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Geomorphic Classification of Rivers
9.36 Geomorphic Classification of Rivers JM Buffington, U.S. Forest Service, Boise, ID, USA DR Montgomery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Published by Elsevier Inc. 9.36.1 Introduction 730 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification 730 9.36.3 Types of Channel Classification 731 9.36.3.1 Stream Order 731 9.36.3.2 Process Domains 732 9.36.3.3 Channel Pattern 732 9.36.3.4 Channel–Floodplain Interactions 735 9.36.3.5 Bed Material and Mobility 737 9.36.3.6 Channel Units 739 9.36.3.7 Hierarchical Classifications 739 9.36.3.8 Statistical Classifications 745 9.36.4 Use and Compatibility of Channel Classifications 745 9.36.5 The Rise and Fall of Classifications: Why Are Some Channel Classifications More Used Than Others? 747 9.36.6 Future Needs and Directions 753 9.36.6.1 Standardization and Sample Size 753 9.36.6.2 Remote Sensing 754 9.36.7 Conclusion 755 Acknowledgements 756 References 756 Appendix 762 9.36.1 Introduction 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification Over the last several decades, environmental legislation and a A basic tenet in geomorphology is that ‘form implies process.’As growing awareness of historical human disturbance to rivers such, numerous geomorphic classifications have been de- worldwide (Schumm, 1977; Collins et al., 2003; Surian and veloped for landscapes (Davis, 1899), hillslopes (Varnes, 1958), Rinaldi, 2003; Nilsson et al., 2005; Chin, 2006; Walter and and rivers (Section 9.36.3). The form–process paradigm is a Merritts, 2008) have fostered unprecedented collaboration potentially powerful tool for conducting quantitative geo- among scientists, land managers, and stakeholders to better morphic investigations. -
Drainage-Design-Manual.Pdf
City of El Paso Engineering Department Drainage Design Manual May 2Ol3 City of El Paso-Engineering Department Drainage Design Manual 19. Green Infrostruclure - OPTIONAL 19. Green Infrastructure - OPTIONAL 19.1. Background and Purpose Development and urbanization alter and inhibit the natural hydrologic processes of surface water infiltration, percolation to groundwater, and evapotranspiration. Prior to development, known as predevelopment conditions, up to half of the annual rainfall infiltrates into the native soils. In contrast, after development, known as post-development conditions, developed areas can generate up to four times the amount ofannual runoff and one-third the infiltration rate of natural areas. This change in conditions leads to increased erosion, reduced groundwater recharge, degraded water quality, and diminished stream flow. Traditional engineering approaches to stormwater management typically use concrete detention ponds and channels to convey runoff rapidly from developed surfaces into drainage systems, discharging large volumes of stormwater and pollutants to downstream surface waters, consume land and prevent infiltration. As a result, stormwater runoff from developed land is a significant source of many water quality, stream morphology, and ecological impairments. Reducing the overall imperviousness and using the natural drainage features of a site are important design strategies to maintain or enhance the baseline hydrologic functions of a site after development. This can be achieved by applying sustainable stormwater management (SSWM) practices, which replicate natural hydrologic processes and reduce the disruptive effects of urban development and runoff. SSWM has emerged as an altemative stormwater management approach that is complementary to conventional stormwater management measures. It is based on many ofthe natural processes found in the environment to treat stormwater runoff, balancing the need for engineered systems in urban development with natural features and treatment processes. -
Stream Restoration, a Natural Channel Design
