The Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Surface Conditions During Katabatic Wind Events Over the Terra Nova Bay Polynya
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A Decade of Antarctic Science Support Through Amps
A DECADE OF ANTARCTIC SCIENCE SUPPORT THROUGH AMPS BY JORDAN G. POWERS, KEVIN W. MANNING, DAVID H. BROMWICH, JOHN J. CASSANO, AND ARTHUR M. CAYETTE AMPS, a real-time mesoscale modeling system, has provided a decade of service for scientific and logistical needs and has helped advance polar numerical weather prediction as well as understanding of Antarctica. ith 2011 marking the 100th anniversary of Roald Amundsen’s being the first to reach W the South Pole, the Antarctic endeavor has come a long way. The capabilities to support it have as well. In the critical area of weather forecasting, the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) has exemplified this progress for the past decade. AMPS is a real-time implementation of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF; Skamarock et al. 2008) to support the U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP). Because the need for accurate weather fore- casting in Antarctica has been acute since the earliest explorations, AMPS has been a vital effort. AMPS began in 2000, when the National Science Foundation’s (NSF’s) Office of Polar Programs (OPP) sought to improve the weather forecasting support for FIG. 1. Antarctica, with referenced locations and the USAP. The concern at the time was the numerical regions shown. weather prediction (NWP) guidance available to the USAP forecasters, who were relying on an assortment It became evident early in the effort that the of models (mostly global) that were tailored neither to system could be of value to Antarctic activities their needs nor to their singular area of responsibility. beyond those tied to the McMurdo forecasters. -
Trophic Interactions Within the Ross Sea Continental Shelf Ecosystem Walker O
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2007) 362, 95–111 doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1956 Published online 6 December 2006 Trophic interactions within the Ross Sea continental shelf ecosystem Walker O. Smith Jr1,*, David G. Ainley2 and Riccardo Cattaneo-Vietti3 1Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA 2H.T. Harvey and Associates, 3150 Almaden Expressway, Suite 145, San Jose, CA 95118, USA 3Dipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, Universita` di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy The continental shelf of the Ross Sea is one of the Antarctic’s most intensively studied regions. We review the available data on the region’s physical characteristics (currents and ice concentrations) and their spatial variations, as well as components of the neritic food web, including lower and middle levels (phytoplankton, zooplankton, krill, fishes), the upper trophic levels (seals, penguins, pelagic birds, whales) and benthic fauna. A hypothetical food web is presented. Biotic interactions, such as the role of Euphausia crystallorophias and Pleuragramma antarcticum as grazers of lower levels and food for higher trophic levels, are suggested as being critical. The neritic food web contrasts dramatically with others in the Antarctic that appear to be structured around the keystone species Euphausia superba. Similarly, we suggest that benthic–pelagic coupling is stronger in the Ross Sea than in most other Antarctic regions. We also highlight many of the unknowns within the food web, and discuss the impacts of a changing Ross Sea habitat on the ecosystem. Keywords: Ross Sea; neritic food web; bio-physical coupling; ecosystem function; ecosystem structure; pelagic–benthic coupling 1. -
A Satellite Case Study of a Katabatic Surge Along the Transantarctic Mountains D
This article was downloaded by: [Ohio State University Libraries] On: 07 March 2012, At: 15:04 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK International Journal of Remote Sensing Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tres20 A satellite case study of a katabatic surge along the Transantarctic Mountains D. H. BROMWICH a a Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State Universit, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, U.S.A Available online: 17 Apr 2007 To cite this article: D. H. BROMWICH (1992): A satellite case study of a katabatic surge along the Transantarctic Mountains, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 13:1, 55-66 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431169208904025 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. -
S. Antarctic Projects Officer Bullet
