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PLAGUE STUDIES * 6. Hosts of the Infection R
Bull. Org. mond. Sante 1 Bull. World Hlth Org. 1952, 6, 381-465 PLAGUE STUDIES * 6. Hosts of the Infection R. POLLITZER, M.D. Division of Epidemiology, World Health Organization Manuscript received in April 1952 RODENTS AND LAGOMORPHA Reviewing in 1928 the then rather limited knowledge available concerning the occurrence and importance of plague in rodents other than the common rats and mice, Jorge 129 felt justified in drawing a clear-cut distinction between the pandemic type of plague introduced into human settlements and houses all over the world by the " domestic " rats and mice, and " peste selvatique ", which is dangerous for man only when he invades the remote endemic foci populated by wild rodents. Although Jorge's concept was accepted, some discussion arose regarding the appropriateness of the term " peste selvatique" or, as Stallybrass 282 and Wu Lien-teh 318 translated it, " selvatic plague ". It was pointed out by Meyer 194 that, on etymological grounds, the name " sylvatic plague " would be preferable, and this term was widely used until POzzO 238 and Hoekenga 105 doubted, and Girard 82 denied, its adequacy on the grounds that the word " sylvatic" implied that the rodents concerned lived in forests, whereas that was rarely the case. Girard therefore advocated the reversion to the expression "wild-rodent plague" which was used before the publication of Jorge's study-a proposal it has seemed advisable to accept for the present studies. Much more important than the difficulty of adopting an adequate nomenclature is that of distinguishing between rat and wild-rodent plague- a distinction which is no longer as clear-cut as Jorge was entitled to assume. -
<I>Psammomys Obesus</I>
Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Vol 51, No 6 Copyright 2012 November 2012 by the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Pages 769–774 Sex-Associated Effects on Hematologic and Serum Chemistry Analytes in Sand Rats (Psammomys obesus) Julie D Kane,1,* Thomas J Steinbach,1 Rodney X Sturdivant,2 and Robert E Burks3 We sought to determine whether sex had a significant effect on the hematologic and serum chemistry analytes in adult sand rats (Psammomys obesus) maintained under normal laboratory conditions. According to the few data available for this species, we hypothesized that levels of hematologic and serum chemistry analytes would not differ significantly between clinically normal male and female sand rats. Data analysis revealed several significant differences in hematologic parameters between male and female sand rats but none for serum biochemistry analytes. The following hematologic parameters were greater in male than in female sand rats: RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red cell hemoglobin content, and percentage monocytes. Red cell distribution width, hemoglobin distribution width, mean platelet volume, and percentage lymphocytes were greater in female than in male sand rats. The sex of adult sand rats is a source of variation that must be considered in terms of clinical and research data. The data presented here likely will prove useful in the veterinary medical management of sand rat colonies and provide baseline hematologic and serum chemistry analyte information for researchers wishing to use this species. Psammomys obesus, commonly called the sand rat or fat sand Sand rats currently are not raised at any commercial rodent rat, is a diurnal desert animal belonging to the family Muridae breeding farms in the United States. -
Brown Rat Rattus Norvegicus
brown rat Rattus norvegicus Kingdom: Animalia Division/Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Muridae ILLINOIS STATUS common, nonnative FEATURES The brown rat is large (head-body length seven to 10 inches, tail length five to eight inches) for a rat. It has a salt-and-pepper look with brown, black and gold hairs. There are darker hairs down the middle of the back. The belly fur is gray- or cream-colored. The feet have white fur. The ringed, scaly, one-colored tail is nearly hairless. BEHAVIORS The brown rat may be found statewide in Illinois. It lives in buildings, barns, houses, dumps and other areas associated with humans. This rodent will eat almost anything. It does eat food intended for human use and can contaminate food supplies. It is usually associated with poor sanitary conditions and livestock areas. This rat will carry food to its nest instead of eating it where the food is found. The brown rat is known to spread diseases. This nocturnal mammal is a good climber. It produces some sounds. Mating may occur at any time throughout the year. The average litter size is seven. Young are born helpless but develop rapidly. They are able to live on their own in about one month. Females begin reproducing at the age of about three months. If conditions are favorable, a female may reproduce once per month. The average life span of the brown rat is about one and one-half years. This species was introduced to the United States from Europe by humans. HABITATS Aquatic Habitats none Woodland Habitats none Prairie and Edge Habitats edge © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. -
