Surveys in the Northwest Passage C.S.S. Hudson
FINAL FIELD REPORT
SURVEYS IN THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE C.S.S. HUDSON
A.O. O'CONNOR HYDROGRAPHER-IN-CHARGE
JUNE 23 TO OCTOBER 2,1981
.. CANADIAN HYDROGRAPHIC SERVICE INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES SIDNEY, B.C. CSS Hudson
Final Field Report
Surveys in the Northwest Passage
CSS Hudson
Projects 7710-81, 7210-7044
A.D . O'Connor
Hydrographer-in-Charge
June 23 to October 2, 1981
Canadian Hydrographic Service Institute of Ocean Sciences Sidney, B.C. 1981 • Preparations
"There are four tftings that constitute the ruination
of mankind, Whisky, Women, Gambling, and ......
Software . 11
J. William Newsome
Ope rat ions
11 1 can't bel leve you guys are doing all this without
a Xerox. 11
Alan D. Anderson
Conclusions
11 lf it wasn't for the cooks you'd all feel better. 11
2nd Cook Madigan CSS Hudson TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • • • • • • • . . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ii
ABSTRACT ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• •••••• ; • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • i i i
LI ST OF PERSONNEL ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
MAJOR CRAFT AND EQUIPMENT...... 5
CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7
INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11
PLANNING ...... 14
PREPARATIONS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16
OPERATIONS • • • • • • • • • • . • • • •• • • • •• • • • • .• •• • • •• • • • • •• •• • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 19
CONCLUSIONS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29
FIELD REPORT STATISTICS ••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• ••••••• 39
I ii
" ACKNO\~LE DGEMENTS
The personnel involved in the hydrographic phase of Hudson 1 81 were part of a team. Team members were involved in every aspect of the project, the planning, the preparation and the operation.
Credit for the success of the project goes to the t eam. What a team!
It was my good fortune to be selected coach.
Many thanks!
A.D. O' Connor iii
ABSTRACT
Betwe e n February 27 and November 14, 1981 , CSS Huds on , Canada's
largest research vessel, circumnavigated North America.
Her primary mission ~as to conduct hydrographic surveys in the
Northwest Passage in anticipation of future tanker traffic. From her base at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Hudson made passage to the Institute of Ocean Sciences at Sidney , British Columbia
to be outfitted for hydrographic surveying. Advantage was taken of the
presence of this major research vessel in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to
conduct oceanographic , geological and geophysical studies en route to I .O.S.,
and in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait on her homeward passage.
This report deals with the period July 6 to October 2, covers
the leg of Hudson 's voyage between Victoria, British Columbia and Resolute
Bay, Northwest Territories, and details the hydrographic activities of
Huds on in the Northwest Passage . LIST OF PERSONNEL
Joined Left
A.O. 0 1 Connor Victoria Resolute Bay Hydrographer-in-Charge 6 July 2 October
J .A. Vosburgh Victoria Nanislvik Senior Assistant 6 July 17 September
J.B. Larkin Victoria Resolute Bay Computer Systems Manager 6 July 11 September
A. R. Raymond Victoria Resolute Bay Senior Data Processor 6 July ' 2 October
K. Daechsel He rsche 1 Isl and Resolute Bay Hydrographer 22 July 11 September
D. Frizzle Victoria Resolute Bay Hydrographer 6 July 11 September
P. Milner Tuktoyaktuk Resolute Bay Hydrographer 27 August 2 October
E. Sargent Victoria Resolute Bay Hydrographer 6 July 2 October