Stream Restoration Prep8AICI by the North Carolina Stream Restonltlon Institute and North Carolina Sea Grant INC STATE UNIVERSITY I North Carolina State University and North Carolina A&T State University commit themselves to positive action to secure equal opportunity regardless of race, color, creed, national origin, religion, sex, age or disability. In addition, the two Universities welcome all persons without regard to sexual orientation. Contents Introduction to Fluvial Processes 1 Stream Assessment and Survey Procedures 2 Rosgen Stream-Classification Systems/ Channel Assessment and Validation Procedures 3 Bankfull Verification and Gage Station Analyses 4 Priority Options for Restoring Incised Streams 5 Reference Reach Survey 6 Design Procedures 7 Structures 8 Vegetation Stabilization and Riparian-Buffer Re-establishment 9 Erosion and Sediment-Control Plan 10 Flood Studies 11 Restoration Evaluation and Monitoring 12 References and Resources 13 Appendices Preface Streams and rivers serve many purposes, including water supply, The authors would like to thank the following people for reviewing wildlife habitat, energy generation, transportation and recreation. the document: A stream is a dynamic, complex system that includes not only Micky Clemmons the active channel but also the floodplain and the vegetation Rockie English, Ph.D. along its edges. A natural stream system remains stable while Chris Estes transporting a wide range of flows and sediment produced in its Angela Jessup, P.E. watershed, maintaining a state of "dynamic equilibrium." When Joseph Mickey changes to the channel, floodplain, vegetation, flow or sediment David Penrose supply significantly affect this equilibrium, the stream may Todd St. John become unstable and start adjusting toward a new equilibrium state. -
Is Hydrology Kinematic?
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol. Process. 16, 667–716 (2002) DOI: 10.1002/hyp.306 Is hydrology kinematic? V. P. Singh* Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-6405, USA Abstract: A wide range of phenomena, natural as well as man-made, in physical, chemical and biological hydrology exhibit characteristics similar to those of kinematic waves. The question we ask is: can these phenomena be described using the theory of kinematic waves? Since the range of phenomena is wide, another question we ask is: how prevalent are kinematic waves? If they are widely pervasive, does that mean hydrology is kinematic or close to it? This paper addresses these issues, which are perceived to be fundamental to advancing the state-of-the-art of water science and engineering. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY WORDS biological hydrology; chemical hydrology; physical hydrology; kinematic wave theory; kinematics; flux laws INTRODUCTION There is a wide range of natural and man-made physical, chemical and biological flow phenomena that exhibit wave characteristics. The term ‘wave’ implies a disturbance travelling upstream, downstream or remaining stationary. We can visualize a water wave propagating where the water itself stays very much where it was before the wave was produced. We witness other waves which travel as well, such as heat waves, pressure waves, sound waves, etc. There is obviously the motion of matter, but there can also be the motion of form and other properties of the matter. The flow phenomena, according to the nature of particles composing them, can be distinguished into two categories: (1) flows of discrete noncoherent particles and (2) flows of continuous coherent particles. -
Reconstructing an Extreme Flood from Boulder Transport and Rainfall–Runoff
Global and Planetary Change 70 (2010) 64–75 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Global and Planetary Change journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gloplacha Reconstructing an extreme flood from boulder transport and rainfall–runoff modelling: Wadi Isla, South Sinai, Egypt Alan E. Kehew a,⁎, Adam Milewski a, Farouk Soliman b a Geosciences Dept., Western Michigan Univ., Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA b Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt article info abstract Article history: The Wadi Isla drainage basin, a narrow steep bedrock canyon and its tributaries, rises near the highest elevations Accepted 6 November 2009 of the Precambrian Sinai massif on the eastern margin of the tectonically active Gulf of Suez rift. The basin area Available online 17 November 2009 upstream from the mountain front is 191 km2 and downstream the wadi crosses a broad alluvial plain to the Red Sea. Stream-transported boulders within the lower canyon (up to 5 m in diameter) and in a fan downstream Keywords: indicate extremely high competence. In one reach, a 60-m-long boulder berm, ranging in height from 3 to 4 m, lies palaeoflood along the southern wall of the canyon and contains boulders 2–3 m in diameter. Boulder deposits beyond the Sinai rainfall–runoff model mouth of the canyon generally appear to be less than several metres thick and are composed of imbricated, well- boulder transport sorted boulders. The last flood that deposited these boulders is believed to have been a debris torrent with a low flash floods content of fines. Mean intermediate diameter decreases from about 1.5 m just beyond the mouth of the canyon, where the channel width expands to 300 m, to about 0.5 m downstream to the point at which the valley is no longer confined on its south side. -
