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Das Friedensethos Der Kirche Der Brüder Im Spannungsfeld Von Gewaltlosigkeit Und Weltverantwortung

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Das Friedensethos Der Kirche Der Brüder Im Spannungsfeld Von Gewaltlosigkeit Und Weltverantwortung Theologie und Frieden 9 Markus Weinland Das Friedensethos der Kirche der Brüder im Spannungsfeld von Gewaltlosigkeit und Weltverantwortung 4&,(KKohlhammer 1 1 Beiträge zur Friedensethik Herausgegeben vom Institut für Theologie und Frieden Soltausredder 20, 22885 Barsbüttel Tel. 040/6708590, Fax 040/67085930 Band 9 Das Institut fiir Theologie und Frieden ist eine wissenschaftliche Einrichtung in kirchlicher Trägerschaft, die durch das Katholische Militärbischofsamt wahrgenommen wird. Aufgaben und Zielsetzungen des Instituts sind: —Forschung im Gesamtbereich Theologie/Ethik/Frieden —Aufarbeitung historisch-politischer und sozialwissenschaftlicher Themen/Fragen unter theologisch-ethischer Perspektive —Kooperation mit nationalen und internationalen Forschungs- und Dokumentationsstellen auf dem Gebiet der Friedensforschung Markus Weinland Das Friedensethos der Kirche der Brüder im Spannungsfeld von Gewaltlosigkeit und Weltverantwortung Verlag W Kohlhammer Stuttgart Berlin Köln Für Frau Dr. Christi Ringel, dem Menschen, der mir das Vertrauen gab, dem eigenen Urteil zu trauen. Die Deutsche Bibliothek — CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Weinland, Markus: Das Friedensethos der Kirche der Brüder im Spannungsfeld von Gewaltlosigkeit und Weltverantwortung / Markus Weinland. - Stuttgart ; Berlin ; Köln : Kohlhammer, 1996 (Theologie und Frieden ; Bd. 9) Zugl.: Hamburg Univ. der Bundeswehr, Diss., 1991 u.d.T.: Weinland ISBN 3-17-013722-0 NE: GT Alle Rechte vorbehalten C 1996 W. Kohlhammer GmbH Stuttgart Berlin Köln Verlagsort: Stuttgart Umschlag: Data Images audiovisuelle Kommunikation GmbH Gesamtherstellung: W. Kohlhammer Druckerei GmbH + Co. Stuttgart Printed in Germany Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort ........9 Einleitung .......11 I. Die Entstehung der Church of the Brethren im Rahmen pietistischer Reformprogramme .......15 1. Der Pietismus und seine Zeit ......15 2. Die Entstehung der Brethren ......19 3. Friedensethisch bedeutsame Aussagen des Anfangs .............................. 22 a) Die ambivalente 1Ialtung der frühen Brethren zum Staat .............. 24 b) Non-creedalism ................................................................................... 26 c) Die Affinität der Brethren zur anabaptistischen Lehre von der Gewaltlosigkeit ......27 II. Identitätswandel: Die Übernahme anabaptistischer Positionen ........................................... 30 1. Auswanderung und Leben in Pennsylvania .............................................. 30 a) Obrigkeitsdoktrin und Peace Testimony im Quäkerstaat .............. 31 b) Die Teilnahme der Brethren am politischen Leben ........................ 32 c) Die Verfestigung der Lehre von der Gewaltlosigkeit bei den Brethren .................................................................................. 33 2. Die Amerikanische Revolution ................................................................. 35 a) Die Übernahme anabaptistischer Positionen durch die Brethren 35 b) Der Rückzug der Brethren aus der Politik ....................................... 38 3. Die anabaptistische Konzeption: Absonderung und Non-resistance .... 39 a) Geschichtliche Entwicklung ......39 b) Diastase von Kirche und Welt bei den Anabaptisten ..................... 40 (1) Diastase von Gemeinde und Welt ............................................... 40 (2) Politische Weltverantwortung bei den Anabaptisten ............... 42 c) Non-resistance: Die anabaptistische Lehre von der Gewaltlosigkeit ..................................................................... 44 4. Das Massaker von Morrison's Cove während der Indianerkriege ........ 46 III. Variationen des anabaptistischen Grundmusters im 19. Jahrhundert .... 48 1. Zwischen amerikanischer Revolution 1776 und Ausbruch des Sezessionskrieges 1861 ..................................................... 48 a) Die Erosion des Verbots politischer Betätigung ......50 b) Die Kontinuität des Gewaltverbotes ................................................. 55 2. Der Sezessionskrieg ......58 a) Der Antagonismus von Gemeinde und Welt in neuer Form ......... 59 b) Die positive Bewertung von Gewaltanwendung durch den Staat 60 5 IV. Die Neubewertung der Weltverantwortung und die Krise des Anabaptismus ................................................................ 64 1. Der Aufbruch der Brethren ins 20. Jahrhundert .................................. 64 a) Die erneuerte Lockerung des Verbots politischer Betätigung ...... 66 b) Schwächen in der Praxis der Gewaltlosigkeit ............................... 68 c) Die Aktivität Einzelner und die Passivität der Kirche in der Friedensfrage ................................................... 