Alaska Rodent Laws
Alaska Rodent Laws To protect Alaska’s wildlife and the habitats they depend on, and to protect human health, Alaska has strict laws and regulations pertaining to the possession and control of non-native rodents including Muridae (old world) rats and mice. These laws are summarized below but this is not a complete list of applicable laws and regulations. For more information, please contact the Alaska Department of Fish and Game at 1-800-INVASIV (468-2748) or [email protected]. Summary: 1. Only white (albino) rats may be possessed as pets. White, waltzing, singing, shaker, and piebald mice may also be possessed as pets. Note that some local municipalities have stricter possession requirements. 2. Rats and mice may never be released to the wild. 3. Taking (killing) of “deleterious exotic wildlife” (including rats and mice) with rodenticides is allowed in certain situations. 4. Feeding of “deleterious exotic wildlife” (including rats and mice) or negligently leaving food or garbage in a manner that attracts them is prohibited. 5. A vessel (or other means of transportation) is prohibited from harboring rats or mice or from entering Alaskan waters if they do harbor them. 6. A facility (including harbors, ports, airports, railroads, landfills, warehouses, storage yards, cargo handling sites, and establishments that serve, process, or store human or animal food) is prohibited from harboring rats or mice; and if they do, they must notify the department and eradicate or control them. 5 AAC 92.029 Permit for possessing live game (a) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, or in AS 16, no person may possess, import, release, export, or assist in importing, releasing, or exporting, live game, unless the person holds a possession permit issued by the department. -
Chapter 15 the Mammals of Angola
Chapter 15 The Mammals of Angola Pedro Beja, Pedro Vaz Pinto, Luís Veríssimo, Elena Bersacola, Ezequiel Fabiano, Jorge M. Palmeirim, Ara Monadjem, Pedro Monterroso, Magdalena S. Svensson, and Peter John Taylor Abstract Scientific investigations on the mammals of Angola started over 150 years ago, but information remains scarce and scattered, with only one recent published account. Here we provide a synthesis of the mammals of Angola based on a thorough survey of primary and grey literature, as well as recent unpublished records. We present a short history of mammal research, and provide brief information on each species known to occur in the country. Particular attention is given to endemic and near endemic species. We also provide a zoogeographic outline and information on the conservation of Angolan mammals. We found confirmed records for 291 native species, most of which from the orders Rodentia (85), Chiroptera (73), Carnivora (39), and Cetartiodactyla (33). There is a large number of endemic and near endemic species, most of which are rodents or bats. The large diversity of species is favoured by the wide P. Beja (*) CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal CEABN-InBio, Centro de Ecologia Aplicada “Professor Baeta Neves”, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] P. Vaz Pinto Fundação Kissama, Luanda, Angola CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] L. Veríssimo Fundação Kissama, Luanda, Angola e-mail: [email protected] E. -
Molecular Identification of Temperate Cricetidae and Muridae Rodent
University of Groningen Molecular identification of temperate Cricetidae and Muridae rodent species using fecal samples collected in a natural habitat Verkuil, Yvonne; van Guldener, Wypkelien E.A.; Lagendijk, Daisy; Smit, Christian Published in: Mammal Research DOI: 10.1007/s13364-018-0359-z IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Verkuil, Y. I., van Guldener, W. E. A., Lagendijk, D. D. G., & Smit, C. (2018). Molecular identification of temperate Cricetidae and Muridae rodent species using fecal samples collected in a natural habitat. Mammal Research, 63(3), 379-385. DOI: 10.1007/s13364-018-0359-z Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 24-10-2018 Mammal Research (2018) 63:379–385 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-018-0359-z ORIGINAL PAPER Molecular identification of temperate Cricetidae and Muridae rodent species using fecal samples collected in a natural habitat Yvonne I. -
Psammomys Obesus) M Johnson, T Mekonnen
