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Document generated on 09/29/2021 12:04 p.m. Circuit Musiques contemporaines Towards an Analysis of Compositional Strategies1 Éléments d’analyse de la stratégie de composition François Delalande Le génome musical Article abstract Volume 17, Number 1, 2007 The author is interested in the process of composing, i.e. the invention of a piece of music from the initial spark of intuition to the final product. His study URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/016771ar is based on the “Germinal” project, an experiment in composition involving DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/016771ar fourteen composers working with identical technical resources in computer studio 123 of the grm (Groupes de recherches musicales) in Paris in 1985. Their See table of contents creations all followed a common work schedule in four stages, with each composer adopting a very personal strategy at each of these stages. Describing their strategies amounts to giving an account not only of their actions, but also of the attitudes and decisions that led from an initial project to a final product. Publisher(s) Four levels of criteria governing the decision-making process are then Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal proposed: technical quality, grammaticality, the musical idea and the topic. The first two conform to a search for regularity while the latter two suggest a desire for singularity. These levels determine work attitudes in relation to ISSN sound and machines, i.e., poietic attitudes. From this comparative study 1183-1693 (print) several strategies have emerged, three of which are explained. Finally, the 1488-9692 (digital) author develops the concept of singularity, which is a central concern of composers, and which may also be viewed as a challenge to computers and Explore this journal music analysis. Cite this article Delalande, F. (2007). Towards an Analysis of Compositional Strategies1. Circuit, 17(1), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.7202/016771ar Tous droits réservés © Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 2007 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ Towards an Analysis of Compositional Strategies1 François Delalande (Translated by Timothy Barnard) In this article I propose to take a close look at the nature of musical composition. 1. [Ed.] This article was originally pub- lished in the conference proceedings Not a composition — a musical structure of juxtaposed sounds — but compo- Structures musicales et assistance infor- sition itself, the act of composing or more generally of inventing music, from the matique, June 1-4, 1988, MIM, CNR first spark to the finished object. We need to establish a model for this practice Marseille. 2. [Ed.] The participating composers and of creating individual compositions and to take a fairly close look at how the their respective compositional entries imagination works with the material and the tools at its disposal, at the behav- were: François Bayle — Feux d’eau; iours involved, and at how and when decisions are made. Jacques Lejeune — Impromptu-nuage; Denis Levaillant — Éloge du zarb; What has tempted me to make a modest contribution to this topic is the Bénédict Mailliard — Affleurements; privileged material at my disposal. In 1984, Bénédict Mailliard launched the Yann Geslin — Rebours; Daniel Teruggi ‘Germinal’ project: fourteen composers were invited to create a short étude — Léo le jour; Arnaud Petit — Furientanz; Alain Savouret — Étude, 2 which observed certain common constraints . Each étude would be entirely numérique, aux syllabes; Patrick Fleury created out of a ‘germ’ or ‘kernel’, a sound cell several seconds in length.3 The — Stand by; Philippe Mion — Cotillon 2000; Denis Dufour — Le labyrinthe de kernel would be different for each composer and had to be transformed, devel- l’amour n°1 ; Christian Zanési — Zéro oped and multiplied using only the resources of the 123 computer studio of un; Gilles Racot — Anamorphées. The the Groupe de Recherche Musicale (grm), which had been specifically pieces were premiered — save for Bayle who did not strictly respect the con- designed for these kinds of transformations. Only the final step of the compo- straints of the project — at a concert on sition process, the editing and mixing, would be carried out in a traditional 26 November 1985. studio. All that Jean-Christophe Thomas and I had to do was to submit the 3. [Ed.] The word “kernel” is used to translate the French “germe”, the root of françois delalande composers to close questioning, which we did with a dozen of them, thereby the word “germinal”, which means seed, obtaining a homogeneous body of descriptions of how composers work. or more generally, the first rudiments of 11 any living thing, and by extension, the This body of information has its virtues and limitations, as outlined in the fol- origin or starting point of a work of art. lowing discussion. If it were a matter of comparing the composers’ plans, “Kernel” is chosen since it is the word traditionally used in organicistic musical defined as a series of operations, this material would be quite poorly suited to analysis, for example by Rudolph Réti. the task because the plan was, generally speaking, fixed by the project’s con- straints. But the relative uniformity of the stages of creation was suited to bring- ing out more fine-grained differences: the differences in the strategy adopted by each composer working under similar conditions. Each observed the same chronology of operations: recording and manipulating the kernel, editing and mixing. But no two composers approached in the same way the triad of machine, sounds and imagination as a means for giving birth to ideas, decisions, corrections and, finally, a piece of music. From ‘creative plan’ to ‘compositional strategy’ 4. Michel Chion and Guy Reibel, Usually, electro-acoustic composition is described as having four stages:4 Les Musiques Electroacoustiques (Aix-en- Provence, INA-GRM/Edisud, 1976), p. 210. • sound recording (concrete or electronic); • transformation and manipulation; • creating the mixing tracks; • mixing. It is useful to mention this somewhat outmoded schema (it is highly proba- ble that the concept of the ‘track’ will gradually disappear, given its close con- nection to magnetic recording tape) because, first of all, it corresponds to the working plan imposed by the Germinal project, thereby constituting a com- mon denominator, a backdrop against which more personal strategies become apparent. It is also the prototype of what we might call the ‘creative plan’. One criticism that can be made of this schema or of any other ‘creative plan’ is that it does not take into account the workings of the imagination, mistakes, going back over one’s work or secondary intuitions. We have thus contrasted the ‘creative plan’, which describes the theoretical stages of taking the elementary sound object through to the final composition, with the concept of ‘composi- tional strategy’, which describes the actual sequence not only of the actions taken but also of the approaches and decisions which lead from an initial proj- ect to a final object. In order to bring out the various aspects of this dialogue between the subject volume 17 numéro 1 numéro 17 volume and the object, let’s examine the ‘strategy’ adopted by Daniel Teruggi in com- posing Léo le jour, his étude for the Germinal project, as seen in his descrip- circuit tion of it. 12 1) I had two intentions before beginning work on the composition. The first was to work with the voice. It took time before I found the right kernel (at first I had chosen a woman’s voice, but it had been poorly recorded). I wasn’t entire- ly convinced by the voice of my son Léo, which I used in the end, but it had the advantage of containing the vowels used in song and of being suited to my second intention. This second project was to work on what I call ‘ragas’, a phenomenon I had observed earlier, while helping another composer in the same studio. These are artificially con- tracted and then expanded voices which nevertheless retain their external contour. A perpetual resonance suggestive of the sitar appeared, like a kind of pedal. This second intention is the prototype of what I will call a ‘musical idea’. A musical idea is a singular sound that Terrugi is capable of hearing in his mind and of which he makes a mental picture. Here it is the result of an earlier ‘chance discovery’: while working with another composer, he had chanced upon the felicitous effect of this manipulation when applied to the voice. The ‘idea’ is thus an imagined sound. It is very different from the objective [propos], which in this case was to work with the voice. Teruggi had never worked with the voice, and the idea attracted him because it is a field of electro - acoustic music that he had not yet mastered. To this ‘objective’ was added another (which he obviously does not mention), the objective of the Germinal project: to create an entire work out of one sound. 2) I was familiar with the formula for obtaining these ‘ragas’. It was a matter of con- tracting the sound some twenty times (using the etir program) then expanding it some hundred-fold (with the same program). I carried out the contraction/expansion operation several times varying the pitches (the entire beginning is like that).

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