Wadi Ar Rumah the Earth Longest Dry Watershed Analysis System Using Remote Sensing Thermal Data
WADI AR RUMAH THE EARTH LONGEST DRY WATERSHED ANALYSIS SYSTEM USING REMOTE SENSING THERMAL DATA Sultan Ibn Sultan Al Qassim University P.O.Box 6688. Al Qassim 51452, College of Agricultur, Saudi Arabia. Tel: +96663342440, Fax: +96663340366 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Wadi Ar Rumah watershed system analysis combining both the information in the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) visible/near-infrared bands in terms of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and in the thermal-infrared bands in terms of Land Surface Temperature (LST) is presented. The analysis is based in the LST-NDVI feature space. This permits characterizing the distribution and evolution of the different regions according to their vegetation and watershed systems. The Pathfinder AVHRR Land (PAL) data analysis has been carried out to investigate the changes in the biophysical characteristics of land cover and the water system pattern. The PAL data corresponds to the month of February for the years of 1997, 1998 and 1999. The Arabian Peninsula in general was selected as the area of study due to its high environmental diversity. Wadi Ar Rumah was especially selected because it was flooded by heavy precipitation during end of 1997 to beginning of 1998. Precipitation saturated the ground surface soil and kept the wet condition for a time. This work proved the wadi AR RUMAH as the earth longest watershed drainage system in our plant. Keywords: Watershed system, desert vegetation, AVHRR, NDVI, LST. 1. Introduction water, Solar radiation, and vegetation govern natural environment in the Arabian Peninsula. This research examines whether space observations are useful on the site to study the phenomena of the region. -
366 Water in Deserts
Geo Factsheet www.curriculum-press.co.uk Number 366 Water in Deserts Figure 1 The global distribution of deserts ● The sparsity of vegetation cover means that there is The action of flowing water, both in the present and past, is, and has an absence of plant roots. Humus in the soils is limited; been, important in shaping desert landscapes. Rainfall quantities in existing soils are compact and infiltration is limited. deserts are low overall but rainfall events that do occur can have a ● Interception is minimal. The rainfall hits the ground marked influence on the landscape. Many landforms in deserts are and dislodges fine, loose particles, moving them by rain shaped by the action of rivers and the water that flows into and / or splash. They can resettle and become lodged in any pore through the region. Figure 1 shows the global distribution of deserts. spaces that did exist in the soil, acting to ‘plug’ the gaps and create a top soil layer which has reduced permeability. Rainfall in deserts Such soils can only allow rainwater to infiltrate at a rate Desert regions can be classed as hyper-arid, arid or semi-arid of around a few mm per hour, so any excess rainfall will depending on the average annual precipitation that they receive: build up on, and flow over, the ground surface. Hyper-arid zones have a mean annual precipitation value of less than 100mm; Arid zones have an annual rainfall total of less than 250 mm; Semi-arid areas have an average annual precipitation of 250-500 mm. -
A Low Cost Approach for Wadi Flow Diversion