69 2. Der Erste Weltkrieg ............................................................................ 70 a) Die Neubewertung des Staates durch die Church of the Brethren ................................................................ 71 b) Die Krise der Church of the Brethren bei der Durchsetzung der Gewaltlosigkeitsforderung im Konflikt mit dem Staat während des Ersten Weltkriegs .................................................... 73 V. Die neue Synthese von Gewaltlosigkeit und Weltverantwortung: Politischer Pazifismus ..... 79 1. Die Scham über das Verhalten im Ersten Weltkrieg ............................ 79 2. Gesellschaftliche und kirchliche Entwicklungen ..... 82 a) Social Gospel und Fellowship of Reconciliation .......................... 82 b) Die Kontroverse zwischen Fundamentalisten und Liberalen ....... 83 c) Der Zerfall der kirchlichen Autorität ........................................... 84 3. Die neue Interpretation von Gewaltlosigkeit und Weltverantwortung 85 a) Die Erklärung von Anderson 1932 .............................................. 85 b) Das Restatement Concerning War and Peace von 1935 .............. 86 c) Die zunehmende karitative und politische Hinwendung zur Welt 87 d) Der Weg der Church of the Brethren in die Ökumene ................. 90 4. Eine erste Analyse des politischen Pazifismus .................................... 93 5. Die Vorbereitung der Brethren auf den Zweiten Weltkrieg ................. 95 VI. Die Krise des Politischen Pazifismus .................................................. 100 1. Der Zweite Weltkrieg ......................................................................... 100 a) Der Civilian Public Service ......................................................... 100 b) Die Entscheidung der jungen Männer .......................................... 102 c) Ursachen für die Entscheidung der Wehrpflichtigen .................... 103 d) Die Betreuung der Männer im Wehrdienst .................................. 104 2. Der Kalte Krieg .................................................................................. 106 a) Das Statement an Position and Practices of the Church of the Brethren in Relation to War von 1948 ................................ 106 b) Felder der Friedensarbeit ............................................................. 110 6 3. Der Koreakrieg ................................................................................... 112 a) Die Haltung der Mitgliedschaft zur Gewaltlosigkeit .................... 112 b) Die Erklärung zum Krieg von 1957 ............................................. 113 c) Ökumene ..................................................................................... 115 4. Die Kritik des politischen Pazifismus ................................................. 117 a) Das Problem ................................................................................ 117 b) Der erste Lösungsweg: Politischer Realismus ............................. 118 c) Der andere Lösungsweg: Neo-Anabaptistischer Pazifismus ........ 120 VII. Die Suche nach einer neuen Synthese ................................................. 123 1. Andere Begründungsmuster von Pazifismus innerhalb der Church of the Brethren ................................................................. 123 a) Relativismus ............................................................................... 123 b) Pazifismus als Berufung einer Minderheit ................................... 124 c) Nuklearpazifismus ...................................................................... 125 2. Das Ringen um Weltverantwortung .................................................... 126 a) Politische Partizipation ................................................................ 127 b) The Church, the State and Christian Citizenship ......................... 129 c) Obedience to God and Civil Disobedience .................................. 131 3. Das Ringen um Gewaltlosigkeit .......................................................... 133 a) Die Erklärung zum Krieg von 1968 ............................................. 134 b) Die Erklärung zum Krieg von 1970 ............................................. 136 4. Die Anfrage der Befreiungstheologie .................................................. 137 a) Ökumenische Impulse ................................................................. 137 b) Justice and Nonviolence .............................................................. 139 5. Das Problem der Glaubwürdigkeit ...................................................... 141 a) Statistisches Material .................................................................. 141 b) Serving God and Country ............................................................ 143 c) Veteranen und Kriegsdienstverweigerer ...................................... 145 6. Die Erklärung Peacemaking: The Calling of God's People in History von 1991 .............................
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