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Diversity of Soil Macroarthropods in Shifting Cultivation and Forest Ecosystem of Mizoram, Northeast India

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Diversity of Soil Macroarthropods in Shifting Cultivation and Forest Ecosystem of Mizoram, Northeast India Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11(3): 601- 611 (2019) ISSN : 0974-9411 (Print), 2231-5209 (Online) journals.ansfoundation.org Diversity of soil macroarthropods in shifting cultivation and forest ecosystem of Mizoram, Northeast India Betsy Zodinpuii Article Info Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Mizoram University, https://doi.org/ Aizawl- 796001 (Mizoram), India 10.31018/jans.v11i3.2122 Lalnuntluanga Received: June 1, 2019 Department of Environmental Science, Mizoram University, Tanhril, Aizawl- 796005 Revised: July 10, 2019 (Mizoram), India Accepted: August 17, 2019 H. Lalthanzara* Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Mizoram University, Aizawl- 796001 (Mizoram), India How to Cite Zodinpuii, B. et al. (2019). *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Diversity of soil macroar- thropods in shifting cultiva- Abstract tion and forest ecosystem Soil organisms are an integral part of agricultural ecosystems and are essential for the of Mizoram, Northeast maintenance of healthy productive soils. Little is known about soil arthropods assemblag- India. Journal of Applied es in shifting cultivation system. Therefore, we compared the diversity of soil macroarthro- and Natural Science, 11 pods in shifting cultivation (EXPTL) system and its adjacent natural forest (CTRL) ecosys- (3): 601- 611 https:// doi.org/10.31018/ tem in Mizoram, northeast India and assessed the impact of shifting cultivation on the jans.v11i3.2122 diversity. The study was conducted from 2013 to 2015, and the period was divided as pre -cultivation, cultivation and post-cultivation phases. Traditional shifting cultivation was practised in EXPTL site in the year 2014. Sampling was done by handpicking and digging from a quadrat (25×25×30 cm) located at least 10 m apart at monthly intervals. Speci- mens were preserved in 4% formalin and were identified up to the lowest possible taxa. A total of 97 taxa of arthropods belonging to five classes were recorded. 88 taxa and 48 taxa were recorded in CTRL and EXPTL respectively. Order-wise Shannon diversity in- dex was significantly higher (p < .001) in CTRL as compared to EXPTL site. There were significant differences in both cultivation (p <.001) and post-cultivation (p <.001) phases between CTRL and EXPTL sites. There was a significant effect of shifting cultivation on the diversity of soil macroarthropods at the p <.05 level for the three cultivation phases in EXPTL site. Therefore, it was concluded that shifting cultivation system negatively affect- ed soil macroarthropod diversity at least for a short duration. This study provided the first baseline data of soil macroarthropod diversity and its interaction with land-use system from Mizoram, northeast India. Keywords: Macroarthropod, Mizoram, Natural forest, Shifting cultivation, Soil INTRODUCTION a neglected field for a long time particularly in In- dia but has gained popularity recently. Soil is the most diverse and is probably one of the Soil macroarthropods play an important role in most species-rich habitats of the terrestrial eco- various ecosystem functions. Ants, termites, milli- system (Decaëns et al., 2006). Soil organisms are pedes, centipedes, woodlice and beetles have a an integral part of agricultural ecosystems and vital role in macromixing, soil aggregate formation, their presence is essential for the maintenance of mineralization of inorganic nutrients through acti- healthy productive soils. Soil macroarthropods are vation of microflora (Ruiz et al., 2008). They also those soil organisms that are large enough to be take part in formation of macropores which are sampled individually (Callaham et al., 2012). Alt- important for soil aeration and water flux (Edwards hough several groups of soil macroarthropods are and Bohlen, 1996). The crucial roles played by the considered as pests (Jackson and Klein, 2006; soil arthropods in soil ecosystem make them a Doğramaci and Tingey, 2009), they are also very important part of all ecosystems, including known to positively influenced ecosystem func- agroecosystems. The reduction in the diversity of tions by causing important modifications in the soil soil arthropod is likely to cause improper function- environment (Lavelle, 1997; Wolters, 2000). De- ing of the ecosystem. In addition, the potential use spite their important roles and functions in the of soil arthropods as biological indicators of habi- ecosystem, soil communities are still poorly known tat destruction and land use has been gaining (Hunter, 2001). The study of soil animal has been This work is licensed under Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). © 