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$)#*+, * Martin Seeger**

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Abstract

This research investigates the relationship between Thai mae chis’ access to higher monastic education, provided by the sangha, and their opportunities to find appropriate accommodation and financial support. While the Mahanikaya Sangha has supported mae chis in their Abhidhamma Studies since 1951, the Dhammayuttika-Nikaya Sangha has provided mae chis with the opportunity to pursue Pali Studies in a similar way to monks since 1963 (even though there still exist some significant differences). As a consequence of the enactment of their University Acts in 1997, both Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University and Mahamakut Buddhist University have been able to admit mae chis to their programmes. Our research will show that monastic educational career opportunities for mae chis have improved significantly over the last 10 years or so. A major objective of our research is to provide an analytical investigation of the interviews we conducted with students, administrators and teachers in higher monastic education. Here, we will discuss the views and experiences of our interviewees in order to study the potential and effectiveness of the monastic education that has been made available to Thai mae chis in recent years.

Keywords : Thai mae chis, access to higher monastic education, gender in Thai Buddhism, Pali Studies, Buddhist Studies, bhikkhuni - . / Martin Seeger

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“Mae Chiis have not been entitled to study for Bachelor degrees at the two Buddhist universities in Thailand and !"&.' .69 ' 6/ , // 0" there are few opportunities for them to attain higher 6 ./ & , 9;./, 1 *+ . education” (Lindberg Falk, Making Fields of Merit, /" *+++, .04 '. *WQ). /%&=, 0%. “…, Thai mae chiis have been excluded from the %&,' ./ ./ >9 . Buddhist universities with the exception of some courses = ././.X #;0 that are open to them” (Lindberg Falk, Making Fields of %.= 9/ F.. Merit, /" WVQ). - . / Martin Seeger

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#. . P. / Krasuang Dhammakan. Rajkiccanubeksa. vol. 10. )! 7 -M #. LS. . ':& ,6& . / Department of Abhidhamma Student Registration. 2011. Abhidhamchotikavidyalai. Bangkok: Mahachulalongkonrajvidyalaya University. . LS. .. / Mahamakutrajwityalai University’s Department of Registration. 2002. Printed Material. . 5 Z. LRL. !. ':& *'' 5 ,6& . / Chamnong Thongprasert. 1989. Mahachula Nai Adit. Bangkok: Mahachulalongkonrajavidyalaya Press. 6/,5 )/& .& LP. "#$&'% . ':& 7 5 -& #. / Channarong Boonnoon. 2008. Phrasongthai Nai Anakot. Bangkok: Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre. 8! ) 5. LS. ! )( % *# . * 5 .*).& ':& 7!C//. / de La Loubere,` Simon. 2005. Chot Mai Het La Loubere Rajanacaksyam (Du Royaume de Siam). tr. by San T. Komonbutra. Bangkok: Sri Panya. ,Z U B ,5 6!. LL. * -)% /: *23)/!456 7. '# 5 // 77),J 6 !7- #7 5. / Nat-hathai Chatthinwat, Mae Chi. 2009. Mae Chi’ Identity: A Case Study of Mae Chi Wat Pak Nam Phasicharoen. MA Thesis in Liberal Arts in Women Studies, Interdisciplinary School of Thammasatra University. 6 ,)& )Q.& LS. )/2 42&3 . ':& ., 7- 6 . Z .! / Parichart Suwanbubpha. 2002. Maechee Kap Pharakit Thang Kansueksa Nai Pratet Thai. Bangkok: Office of The National Education Commission, Office of the Prime Minister. ',M,& 5 (..&*), '. LL. '&8/ / 9 vs. %. ':& '" 5 .5 / Phromkhunaphon (P.A. Payutto), Phra. 2009. Khon Thai Chai Kob Thao Theravada vs. Latthi-Achan. Bangkok: Q. Print Management. "77 6!<= #6>( ? "" 2# ".2. @B@E. LL. / The Royal Enactment on Graduate in Buddhism B.E. 2527. 01 2 0 3 - 4 56 / 5 .-3 5889