S. ANTARCTIC PROJECTS OFFICER BULLET VOLUME III NUMBER 8 APRIL 1962 Instructions given by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty ti James Clark Ross, Esquire, Captain of HMS EREBUS, 14 September 1839, in J. C. Ross, A Voya ge of Dis- covery_and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions, . I, pp. xxiv-xxv: In the following summer, your provisions having been completed and your crews refreshed, you will proceed direct to the southward, in order to determine the position of the magnet- ic pole, and oven to attain to it if pssble, which it is hoped will be one of the remarka- ble and creditable results of this expedition. In the execution, however, of this arduous part of the service entrusted to your enter- prise and to your resources, you are to use your best endoavours to withdraw from the high latitudes in time to prevent the ships being besot with the ice Volume III, No. 8 April 1962 CONTENTS South Magnetic Pole 1 University of Miohigan Glaoiologioal Work on the Ross Ice Shelf, 1961-62 9 by Charles W. M. Swithinbank 2 Little America - Byrd Traverse, by Major Wilbur E. Martin, USA 6 Air Development Squadron SIX, Navy Unit Commendation 16 Geological Reoonnaissanoe of the Ellsworth Mountains, by Paul G. Schmidt 17 Hydrographio Offices Shipboard Marine Geophysical Program, by Alan Ballard and James Q. Tierney 21 Sentinel flange Mapped 23 Antarctic Chronology, 1961-62 24 The Bulletin is pleased to present four firsthand accounts of activities in the Antarctic during the recent season. The Illustration accompanying Major Martins log is an official U.S. -
Downloaded 10/01/21 06:40 AM UTC 3112 JOURNAL of CLIMATE VOLUME 10
DECEMBER 1997 VAN DEN BROEKE ET AL. 3111 Representation of Antarctic Katabatic Winds in a High-Resolution GCM and a Note on Their Climate Sensitivity MICHIEL R. VAN DEN BROEKE Norwegian Polar Institute, Oslo, Norway RODERIK S. W. VAN DE WAL Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands MARTIN WILD Department of Geography, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland (Manuscript received 7 October 1996, in ®nal form 25 April 1997) ABSTRACT A high-resolution GCM (ECHAM-3 T106, resolution 1.1831.18) is found to simulate many characteristic features of the Antarctic climate. The position and depth of the circumpolar storm belt, the semiannual cycle of the midlatitude westerlies, and the temperature and wind ®eld over the higher parts of the ice sheet are well simulated. However, the strength of the westerlies is overestimated, the annual latitudinal shift of the storm belt is suppressed, and the wintertime temperature and wind speed in the coastal areas are underestimated. These errors are caused by the imperfect simulation of the position of the subtropical ridge, the prescribed sea ice characteristics, and the smoothened model topography in the coastal regions. Ice shelves in the model are erroneously treated as sea ice, which leads to a serious overestimation of the wintertime surface temperature in these areas. In spite of these de®ciencies, the model results show much improvement over earlier simulations. In a climate run, the model was forced to a new equilibrium state under enhanced greenhouse conditions (IPCC scenario A, doubled CO2), which enables us to cast a preliminary look at the climate sensitivity of Antarctic katabatic winds. -
Introducing Katabatic Winds in Global ERA40 Fields to Simulate Their
Introducing katabatic winds in global ERA40 fields to simulate their impacts on the Southern Ocean and sea-ice Pierre Mathiot, Bernard Barnier, Hubert Gallée, Jean-Marc Molines, Julien Le Sommer, Mélanie Juza, Thierry Penduff To cite this version: Pierre Mathiot, Bernard Barnier, Hubert Gallée, Jean-Marc Molines, Julien Le Sommer, et al.. In- troducing katabatic winds in global ERA40 fields to simulate their impacts on the Southern Ocean and sea-ice. Ocean Modelling, Elsevier, 2010, 35 (3), pp.146-160. 10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.07.001. hal-00570152 HAL Id: hal-00570152 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00570152 Submitted on 13 Feb 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Introducing katabatic winds in global ERA40 fields to simulate their impacts on the Southern Ocean and sea-ice Pierre Mathiot a,d,*, Bernard Barnier a, Hubert Gallée b, Jean Marc Molines a, Julien Le Sommer a, Mélanie Juza a, Thierry Penduff a,c a LEGI UMR5519, CNRS, UJF, Grenoble, France b LGGE UMR5183, CNRS, UJF, Grenoble, France c FSU, Department of Oceanography, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States d TECLIM, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium A medium resolution (10–20 km around Antarctica) global ocean/sea-ice model is used to evaluate the impact of katabatic winds on sea-ice and hydrography. -
Federal Register/Vol. 84, No. 78/Tuesday, April 23, 2019/Rules
Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 78 / Tuesday, April 23, 2019 / Rules and Regulations 16791 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., nor does it require Agricultural commodities, Pesticides SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The any special considerations under and pests, Reporting and recordkeeping Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, as Executive Order 12898, entitled requirements. amended (‘‘ACA’’) (16 U.S.C. 2401, et ‘‘Federal Actions to Address Dated: April 12, 2019. seq.) implements the Protocol on Environmental Justice in Minority Environmental Protection to the Richard P. Keigwin, Jr., Populations and Low-Income Antarctic Treaty (‘‘the Protocol’’). Populations’’ (59 FR 7629, February 16, Director, Office of Pesticide Programs. Annex V contains provisions for the 1994). Therefore, 40 CFR chapter I is protection of specially designated areas Since tolerances and exemptions that amended as follows: specially managed areas and historic are established on the basis of a petition sites and monuments. Section 2405 of under FFDCA section 408(d), such as PART 180—[AMENDED] title 16 of the ACA directs the Director the tolerance exemption in this action, of the National Science Foundation to ■ do not require the issuance of a 1. The authority citation for part 180 issue such regulations as are necessary proposed rule, the requirements of the continues to read as follows: and appropriate to implement Annex V Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 Authority: 21 U.S.C. 321(q), 346a and 371. to the Protocol. et seq.) do not apply. ■ 2. Add § 180.1365 to subpart D to read The Antarctic Treaty Parties, which This action directly regulates growers, as follows: includes the United States, periodically food processors, food handlers, and food adopt measures to establish, consolidate retailers, not States or tribes. -
Categorization of Santa Ana Winds with Respect to Large Fire Potential
Categorization of Santa Ana Winds With Respect To Large Fire Potential Tom Rolinski1, Brian D’Agostino2, and Steve Vanderburg2 1US Forest Service, Riverside, California. 2San Diego Gas and Electric, San Diego, California. ABSTRACT Santa Ana winds, common to southern California during the fall through early spring, are a type of katabatic wind that originates from a direction generally ranging from 360°/0° to 100° and is usually accompanied by very low humidity. Since fuel conditions tend to be driest from late September through the middle of November, Santa Ana winds occurring during this time have the greatest potential to produce large, devastating fires when an ignition occurs. Such catastrophic fires occurred in 1993, 2003, 2007, and 2008. Because of the destructive nature of such fires, there has been a growing desire to categorize Santa Ana wind events in much the same way that tropical cyclones and tornadoes have been categorized. The Offshore Flow Severity Index (OFSI), previously developed by Predictive Services, is an attempt to categorize such events with respect to large fire potential, specifically the potential for new ignitions to reach or exceed 100 ha based on breakpoints of surface wind speed and humidity. More recently, Predictive Services has collaborated with meteorologists from the San Diego Gas and Electric utility to develop a new methodology that addresses flaws inherent in the initial index. Specific methods for improving spatial coverage and the effects of fuel moisture have been employed. High resolution reanalysis data from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model generated by the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at UCLA is being used to redefine the OFSI. -
Terra Antartica Reports No. 16
© Terra Antartica Publication Terra Antartica Reports No. 16 Geothematic Mapping of the Italian Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide in the Terra Nova Bay Area Introductory Notes to the Map Case Editors C. Baroni, M. Frezzotti, A. Meloni, G. Orombelli, P.C. Pertusati & C.A. Ricci This case contains four geothematic maps of the Terra Nova Bay area where the Italian Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide (PNRA) begun its activies in 1985 and the Italian coastal station Mario Zucchelli was constructed. The production of thematic maps was possible only thanks to the big financial and logistical effort of PNRA, and involved many persons (technicians, field guides, pilots, researchers). Special thanks go to the authors of the photos: Carlo Baroni, Gianni Capponi, Robert McPhail (NZ pilot), Giuseppe Orombelli, Piero Carlo Pertusati, and PNRA. This map case is dedicated to the memory of two recently deceased Italian geologists who significantly contributed to the geological mapping in Antarctica: Bruno Lombardo and Marco Meccheri. Recurrent acronyms ASPA Antarctic Specially Protected Area GIGAMAP German-Italian Geological Antarctic Map Programme HSM Historical Site or Monument NVL Northern Victoria Land PNRA Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide USGS United States Geological Survey Terra anTarTica reporTs, no. 16 ISBN 978-88-88395-13-5 All rights reserved © 2017, Terra Antartica Publication, Siena Terra Antartica Reports 2017, 16 Geothematic Mapping of the Italian Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide in the Terra Nova -