~ low cost approach for wadi flow diversion G. L. Silva and M. L. Makin Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute Surbiton, UK 1. Introduttion The whole system comprised 25 canals, fed by low A study of the land and wlUer resources of the Wadi Rima rubble and brushwoOd deflectors. and some ten earth bar coastal plain (YAR) was undertaken between 1974 and rages (aqm) in the downstream reach where spates had 1977 by the Land Resources Division (LRD)aspartofthe generally lost momentum. Ideally. the canal iQUlkes were British Technical Assi$tance programme (Makin, 1977). set in the wadi bank on the outer side of bends to enhance One of the majorproposalsemanating from that study was the collection offlood recessiOn and base flows. the intake for reSlNcturing the traditional system of spate diversion heads being open and uncontrolled., The wadi is partially and irrigation. ' incised within an elevated alluvial fan. so each canal is The Yemen coastal plain ('Tihamah') comprises ex capable of commanding extensive areas without heading tensiveatluvial fans and terraces flanking the mountains of up. the interior. Lying close to sea level, the plain is hotanddry The area irrigated in any one season with single to triple withashon,erratiesnmmerrainyseason,andevaporation waterings averaged about 6 700 ha out of an estimated exceeding 2 500 mm per year. Mean annual rainfall4e 8 000 ha; some distant fields might only be irrigated once creases frOm 3S0mm atthefootofthemounqUns,tobelow or twice in a decade. Other areas have been deprived of 100 mm on the Red Sea coast. In general, only low yields water through the illegal development of new irrigation; ofdrought-tolerantcropsareproducedandwaterresources here increasing numbers of people claim rights to wadi ate intensively exploited for irrigation, the principallimi water. -
River Engineering John Fenton
River Engineering John Fenton Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13/222, 1040 Vienna, Austria URL: http://johndfenton.com/ URL: mailto:[email protected] 1. Introduction 1.1 The nature of what we will and will not do – illuminated by some aphorisms and some people “There is nothing so practical as a good theory” – stated in 1951 by Kurt Lewin (D-USA, 1890-1947): this is essentially the guiding principle behind these lectures. We want to solve practical problems, both in professional practice and research, and to do this it is a big help to have a theoretical understanding and a framework. “The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers” – the motto of a 1973 book on numerical methods for practical use by the mathematician Richard Hamming (USA, 1915-1998). That statement has excited the opinions of many people (search any three of the words in the Internet!). However, numbers are often important in engineering, whether for design, control, or other aspects of the practical world. A characteristic of many engineers, however, is that they are often blinded by the numbers, and do not seek the physical understanding that can be a valuable addition to the numbers. In this course we are not going to deal with many numbers. Instead we will deal with the methods by which numbers could be obtained in practice, and will try to obtain insight into those methods. Hence we might paraphrase simply: "The purpose of this course is insight into the behaviour of rivers; with that insight, numbers can be often be obtained more simply and reliably". -
Hydraulic Structures & Hydropower Engineering Module Course Title
Hydraulic Structures & Hydropower Engineering Module Course Title River Engineering Course Code WRIE3151 Program B.Sc in Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering Module name Hydraulic Structures & Hydropower Engineering Module Coordinator Name: . …………………………….. Office location . ……………………….. Mobile: . ………………….; e-mail: ……………………………. Consultation Hours: Instructor Name Name: . …………………………….. Office location . ……………………….. Mobile: . ………………….; e-mail: ……………………………. Consultation Hours: Academic Year Course Information Year: III Semester : II Meeting Day: To be arranged at the beginning of the semester Meeting Time: To be arranged at the beginning of the semester Meeting Location: To be arranged at the beginning of the semester ECTS 5 ECTS Students’ work load Lecture Tutorial Lab Home study in hrs 2 2 0 4 Course objectives To introduce students to the mechanisms of sediment transport and enable them design stable channels and river training works. River characteristics. River Hydraulics. River morphology and regime. Sediment transport: Origin and properties of sediment, initiation of particle motion. Transportation mechanics, Bed load, suspended load, wash load and total load Course Description transport. Alluvial roughness. Calculation of sediment transport. Local scours near structures. River training and flood control. Erosion protection and discharge