$'7 *, '. LS. "2#&'))> F. ':& 0 . / Phaisan Wisalo, Phra. 2003. Buddhasasanathai Nai Anakhot Naewnom Lae Thang Ok Chak Wikrit. Bangkok: Rueankaewkanphim. M-&,!#. LR. !. ':& 7. / Dhammananda Bhikkhuni. 2010. Bat Now. Bangkok: Songsyam. ,6& . LS. BJ 4 Q !2 3 * . ':& .... / Mahachulalonkonrajavidyalaya University. 1997. 50 Years of Mahachulalongkonrajavidyalaya’s Higher Education. Bangkok: n.p.. . LP. 42 * XZ # "( 2# *[ #- "2#%)24)/ "2 @BB\. / . 2008. Prakat Mahavidyalaya Mahachulalongkonrajavidyalaya Ruang Anumat Lak Sut Buddhasatra Mahabandit Sakhavija Buddhasat Lae Silpa Haeng Jivit Buddhasakaraj 2551. &N6. LR. \JJ 4Q @]^_-@B^_. &': *''5 N6& . / Mahamakutrajavidyalaya University. 1993. 100 Years of Mahamakutrajwityalaya 1893-1993. Bangkok: Mahamakutrajavidyalaya Press. . LSR. 42 XZ 23. / . 2000. Prakat Mahawityalaya Mahamakutrajavidyalaya Ruang Palisueksa. ! )0 . LP. )"# !/ => 7>( "" 2#942& . '# 5 //' #7& -A& !),J 6'' #7)& ,J ,6& . / Montri Suepduang. 2008. Feminist Perspective on Woman and Theravada Buddhism in Thailand. Ph.D. Dissertation in Buddhism Graduate School, Mahachulanlongkonrajavidyalaya University. &' 5. LSP. #""2#: 2347#9")2-)/ !4567 "' )#64)!'7. '#5 -7)5 ,J 7)! )! ),J . / Yuphin Duangjun. 1998. Buddhist Women and Ordination: A Comparative Study of The Status and The Attitude of The “Maechee” at Wat Paknam, Phasicharoen in Bangkok and at Deanmahamongkon Meditation Center in Kanchanaburi. MA Thesis in Comparative Religion, Graduate School, Mahidol University. 6&! (..&*), '. LL. 2-'*#$3 %: 47| .Z ':& #*.! / Rajwaramuni (P.A. Payutto), Phra. 1986. Kan Sueksa Kanasong: Panha Thi Ro Thang Ok. Bangkok: Komonkhimthong Foundation. - . / Martin Seeger

. LSL. '*#$% "... 2)3 / . ':& *'' 5 ,6& . / . 1999. Kan Khanasong Kab Pho Ro Bo Kan Seuksa Haeng Chat. Bangkok: Mahachulalongkonrajwityalaya Press. M#*6 . LS. 42 *[ . ':& #'. / Abhidhamchotikavidyalaya. 2011. The Diploma Ceremony for Abhidhampandit. Bangkok: Thana press. . LS. 7# . ':& . / Anek Nawikmun. 2004. Siamese Woman. Bangkok: Saeng Dao. Adachi, Kaoru. 2010. Leading with a Noble Misson: The Dynamic Leadership of Maechee Sansanee Shtirasuta. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota. Adiele, Faith. 2004. Meeting Faith An Inward Odyssey. New York: Norton. Collins, Steven and McDaniel, Justin. 2010. Buddhist ‘Nuns’ (Mae Chi) and the Teaching of Pali in Contemporary Thailand. Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 44, No. 6. Chatsumarn Kabilsingh. 1986. “Buddhism and National Development: A Case Study of Buddhist Univer sities.” in Religion. Bruce Matthews and Judith Nagata, eds. Religion, values and Development in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Gosling, David. 1988. New Directions in Thai Buddhism. Modern Asian Studies. vol. 14. No. 3. . 1998. “The Changing Roles of Thailand’s Lay Nuns (Mae Chii).” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, vol. 26, no. 1. Lindberg Falk, Monica. 2007. Making Fields of Merit: Buddhist Female Ascetics and Gendered Orders in Thailand. Copenhagen/Washington: University of Washington Press. Tambiah, S. J.. 1976. World Conqueror and World Renouncer: A Study of Buddhism and Polity in Thailand Against a Historical Background. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Terwiel, Barend Jan. 2012. Siam Ten Ways to Look at Thailand’s Past. Gossenberg Oastasien Verlag.

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