US Geological Survey Scientific Activities in the Exploration Of
Prepared in cooperation with United States Antarctic Program, National Science Foundation U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Activities in the Exploration of Antarctica: 1995–96 Field Season By Tony K. Meunier Richard S. Williams, Jr., and Jane G. Ferrigno, Editors W 0° E 60°S Fimbul Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf Ice Shelf Lazarev Brunt Ice Shelf Ice Shelf Weddell Larsen Sea Ice Shelf Filchner Ice Shelf ANTARCTIC 80 S T ° PENINSULA R Amery Ronne A Wordie Ice N Ice Shelf Ice Shelf Shelf S A N EAST West George VI T A Ice Shelf Sound R Amundsen-Scott 90°W WEST C 90°E T South Pole Station Abbot I ANTARCTICA C Ice Shelf M ANTARCTICA O Leverett Glacier U N T A Shackleton Glacier Ross IN Shackleton S Ice Shelf Ice Shelf Skelton Glacier Getz Taylor Glacier Ice Shelf Sulzberger McMurdo McMurdo Dry Valleys Ice Shelf Station Voyeykov Ice Shelf Cook Ice Shelf 0 1000 KILOMETERS W 180° E Open-File Report 2006–1114 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. -
17 Regional Winds
Copyright © 2017 by Roland Stull. Practical Meteorology: An Algebra-based Survey of Atmospheric Science. v1.02 17 REGIONAL WINDS Contents Each locale has a unique landscape that creates or modifies the wind. These local winds affect where 17.1. Wind Frequency 645 we choose to live, how we build our buildings, what 17.1.1. Wind-speed Frequency 645 we can grow, and how we are able to travel. 17.1.2. Wind-direction Frequency 646 During synoptic high pressure (i.e., fair weather), 17.2. Wind-Turbine Power Generation 647 some winds are generated locally by temperature 17.3. Thermally Driven Circulations 648 differences. These gentle circulations include ther- 17.3.1. Thermals 648 mals, anabatic/katabatic winds, and sea breezes. 17.3.2. Cross-valley Circulations 649 During synoptically windy conditions, moun- 17.3.3. Along-valley Winds 653 tains can modify the winds. Examples are gap 17.3.4. Sea breeze 654 winds, boras, hydraulic jumps, foehns/chinooks, 17.4. Open-Channel Hydraulics 657 and mountain waves. 17.4.1. Wave Speed 658 17.4.2. Froude Number - Part 1 659 17.4.3. Conservation of Air Mass 660 17.4.4. Hydraulic Jump 660 17.5. Gap Winds 661 17.1. WIND FREQUENCY 17.5.1. Basics 661 17.5.2. Short-gap Winds 661 17.1.1. Wind-speed Frequency 17.5.3. Long-gap Winds 662 Wind speeds are rarely constant. At any one 17.6. Coastally Trapped Low-level (Barrier) Jets 664 location, wind speeds might be strong only rare- 17.7. Mountain Waves 666 ly during a year, moderate many hours, light even 17.7.1. -
Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea
MEASURE 14 - ANNEX Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No 161 TERRA NOVA BAY, ROSS SEA 1. Description values to be protected A coastal marine area encompassing 29.4km2 between Adélie Cove and Tethys Bay, Terra Nova Bay, is proposed as an Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) by Italy on the grounds that it is an important littoral area for well-established and long-term scientific investigations. The Area is confined to a narrow strip of waters extending approximately 9.4km in length immediately to the south of the Mario Zucchelli Station (MZS) and up to a maximum of 7km from the shore. No marine resource harvesting has been, is currently, or is planned to be, conducted within the Area, nor in the immediate surrounding vicinity. The site typically remains ice-free in summer, which is rare for coastal areas in the Ross Sea region, making it an ideal and accessible site for research into the near-shore benthic communities of the region. Extensive marine ecological research has been carried out at Terra Nova Bay since 1986/87, contributing substantially to our understanding of these communities which had not previously been well-described. High diversity at both species and community levels make this Area of high ecological and scientific value. Studies have revealed a complex array of species assemblages, often co-existing in mosaics (Cattaneo-Vietti, 1991; Sarà et al., 1992; Cattaneo-Vietti et al., 1997; 2000b; 2000c; Gambi et al., 1997; Cantone et al., 2000). There exist assemblages with high species richness and complex functioning, such as the sponge and anthozoan communities, alongside loosely structured, low diversity assemblages.