control. River flow forecasting. Hydraulics of bridges, culverts and aqueducts. Sediment transport: bed load sampler: trap sampling, bed form tracking; suspended load sampler: classification of samplers, instruments for concentration, point- integrating measurements (bottle and trap samplers, pump-samplers, optical and acoustical sampling methods), instruments for discharge, point integrating measurements, instruments for concentration, depth-integrating measurement. Pre-requisite Open Channel Hydraulics Course status Core Schedule/syllabus Week Topics Required Text 1. Introduction (Lec=5hrs, Tut=5hrs) Lelaviasky, S., (1965). River 1.1 River characteristics and Canal Hydraulics, Vol. -
Vulnerability of Soils in the Watershed of Wadi El Hammam to Water Erosion (Algeria) 5
DOI: 10.1515/jwld-2015-0001 © Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee for Land Reclamation JOURNAL OF WATER AND LAND DEVELOPMENT and Environmental Engineering in Agriculture, 2015 J. Water Land Dev. 2015, No. 24 (I–III): 3–10 © Institute of Technology and Life Science, 2015 PL ISSN 1429–7426 Available (PDF): http://www.itp.edu.pl/wydawnictwo/journal;http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jwld Received 25.10.2014 Reviewed 10.02.2015 Accepted 13.03.2015 Vulnerability of soils A – study design B – data collection in the watershed of Wadi El Hammam C – statistical analysis D – data interpretation E – manuscript preparation to water erosion (Algeria) F – literature search Mohamed GLIZ1) ABDEF, Boualem REMINI2) ADEF, Djamel ANTEUR4) ABE, Mohammed MAKHLOUF3) AEF 1) University of Mascara, Department of Agronomy, BP305, Mascara 29000, Algeria; e-mail: [email protected] 2) University of Blida, Department of Water Science, Blida 9000, Algeria; e-mail: [email protected] 3) University of Saida, Department of Biology, Saida 2000, Algeria; e-mail: [email protected] 4) University of Sidi-bell-abbes, Department of Mechanics, Sidi-bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria; e-mail: md [email protected] For citation: Gliz M., Remini B., Anteur D., Makhlouf M. 2015. Vulnerability of soils in the watershed of Wadi El Ham- mam to water erosion (Algeria). Journal of Water and Land Development. No. 24 p. 3–10 Abstract Located in the north west of Algeria, the watershed of Wadi El Hammam is threatened by water erosion that has resulted the silting of reservoirs at cascade: Ouizert, Bouhanifia and Fergoug. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology using remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS) to map the zones presenting sensibility of water erosion in this watershed. -
FLOOD ANALYSIS and MITIGATION for PETRA AREA in JORDAN By
FLOOD ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION FOR PETRA AREA IN JORDAN By Radwan A. Al-Weshah1 and Fouad El-Khoury2 ABSTRACT: Petra is located in the southwest region of Jordan about 200 km south of Amman, between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. Petra was carved in sandstone canyons by the Nabatean over 2,000 years ago. Today the city is a major tourist attraction, its monuments being considered the jewels of Jordan. Floods pose a serious threat to the tourist activities in Petra as well as to the monuments themselves. In this paper, a ¯ood analysis model developed and calibrated for the Petra catchment is described. Using the model, ¯ood ¯ows and volumes are estimated for storm events of various return periods. To alleviate the impact of ¯oods on tourism in Petra, several ¯ood mitigation measures are proposed. The impact of these measures on ¯ood peak¯ow and volume is evaluated. These include afforestation, terracing, construction of check and storage dams, and various combinations of these measures. The ¯ood simulation model predicts that the measures can reduce ¯ood peak- ¯ows and volumes by up to 70%. INTRODUCTION was an extreme event, probably with a 100-year return period. During this extreme event, the intense and sudden rainfall The Petra region is located in the southwest of Jordan, be- caused ¯ood water to ¯ow from all wadis into the main wadi tween the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. It lies in the upstream of the Siq. The ¯ood carried a huge sediment load Sherah Mountains overseeing Wadi Araba in the Jordan Rift of loose silt and sand which blocked most of the hydraulic Valley, at latitude of 30Њ 20Ј North and longitude of 35Њ 27Ј structures in the wadi.