The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor
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The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 Edition Joint Research Centre This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. Manuscript completed in May 2017 Contact information Name: Michaela Saisana Address: via Fermi, 2749 – Ispra (VA) - Italy Email: [email protected] Tel.: +39 0332 786572 JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC105971 Print ISBN 978-92-79-66116-7 doi:10.2760/735231 KJ-02-17-214-EN-C PDF ISBN 978-92-79-66115-0 doi:10.2760/802764 KJ-02-17-214-EN-N Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017 © European Union, 2017 The reuse of the document is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the original meaning or message of the texts are not distorted. The reuse policy of European Commission documents is regulated by Decision 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). The European Commission shall not be held liable for any consequences stemming from the reuse. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the EU copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. How to cite this report: Montalto V; Jorge Tacao Moura C; Langedijk S; Saisana M. The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor (C3 Monitor). 2017 Edition. doi: 10.2760/735231 All images © European Union 20xx, except: – Figure 8, ©Ars Electronica under CC BY NC ND licence – Figure 9, ©Jean-Pierre Dalbéra under CC BY licence – Figure 11, ©tomek emigrant – Fotolia.com – Figure 13, ©FSEID – Fotolia.com The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor (C3 Monitor). 2017 Edition This first edition of the Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor shows how well 168 Cultural and Creative Cities in 30 European countries (EU-28 plus Switzerland and Norway) perform across nine policy dimensions describing different aspects of a Cultural and Creative City: the ‘Cultural Vibrancy’, the ‘Creative Economy’, and the ’Enabling Environment’ facilitating the attraction of creative talents and the development of creative processes. The C3 Monitor complements the European Commission’s efforts in placing Culture at the heart of its policy agenda. It is a common- evidence base at city level to stress the importance of culture and creativity and their contribution to improving socio-economic perspectives and resilience. The C3 Monitor will help policy-makers identify local strengths and areas to be improved, benchmark their city with similar urban areas, trigger learning effect based on comparable results and ultimately advocate for culture and creativity. For researchers, this pool of comparable data is expected to providing new insights when assessing the impact of culture and creativity on cities’ socio-economic wellbeing and resilience. Printed by xxx in Belgium The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 Edition This first edition of the Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor shows how well 168 selected cities in 30 European countries perform on a range of measures describing the ‘Cultural Vibrancy’, the ‘Creative Economy’ and the ‘Enabling Environment’ of a city. The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor is designed to help national, regional and municipal policy makers identify local strengths and opportunities and benchmark their cities against similar urban centres using both quantitative and qualitative data. The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor is thus an instrument to promote mutual exchange and learning between cities. For researchers, the pool of comparable data is expected to generate new questions and insights into the role of culture and creativity in cities’ social and economic wellbeing. The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor supports the European Commission’s efforts to put culture at the heart of its policy agenda. It provides a common evidence base at city level that illuminates the importance of culture and creativity and their contribution to improving socio-economic perspectives and resilience. CONTENTS | 5 Contents Boxes, figures and tables 6 Disclaimer 8 Foreword by Commissioner Navracsics 9 Foreword JRC Director General V. Sucha 10 Acknowledgements 11 Lexicon 12 Executive Summary 16 I The ideal Cultural and Creative City in Europe is a mix of eight cities mostly of small and medium size 24 II Paris, Copenhagen, Edinburgh and Eindhoven are the top Cultural and Creative Cities in their respective population groups 25 III Size isn’t everything 27 IV Capitals fly high but not always the highest 28 V All cities can learn from each other’s strengths 30 VI Cultural & Creative Cities have more jobs and more human capital 31 VII Leading Cultural and Creative Cities are more prosperous 32 VIII Culture and creativity are critical for the development of low-in- come cities 33 