The Internet Journal of Veterinary Medicine ISPUB.COM Volume 11 Number 1 The Efficacy of Quadruple Therapy for Eliminating Helicobacter Infections in the Sand Rat (Psammomys obesus) M Johnson, T Mekonnen Citation M Johnson, T Mekonnen. The Efficacy of Quadruple Therapy for Eliminating Helicobacter Infections in the Sand Rat (Psammomys obesus). The Internet Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2014 Volume 11 Number 1. Abstract Although Helicobacter spp have been viewed as organisms of low pathogenicity, many studies have demonstrated the potential of these animal pathogens to cause severe disease in immunocompromised and inbred rodent strains4,9,12,13,14, 15,19,,24,25,30,31,32,33,34,35,39,40. According to our knowledge, this is the first time a natural Helicobacter was identified and speciated in the sand rat (Psammomys obesus) model. This investigation also evaluated the effect of an optimized dose and dosing schedules of a quadruple therapy composed of metronidazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and omeprazole treating Helicobacter rodentium identified in this colony. After seven days of treatment, it was discovered 25 out of 27 (92.56 %) positive animals receiving the quadruple therapy were found to be negative via fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This was again verified 14, 28, and 42 days after completion of treatment. Only one animal death was noted during the treatment period solidifying this regimen as a viable option for treating sand rats of the species obesus. This study also demonstrates success in a reduced treatment schedule in comparison to extended schedules (10 to 14 days) that can be quite debilitating in many rodent species, as can be deduced from the results seen with these antimicrobial agents. -
Cricetomys Gambianus) in the United States: Lessons Learned
Witmer, G. W.; and P. Hall. Attempting to eradicate invasive Gambian giant pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus) in the United States: lessons learned Attempting to eradicate invasive Gambian giant pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus) in the United States: lessons learned G. W. Witmer1 and P. Hall2 1United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, USA, 80521-2154. <[email protected]. gov>. 2United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, 59 Chenell Drive, Suite 7, Concord, NH, USA 03301. Abstract Gambian giant pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus) are native to Africa, but they are popular pets in the United States. They caused a monkeypox outbreak in the Midwestern United States in 2003 in which 72 people were infected. A free-ranging population became established on the 400 ha Grassy Key in the Florida Keys, apparently after a release by a pet breeder. This rodent species is known to cause extensive crop damage in Africa and if it reaches the mainland US, many impacts, especially to the agriculture industry of Florida, can be expected. An apparently successful inter-agency eradication effort has run for just over three years. We discuss the strategy that has been employed and some of the difficulties encountered, especially our inability to ensure that every animal could be put at risk, which is one of the prime pre-requisites for successful eradication. We also discuss some of the recent research with rodenticides and attractants, using captive Gambian rats, that may help with future control and eradication efforts. -
The Changing Rodent Pest Fauna in Egypi'
THE CHANGING RODENT PEST FAUNA IN EGYPI' A. MAHER ALI. Plant Protection Department Asslut University. Asslut. Egypt ABSTRACT: The most serious known rodent pests in agricultural irrigated land are: Rattus rattus. Arvicanthis niloticus and Acomys sp. Occasionally there are rodent outbreaks in agricultural planta tions. The changing agro-ecosystem in the present and future agricultural plantations is expected to affect the status of the following potential rodent pest species: Spalax ehrenbergi aegyptiacus, Nesokia indica, Jaculus oriental is, and Gerbillus gerbillus gerbillus. Basic studies are needed to quantify damage including water loss, which is caused by rodents, forecast of rodent outbreaks. and integrated control of rodents in agricultural projects. INTRODUCTION The depredations of rodents and the struggle to prevent them will never diminish, even though man desires to raise his standard of living and health. In the face of the rapidly rising human population in Egypt, the problem has become more acute. The pattern of rodent populations is changed when man converts deserts, forests and rangeland into food or fiber production schemes. This is a corrmon feature of the Middle East region, including Egypt. In some cases such activities are carried out without prior knowledge of the actual fauna of the area, and the natural predators of rodents are driven away , or killed for food, or for the sake of their skins. As a result rodents increase in number and different rodent species may appear. The causes of shifts in species distribution are mostly due to changes in environmental conditions and the superior survival strategy of the replacing species. There are several examples of a predominant rodent species being replaced by another one under various ecological conditions. -
