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Chocolate City Way up South in Appalachia: Black Knoxville at the Intersection of Race, Place, and Region

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Chocolate City Way up South in Appalachia: Black Knoxville at the Intersection of Race, Place, and Region University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2019 Chocolate City Way Up South in Appalachia: Black Knoxville at the Intersection of Race, Place, and Region Enkeshi Thom El-Amin University of Tennessee Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Thom El-Amin, Enkeshi, "Chocolate City Way Up South in Appalachia: Black Knoxville at the Intersection of Race, Place, and Region. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2019. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5340 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Enkeshi Thom El-Amin entitled "Chocolate City Way Up South in Appalachia: Black Knoxville at the Intersection of Race, Place, and Region." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Sociology. Michelle Christian, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Victor Ray, Paul K. Gellert, Michelle Brown, Jessica Grieser Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Chocolate City Way Up South in Appalachia: Black Knoxville at the Intersection of Race, Place, and Region A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Enkeshi Thom El-Amin May 2019 Dedication This dissertation is my love letter to Black Knoxville and I would like to dedicate it to all the community members that so willingly shared their stories with me formally and informally. I would also like to dedicate this work to little Black girls in chocolate cities throughout the world. Those girls include: the ones from good homes and the ones from dysfunctional homes, the ones who live in well-resourced neighborhoods and the ones who live in struggling neighborhoods, the ones who attend the best schools and the ones who attend school nobody cares about, the ones who know what PhDs are and the ones who have never heard of a PhD. This dissertation is for those Black girls. ii Acknowledgments I am humble and honored to have been able to pursue this level of education. These have been six of the most challenging, yet satisfying years of my life. My completing this degree is a testament to strength of the people who came before me and those who walk with me. I do not take it lightly that many people have had to take many steps and make many sacrifices for me to get to this place. Somebody survived the middle passage so I could be here Somebody bought Victoria village so I could be here Somebody traveled from St. Lucia to Guyana to find work Somebody sent her daughter to sewing lessons Somebody saved pennies at a time to buy the materials she would used to build the house I grew up in Somebody sent their teenage son to the military, he became an renowned artist that move to the states and drove a bus so I can be here Somebody thought me reading, math, social studies and science Somebody followed me on Facebook and liked every single thing I've posted so I can be here Somebody loved the hell out of me so I could be here Somebody fed me and moved me into their house Somebody talked with me for hours and listen to all my frustrations about this research so I could be here today Somebody danced with me with spirits in my soul Somebody laughed with me Somebody cussed me out Somebody comb my hair Somebody cried with me so I could be here Somebody sent their baby girl thousands of miles to the United States so I could be here Somebody told me stories of black Knoxville Somebody read my exams Somebody did laundry permanently so I could be here Somebody read my papers and gave me feedback Somebody took me shopping so I could be here Somebody sat on the edge of the couch and watch TV with me when I was having a bad day so I could be here today Somebody read books so I could be here Somebody gave me book to read so I can be here Somebody cheered me on, sent me kind words Somebody played school with me so I could be here Somebody answered my question, asked me questions and prayed for me so I can be here Somebody was, somebody wasn’t somebody did and somebody didn’t so I can be here To all those somebodies... Thank you! iii Abstract Popular perceptions of Appalachia depict a rural region populated by poor, "backward," uneducated whites. Despite a more than two-hundred-year black presence in Appalachia, the perceived racial homogeneity of the region and the scholarly discourse that downplay racial difference (c.f., Coleman 2001) create a story of Appalachia focused on poor (white) problems that ignore race. Through an ethnographic case study of Knoxville, this dissertation seeks to disrupt popular and scholarly conceptions of Appalachia by considering how scholars might research, recognize and think about race in the region not simply through the experiences of whites, but through an examination of the lives of the sizable but almost invisible population of blacks. Using qualitative data, mainly in-depth interviews with 36 native and long-term residents of Knoxville and participant observation examine Black Appalachian experiences at the intersection of race and place—both at a contextual level as well as experiential level. Three primary questions drive this research: 1) What are the historical, structural, racial, and cultural practices that have shaped the relationship between Blackness and place? 2) How might understanding Black experiences facilitate a reimagining of place? and 3) How does Black place- making occur? /What are the major sites of Black place-making? To answer these questions and otherwise conceive the Black Appalachian experience in Knoxville, I draw and expand on literature in the theoretical tradition of Black geography and urban Black sociology –specifically Chocolate City Sociology. I argue that in the context of invisibility, erasure, and exclusion from narratives of Knoxville (Appalachia), Black Knoxvillians develop a sense of place characterized by a sense of being out of place. Due to a history of racial violence against Black neighborhoods, i.e. urban renewal and urban disinvestment, Blacks also develop a strong sense of loss of place in Knoxville. Still, it is neighborhoods, not the region or the city, that are linked to Black iv Knoxvillians’ collective identity. While vehicles of racial violence, Black neighborhoods simultaneously function as sites of Black safety and collective place-making. v Table of Contents Chapter 1: “I don’t identify as being Appalachian…Mountain people are Appalachian” ... 1 Chapter 2: 400 Mulvaney Street ................................................................................................ 16 Chapter 3: “When you address me you need to thank me for what I’ve done thus far,” “That’s how Knoxville treats the black community” .............................................................. 36 Chapter 4: “Slums? How long we been living in the slums? This is a neighborhood.” ....... 64 Chapter 5: “I didn’t feel like I’m in the wrong place or out of place”................................. 102 Chapter 6: “The old heads or folks with warrants would stand in the alley and watch the games for free” .......................................................................................................................... 136 Chapter 7: “We are woven into the fabric of what it is but it’s like no one talks about it”166 References .................................................................................................................................. 177 Vita ............................................................................................................................................. 190 vi Chapter 1: “I don’t identify as being Appalachian…Mountain people are Appalachian” I don’t identify as being Appalachian. I recognize that our culture and East Tennessee is influenced by Appalachia. I definitely recognize that is a part of it. I have an appreciation for the mountains, but I wouldn’t consider myself as Appalachian. I can understand why people when they see where we are on the map…. Mountain people are Appalachian. Ah..Um…I understand. I went to Virginia to visit my aunt in high school, and I was there for a summer. I remember we were outside and whatever high schoolers do...just sitting outside like throwing rocks or something. And one of the kids was like do “y’all wear shoes?” They were asking me these random questions. They asked me if we wore shoes in Tennessee and in Knoxville were the roads paved (laughter) and I’m like were you really asking me that? And I had to explain…. yeah we wear shoes and we got paved roads. But there’s still sometimes this perception that we backwoods country in East Tennessee. And I just think I would never have to explain in Virginia where is still technically part of the South that we wore shoes and we don’t have dirt roads. I think that we believe that we are from the South and I think that it takes an Appalachian or someone reference us as Appalachian for us to be reminded of that. Because I don’t think that we think of us as being Appalachian…cause we don’t think we are any different from Atlanta, Chattanooga, or Nashville. We think we’re the same. Until an outsider comes in and says, “Something’s different here” (Laughter)…. And they all do! They all do! Every new graduate student, black faculty member (I don’t know what it is) (Laughing) they’ll say to me I've never….
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