cicero and Natural Rights (2007-11-05 14:30) . 12 1.2.3 Pliny and Trajan (2007-11-20 16:30) ...................... 12 1.2.4 Variety is the Spice of Life! (2007-11-21 14:27) . 12 1.2.5 Marcus - or Not (2007-11-25 06:18) ...................... 13 1.2.6 Semitic? (2007-11-26 20:29) .......................... 13 1.2.7 The Empire’s Last Chance (2007-11-26 20:45) . 14 1.3 December . 15 1.3.1 The Effect of the Crusades on European Civilization (2007-12-04 12:21) 15 1.3.2 The Plague (2007-12-04 14:25) ......................... 15 2 2008 17 2.1 January . 17 2.1.1 The Greatest Goth (2008-01-06 19:39) .................... 17 2.1.2 Just Justinian (2008-01-06 19:59) ........................ 17 2.2 February . 18 2.2.1 How Faith Contributes to Society (2008-02-05 09:46) . 18 2.3 March . 18 2.3.1 Adam Smith - Then and Now (2008-03-03 20:04) . 18 2.3.2 William Blake and the Doors (2008-03-27 08:50) . 19 2.3.3 It Must Be True - I Saw It On The History Channel! (2008-03-27 09:33) . -
REFERENCE MATERIALS Massachusetts Continuing Legal Education 30-JULY-20
REFERENCE MATERIALS Massachusetts Continuing Legal Education 30-JULY-20 www.merc-law.com 1 REFERENCE MATERIALS “English Law in the Age of the Black Death, 1348 – 1381: A Transformation of Governance and Law” Robert C. Palmer, 1947. Chapel Hill and London © 1993 The University of North Carolina Press “English Law in the Age of the Black Death, 1348 – 1381: A Transformation of Governance and Law” Daniel B. Kosove. Michigan Law Review - May 1995 Vol 93, Issue 6, Pg. 1771. 2 World Trade Center LLC v. Cantor Fitzgerald Securities Corp. (2004 NY Slip Op 24444 [6 Misc 3d 382], October 7, 2004) This landlord-tenant action arises out of a leasehold at One World Trade Center (the building) which was terminated by the tragic events of September 11, 2001. The events that occurred on that infamous date are not directly implicated in this action. Plaintiff One World Trade Center was the net lessee of the building and defendants Cantor Fitzgerald Securities, Cantor Fitzgerald, L.P., and Cantor Fitzgerald Incorporated (collectively, Cantor Fitzgerald) were lessees in the building. Pursuant to a lease agreement dated October 12, 1978, defendants' predecessor-in-interest Cantor Fitzgerald Securities Corp. leased space within the building (the premises) from the Port Authority. Between 1978 and 2000, supplemental agreements to the lease were entered into between the Port Authority and defendants including supplement No. 12 to the lease dated November 30, 2000. (The lease and its supplements are collectively referred to herein as the lease.) Plaintiff One World Trade Center LLC leased the building from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey pursuant to a net lease agreement dated July 16, 2001. -
Kenilworth Castle
Student Booklet Kenilworth Castle 1 Introduction and Overview We hope you have been lucky enough to visit this historic site but even if you have not, we hope this guide will help you to really understand the castle and how it developed over time. Where is Kenilworth Castle? The castle and landscape: Aerial view of the castle, mere and surrounding landscape. 2 What is the layout of Kenilworth Castle? Castle Plan 3 Key Phases 1100s Kenilworth under the De Clintons 1120-1174 Kenilworth as a royal fortress 1174-1244 1200s Kenilworth under Simon de Montfort 1244-65 Kenilworth under the House of Lancaster 1266-136 1300s Kenilworth under John of Gaunt 1361-99 1400s Kenilworth under the Lancastrians and the Tudors 1399-1547 1500s Kenilworth under the Dudley family 1547-88 1600s Kenilworth under the Stuarts 1612-65 1700s Kenilworth under the Hydes 1665-1700s Activity 1. Make your own copy of this timeline on a sheet of A4 paper. Just mark in the seven main phases. As you read through this guide add in details of the development of the castle. This timeline will probably become a bit messy but don’t worry! Keep it safe and at the end of the guide we will give you some ideas on how to summarise what you have learned. 2. There are seven periods of the castle's history listed in the timeline. Some of the English Heritage experts came up with titles for five of the periods of the castle's history: • An extraordinary palace • A stunning place of entertainment • A castle fit for kings • A formidable fortress • A royal stronghold 3. -
The White Horse Press Climatic Changes in the Carpathian Basin
The White Horse Press Climatic Changes in the Carpathian Basin during the Middle Ages. The State of Research András Vadas, Lajos Rácz Global Environment 12 (2013): 198–227 The aim of the paper is to present a summary of the current scholarship on the climate of the Carpathian Basin in the Middle Ages. It draws on the results of three substantially differing branches of science: natural sciences, archaeology and history are all taken into consideration. Based on the most important results of the recent decades different climatic periods can be identified in the scholarship. The paper attempts to summarize the different view of these major climatic periods. Based on present scholarship the milder climate of the Roman Period was followed by a cooler period from the 4th century, attested by both historical and natural-historical sources, and apparently climate had also become drier. The cool period of the Great Migrations concluded in the Carpathian Basin between the end of the 7th and the turn of the 8th-9th centuries. The winters in the first half of the 9th century were probably milder. In the warmer medieval period (called Medieval Climatic Anomaly in recent scholarship) winters had clearly become milder and summers warmer, while the climate was probably still dry. The first cooling signs of the “Little Ice Age” had already become apparent in the 13th century, but the cold and rainy character of the climate could only become dominant in the Carpathian Basin in the early 14th century, which then, albeit with great anomalies, endured until the second half of the 19th century.