Chapter 1: The context: Putting culture and creativity at the heart of EU policy 36 Chapter 2: Defining a Cultural and Creative City 46 Chapter 3: The Cultural and Creative Cities Approach 52 The development of the Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 53 Eight key design features 55 Using the Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 63 Chapter 4: Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 Scores and Rankings 66 Top 5 cities per population group 67 City leaders by dimensions and indicators 73 Chapter 5: How Culture & Creativity relate to City Size, Capitals and Wealth 82 Chapter 6: Conclusions and Future Work 98 Annexes 104 Annex I: Selected and excluded cities 105 Annex II: Indicators reviewed and dimensions covered 107 Annex III: Guide to the C3 Monitor indicators and sources72 109 Appendix 113 References 113 Endnotes 115 6 | CONTENTS Boxes, figures and tables Box 1. The cultural and creative sectors as an economic and social engine 42 Box 2. Research and innovation strategies for smart specialisation 43 Box 3. Cultural & Creative Cities through history 49 Figure 1. The C3 Monitor’s conceptual framework 17 Figure 1. Top 5 cities in the C3 Index per population group 26 Figure 2. C3 Index scores within EU countries (cities in Cyprus, Latvia, Luxembourg and Malta omitted due to poor data coverage) 28 Figure 2. Top 5 cities on ‘Cultural Vibrancy’, ‘Creative Economy’ and ‘Enabling Environment’ 27 Figure 3. ‘Cultural Vibrancy’ scores within EU countries (cities in Cyprus, Latvia, Luxembourg and Malta omitted due to poor data coverage) 28 Figure 4. ‘Creative Economy’ scores within EU countries (cities in Cyprus, Latvia, Luxembourg and Malta omitted due to poor data coverage). 29 Figure 5. GDP per capita and the C3 Index 32 Figure 6. Jobs per capita and the C3 Index 32 Figure 7. GDP per capita % change and the C3 Index 33 Figure 8. With ‘Café Europa’, a network of digitally connected places, Mons explored with ten other cities how new collaborative spaces and technological tools can foster social links. 39 Figure 9. Nantes’ former industrial area today hosts the ‘Quartier de la Création’ which aims to support the emergence of a pole of excellence in the CCS. The quarter is home to ‘La Machine’, a creative company that builds ‘live machines’ attracting thousands of visitors every year. 39 Figure 10. Overview of major EU policy documents promoting the role of culture as a key asset for European economic and social prosperity 40 Figure 11. Two decades a&er his first report into the impact of European City of Culture 1990 on Glasgow, analyst John Myerscough found the number of live performances – of music, theatre or dance – had risen by 82% since 1992. 43 Figure 12. The The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor’s conceptual framework 44 Figure 13. Every year, the film festival Berlinale attracts thousands of film enthusiasts. The city’s support to creativity and culture is part of the ‘Project Zukun&’, an initiative of the Berlin´s Senate Department for Economics, Technology and Research to support the creative economy. 47 Figure 14. The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor development process 54 Figure 15. The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor’s eight key features 55 Figure 16. 168 selected cities in 30 European countries (in green: ECoCs; in blue: UNESCO Creative Cities; in red: ‘festival cities’) 61 Figure 17. Data sources for the C3 Monitor’s Conceptual Framework (quantitative component) 62 Figure 18. C3 Index scores and city size (population) 83 Figure 19. ‘Cultural Vibrancy’ scores and city size (population) 83 Figure 24. ‘Enabling Environment’ scores and city size (population) 84 Figure 25. ‘Creative Economy’ scores and city size (population) 84 CONTENTS | 7 Figure 26. C3 Index scores within EU countries (cities in Cyprus, Latvia, Luxembourg and Malta omitted due to poor data coverage) 85 Figure 27. Coefficient of variation (ratio between standard deviation and average) of C3 Index scores by country (countries with two or fewer cities have been omitted: EE, DK, SI) 86 Figure 28. ‘Cultural Vibrancy’ scores within EU countries (cities in Cyprus, Latvia, Luxembourg and Malta omitted due to poor data coverage) 86 Figure 29. Coefficient of variation (ratio between standard deviation and average) of ‘Cultural Vibrancy’ scores by country (countries with two or fewer cities have been omitted: EE, DK, SI) 87 Figure 30. ‘Creative Economy’ scores within EU countries (cities in Cyprus, Latvia, Luxembourg and Malta omitted due to poor data coverage) 87 Figure 31. Coefficient of variation (ratio between standard deviation and average) of ‘Creative Economy’ scores by country (countries with two or fewer cities have been omitted: EE, DK, SI) 88 Figure 32. C3 Index scores and GDP (PPS) 90 Figure 33. C3 Index scores and GDP (PPS) across all city groups based on population size 90 Figure 34.