The Genome of the Plague-Resistant Great Gerbil Reveals Species-Specific Duplication of an MHCII Gene
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/449553; this version posted October 31, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 The genome of the plague-resistant great gerbil reveals species-specific 2 duplication of an MHCII gene 3 Pernille Nilsson1*, Monica H. Solbakken1, Boris V. Schmid1, Russell J. S. Orr2, Ruichen Lv3, 4 Yujun Cui3, Yajun Song3, Yujiang Zhang4, Nils Chr. Stenseth1,5, Ruifu Yang3, Kjetill S. Jakobsen1, 5 W. Ryan Easterday1 & Sissel Jentoft1 6 7 1 Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo 8 2 Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 9 3 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and 10 Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China 11 4 Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, China 12 5 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System 13 Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 14 * Corresponding author, [email protected] 15 16 Abstract 17 The great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) is a social rodent living in permanent, complex burrow 18 systems distributed throughout Central Asia, where it serves as the main host of several 19 important vector-borne infectious diseases and is defined as a key reservoir species for 20 plague (Yersinia pestis). Studies from the wild have shown that the great gerbil is largely 21 resistant to plague but the genetic basis for resistance is yet to be determined. -
Field Key to the Small Terrestrial Mammals (Orders Insectivora and Rodentia) of the Santa Fe Watershed
FIELD KEY TO THE SMALL TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS (ORDERS INSECTIVORA AND RODENTIA) OF THE SANTA FE WATERSHED JENNIFER K. FREY DEPARTMENT OF FISHERY AND WILDLIFE SCIENCES P.O. BOX 30003, CAMPUS BOX 4901 NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY LAS CRUCES, NEW MEXICO 88003-0003 Note: Keys are for adult specimens. Juvenile rodents are typically a dull gray color; hind feet often measure equivalent to adults in all but the youngest of some species. Use a thin, stiff ruler for measurements; ruler should be cut to start at 0 mm mark. Tail should be measured with ruler placed along the dorsal surface of the tail (0 at the junction between tail and rump) and with the tail perpendicular to the body; measure to the end of the last vertebrae (not the hair). Hindfoot should be measured with ruler placed along the bottom of the foot (0 at the heel) with the foot bent perpendicular to the leg; measure to the end of the longest claw (not to the end of the toe). Ear should be measured with the ruler placed into the notch at the base of ear (0 at notch); measure the longest distance to the end of the external ear. KEY TO THE SMALL TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS 1a Long pointed flexible nose extends well beyond mouth, small eyes, small external ears…………..(Order Insectivora) 2 1b Not as above; single pair of upper and lower incisors separated from other teeth by a large gap……………………………….…………………………………..…………………………………………...(Order Rodentia) 6 ORDER INSECTIVORA (INSECTIVORES) FAMILY SORICIDAE (SHREWS) 2a Tail < ½ body; external ear extend beyond fur………………………………………….….Notiosorex crawfordi [NOCR] Desert shrew - possible in woodland. -
View Preprint
A peer-reviewed version of this preprint was published in PeerJ on 8 October 2019. View the peer-reviewed version (peerj.com/articles/7858), which is the preferred citable publication unless you specifically need to cite this preprint. Camacho-Sanchez M, Hawkins MTR, Tuh Yit Yu F, Maldonado JE, Leonard JA. 2019. Endemism and diversity of small mammals along two neighboring Bornean mountains. PeerJ 7:e7858 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7858 Small mammal diversity along two neighboring Bornean mountains Melissa T. R. Hawkins Corresp., 1, 2, 3 , Miguel Camacho-Sanchez 4 , Fred Tuh Yit Yuh 5 , Jesus E Maldonado 1 , Jennifer A Leonard 4 1 Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington DC, United States 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, United States 3 Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, United States 4 Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain 5 Sabah Parks, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Corresponding Author: Melissa T. R. Hawkins Email address: [email protected] Biodiversity across elevational gradients generally follows patterns, the evolutionary origins of which are debated. We trapped small non-volant mammals across an elevational gradient on Mount (Mt.) Kinabalu (4,101 m) and Mt. Tambuyukon (2,579 m), two neighboring mountains in Borneo, Malaysia. We also included visual records and camera trap data from Mt. Tambuyukon. On Mt. Tambuyukon we trapped a total of 299 individuals from 23 species in 6,187 trap nights (4.8% success rate). For Mt. Kinabalu we trapped a total 213 animals from 19 species, in 2,044 trap nights, a 10.4% success rate.