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EGNATIA EPIRUS Foundation THE REGION OF EPIRUS Basic Features Ioannina, November 1996 EPIRUS: Basic Features Page 1 EGNATIA EPIRUS Foundation Table of Contents 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................1 2. Population Characteristics.............................................................................................5 2.1 Evolution of the Population.........................................................................................5 2.2 Urban, Semi-urban and Rural Population ..................................................................10 2.3 Population bt Age-group and Sex ..............................................................................14 3. Natural Resources...........................................................................................................17 3.1 Geomorphology..........................................................................................................17 3.2 Mountains ...................................................................................................................18 3.3 Water Resources........................................................................................................19 3.4 Vegetation ..................................................................................................................20 3.5 Flora and Fauna .........................................................................................................20 3.6 Mineral Resources .....................................................................................................22 3.7 Pollution of the Environment ......................................................................................23 4. Natural, Cultural and Other Attractions ........................................................................24 4.1 Natural Attractions......................................................................................................24 4.2 Cultural Attractions .....................................................................................................28 4.3 Other Attractions.........................................................................................................31 5. Infrastructure ...................................................................................................................32 5.1 Settlements.................................................................................................................32 5.2 Education....................................................................................................................32 5.3 Health .........................................................................................................................34 5.4 Transportation Infrastructure......................................................................................35 5.4.1 Roads...............................................................................................................35 5.4.2 Harbours ..........................................................................................................38 5.4.3 Airports.............................................................................................................38 5.4.4 Railways ..........................................................................................................39 5.5 Telecommunications Infrastructure ............................................................................39 6. The Economy ...................................................................................................................40 6.1 Primary Sector............................................................................................................40 6.2 Secondary Sector.......................................................................................................42 6.3 Tertiary Sector............................................................................................................48 6.4 Basic Economic Indices .............................................................................................50 APPENDICES Appendix A ............................................................................................................................52 EPIRUS: Basic Features Page 2 EGNATIA EPIRUS Foundation 1. Introduction The region of Epirus is located in the northwest of Greece and is bordered by the Ionian Sea to the west, the Pindus mountain-range to the east and Albania to the north. It includes the prefectures of Ioannina, Thesprotia, Arta and Preveza. According to the 1991 census, the region has a population of 339,047 inhabitants which represents approximately 3.3% of the total population of Greece. It is one of the most sparsely populated regions of Greece with a population density of 36.8 inhabitants per square kilometre, compared to a national average of 77.71. The geomorphology of Epirus is largely mountainous, with an abundance of surface waters (rivers, lakes and lagoons), extensive forests and unique flora and fauna. The total area of Epirus is 9,203 square kilometres of which 9,7% is flat land, 12,9% is semi-mountainous and the remainder is mountainous2. Although figures vary according to the source used, approximately 15% of the land area is devoted to agricultural holdings, 55% is covered by grassland and used for mountain grazing, 26% is covered by forests and 2.5% is covered by surface waters3. Urban and related activities account for the use of the remainder of the land. The region is dominated by the mountain-range of Pindus whose highest peak reaches approximately 2.6004. Pindus, which enters Greece from Albania, constitutes a natural barrier to the east between Epirus and the rest of Greece and is the main reason for the region’s historic isolation. In general, the region has poor communication routes both internally and externally. On the west coast of the region, the port of Igoumenitsa lacks the necessary infrastructure to service large numbers of passengers and large volumes of freight merchandise and is not connected to the rest of Greece by adequate transportation networks. The port of Preveza, although well organised, cannot be expanded since it is located in the Amvrakikos Bay, which is protected under the Ramsar Treaty. The rather long and cumbersome route toward southern Greece is interrupted by the sea passage of Rio- Antirrion, which is sensitive to weather conditions. The climate of Epirus is Mediterranean in the west and south, with hot summers and cold winters in central Epirus and cold in the mountainous regions, where both rainfall and snowfall are commonplace. The mountain-range of Pindus is covered by snow year-round. The region of Epirus is traditionally described as underdeveloped5. It is characterised by low birth rates, aging of the population, a wide dispersion and polarisation of settlements and a 1Regional Job Markets. A study of the Region of Epirus, Ioannina, December, 1993, p.11(hereinafter, Regional job Markets. A study of the Region of Epirus) 2Regional job Markets. A study of the Region of Epirus, p. 8. 3Human Resources & Communication Highways, Symposium & Workshops, Metsovo, May 8- 12, 1992-Proceedings, Workshop 3-Human Resources, Chapter 1, p. 382 (hereinafter, Human Recourses). 4Prefecture of Ioannina-Proposals for Land Use Planning (Summary Structural Intervention Plan)-Athens, May 1984. 5 Regional Job Markets. A study of the Region of Epirus, p. 10. EPIRUS: Basic Features Page 3 EGNATIA EPIRUS Foundation tendency towards the accumulation of the population in urban and semi-urban areas6. It is considered one of the most problematic regions in the European Union (EU) with an EU ranking of 13 for the year 1987 and an EU index of 54.4. Indices on the basis of Gross Regional Product (GRP) place Epirus in last place with a GRP index of 73.8 for the year 1974 and 81.4 for the year 1981 (on the basis of a GRP index of 73.8 for the year 1974 and 81.4 for the year 1981 (on the basis of a GRP index of 100 for Greece as a whole)7. 6Human Resources, Workshop 1-Information and technologies, Chapter 3, p. 167-168. 7Regional Job Markets. A study of the Region of Epirus, p. 10. EPIRUS: Basic Features Page 4 EGNATIA EPIRUS Foundation 2. Population Characteristics 2.1 Evolution of the Population The population of Epirus, in 1991, was 339,047 inhabitants8. The evolution of the region’s population as compared to the evolution of Greece’s population from 1951 through to 1991 is shown in Table 1 below. Table 1: Population of Epirus 1951-1991 TERRITORIAL 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 UNIT/YEAR Epirus 330.543 352.604 310.334 324.541 339.037 Greece 7.632.801 8.388.553 8.768.641 9.740.417 10.256.464 Source: NSO Table 2 and Diagram 1 present the evolution of the region’s population by prefecture for the years 1951 through to 1991 and Table 2A presents the yearly rates of increase or decrease of the region’s population by prefecture for the same period. Table 2: Population of Epirus by Prefecture 1951-1991 TERRITORIAL 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 UNIT/YEAR Prefecture of 153,748 155,326 134,688 147,304 157,214 Ioannina Prefecture of 47,299 52,125 40,684 41,278 44,413 Thesprotia Prefecture of Arta 72,717 82,630 78,376 80,044 78,884 Prefecture of 56,779 62,523 56,586 55,915 58,536 Preveza Epirus 330.543 352.604 310.334 324.541 339.037 Greece 7.632.801 8.388.553 8.768.641 9.740.417 10.256.464 Source: NSO, Regional Job Markets, A Study of the Region of Epirus. 8 National Statistical
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