2018: Author (s). Publishing rights @ ANSF. Zodinpuii, B. et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 11(3): 601- 611 (2019) popularity (Andersen and Majer, 2004; Nakamura ranges from 4.5 – 7. It receives an annual rainfall et al., 2007). Previous study has shown that the of about 2500 mm. undisturbed forest provides the ideal environment Shifting cultivation is the ultimate source of nour- for the establishment of ecosystem engineers ishment and subsistence for more than half of all (Brown et al., 2001). household in Mizoram. It involves slashing of veg- Considerable amounts of literatures are available etation in December or early January after which from different parts of the world, but majority of the slashed vegetation is left to dry and the dried soil faunal studies are done in temperate habitats vegetations are burnt in mid-March. Sowing of (Okwakol and Sekamatte, 2007). seeds is generally done in April/May and the first The earliest taxonomic records of soil fauna from weeding is usually carried out in May/June. Multi- th the Indian sub-continent dates back to the 19 ple cropping system is typically employed with century; Pocock (1892) studied the ground- different kinds of crops such as bitter gourd, bitter dwelling myriapods of the then Ceylon (Sri Lanka) tomato, brinjal, cassava, chilly, cucumber, ginger, and Southern India. Commendable work was honeydew melon, lady’s finger, maize, peas, done by Bingham (1903) on ground dwelling ants pumpkin, sesame, snake gourd, solanum, sor- and Imms (1912) on collembolans. Review on soil ghum, sorrel, soybean, sweet potato, taro, water- fauna was given thoroughly by Singh (1978). Ros- melon and other vegetables for leaves and fruits si and Blanchart (2005) studied seasonal and land with rice (Oryza sativa L.) as the main crop. use induced variations of soil macrofauna compo- Weeding using a hand hoe is usually carried out sition in the Western Ghats, southern India. three times a year, where weeds are dragged out Many authors have shown soil arthropod popula- along with roots while upper fertile soil is semi- tion structure in different cultivated lands of north- tilled. This traditional shifting cultivation was per- east India (Reddy and Alfred, 1978; Vatsauliya formed for one year, after which the land was left and Alfred, 1980; Vatsauliya, 1981; Darlong and for regeneration (fallow) in the subsequent years. Alfred, 1982; Hattar and Alfred, 1984; Paul and Experimental design: The study was carried out Alfred, 1995; Alfred et al., 1991; Hattar et al., at an experimental plot of natural tree forest at 1992, 1998, 2008). However, there is no infor- Khawrihnim village (23o36’58” N and 92o38’04” E), mation on this aspect from Mizoram. Traditional Mamit district, Mizoram at an altitude of about 950 shifting cultivation is believed to have an adverse m above sea level. The landscape is steep with a effect on soil arthropod community. Although data slope ranging from 45% to 75%. The plot was de- exist on various aspects of soil macroarthropods, marcated into control (CTRL, natural forest) and information on their diversity and the effects of experimental (EXPTL, cultivation site) sites with shifting cultivation system on macroarthropods is an area of one acre each. The study period was scarce. Moreover, very little is known about soil divided in to three phases, viz. pre- cultivation arthropods assemblages in shifting cultivation phase (2013), cultivation phase (2014) and post system. Keeping in mind their crucial roles as soil cultivation phase (2015). Traditional shifting culti- ecosystem engineers, the scarcity of systematic vation was practiced in EXPTL site in the year information on this aspect and to find an answer 2014. to the hypothesized concept, the experiment was Soil arthropods sampling and identification: designed to study the diversity of soil macroar- Soil macroarthropod samples were collected from thropods in shifting cultivation system and natural CTRL and EXPTL sites by hand picking and dig- forest ecosystem and to find out the impact of ging from a quadrat (25×25×30 cm) located at shifting cultivation on the diversity of soil macroar- least 10m apart at monthly intervals (Anderson thropods in in Mizoram, northeast India. and Ingram, 1993; Swift and Bignell, 2001) during MATERIALS AND METHODS January 2013 to October 2015. Large sized fauna like centipede and millipede were hand-sorted at Study area: Mizoram is located in northeast India, the site, whereas a lump of soil block was taken to between 21⁰56' N and 24⁰31' N latitude, 92⁰16' E laboratory and small sized fauna were thoroughly and 93⁰26' E longitude. It borders with Bangla- extracted by hand sorting method (Dash and Pa- desh in the west and Myanmar in the east and tra, 1977; Dash and Senapati, 1980). Specimens south. In the north, it shares a border with three were preserved in 4% formalin. Morphological Indian states viz.
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