R. Pa 1mer Herschel Island Resolute Bay Hydrographer 22 .Ju ·1 y 11 September
K. Halcro Victoria Resolute Bay Hydrog rapher 6 July 2 October
M. Bastarache Victoria Resolute Bay Hydrographer 6 July 11 September
K. Lyngberg Victoria Resolute Bay Hydrographer 6 July 11 September
B. lr/ood Victoria Resolute Bay Hydrographer 6 July 2 October
A. Anderson Herschel Island Tuktoyaktuk N.O.A . A. Exchange Hydrographer 23 July 27 August
R. Loschiavo Victoria Tuktoyaktuk Senior Electronics Technician 6 July 3 September
W. Hinds Tuktoyaktuk Resolute Bay Electronics Technician 14 July 11 September
R. Rob i ta i 11 e Herschel Island Resolute Bay Hydrographer 22 July 11 September 2
r Joined Left
c. Hollinger Tuktoyaktuk Resolute Bay " Electronics Technician 14 July 2 October
J. Smedley Tuktoyaktuk Tuktoyaktuk Tidal Officer 14 July 4 September
D. Kirkby Herschel Island Resolute Bay Coxswain 23 July 11 September
R. Lovelace Herschel Island Resolute Bay Coxswain 23 July 11 September
J. Young Herschel Island Resolute Bay Coxswain 23 July 11 September
R. White Herschel Island Resolute Bay Coxswain 23 July 11 September
D. Knoblauch Herschel Island Resolute Bay Coxswain 23 July 11 September
B. Laforest Herschel Island Resolute Bay Coxswain 23 July 11 September
C. Warren Victoria Resolute Bay Coxswain 6 July 2 October
F. Baker Victoria Resolute Bay Coxswain 6 July 2 October
R. Noren Herschel Island Resolute Bay Mechanic 23 July 11 September
J. Innes Herschel Island Resolute Bay Mechanic 23 July 11 September
D. Poley Herschel Island Tuktoyaktuk A.G.C. 22 July 3 September
F. Jedrey Herschel Island Tuktoyaktuk A.G.C. 22 July 27 August
R. Harmes Tuktoyaktuk Resolute Bay A. G.C. 25 August l October ;~ M. Hughes Nanisivik Resolute Bay A.G.C. 14 September 2 October
J. Nielson Nanisivik Resolute Bay A.G.C. 14 September 2 October 3
Joined Left
L. Solar Victoria Resolute Ba y Ice Observer 6 July 2 October
Captain F.W. Mauger Victoria Resolute Ba y Captain N. Norton 6 July 2 October Officers and crew of CSS Hudson
H. Massecar Resolute Bay Resolute Ba y Helicopter Pilot 11 September 2 October
V. Garbowski Resolute Bay Resolute Bay Helicopter Engineer ll September 2 October
Visitors
I . Rankine Herschel Island Tuktoyaktuk N. F. B. 22 July 27 July
R. Besse Herschel Isl and Tuktoyaktuk N.F.B. 22 July 27 July
G. Du faux Herschel Island Tuktoyaktuk N.F.B. 22 July 27 July
T. Curran Tuktoyaktuk Tuktoyaktuk Electronics Engineer 30 July 6 August
R.W . Sandilands Tuktoyaktuk Tuktoyaktuk Regional Field Superintendent 6 August 10 August
B. Pelletier Tuktoyaktuk Tuktoyaktuk G.S.C. 13 August 21 August
J. Scott Tuktoyaktuk Tuktoyaktuk G.S.C. 18 August 18 August
B. Forrestell Tuktoyaktuk Tuktoya kt uk Treas ury Board 18 August 18 August
W. Erikson Tuktoyaktuk Tuktoyaktuk E .M. R. l 8 /\ugus t 18 August
M. Foster Tuktoyaktuk Tuktoyaktuk Photographer 21 August 27 August
T. Koepke Tuktoyaktuk Tuktoyaktuk Observer 21 August 27 August
G. Kusak Tuktoyaktuk Tuktoyaktuk Side Scan Sonar Engineer 16 August 20 Aug ust 4
. Joined Left
M. Bolton Tuktoyaktuk Tuktoyaktuk Regional Hydrographer (Pacific) 27 August 30 August
G.R. Douglas Tuktoyaktuk Tuktoyaktuk Regional Hydrographer (Central) 27 August 30 August
T. Curtis Tuktoyaktuk Tuktoyaktuk Contractor 27 August 3 September p. Lacroix Tuktoyaktuk Tuktoyaktuk Contractor 27 August 3 September
Hydrographic Survey Party Hudson 1 81
Left to Right : Ralph, John, Roger, Bill, Brian, Tony, Pete, Doug, Ernie, Knut, Jim, Ken, Richard, Alex, Maurice, Ken. Not Shown: John, Alan, Craig. 5
MAJOR CRAFT AND EQUIPMENT
CSS Hudson
90 metre , steel-hulled, ice- strengthened, hydrographic and oceanographic research vessel.
C-XMH, C-CQB, C-OKN
Bell 206B helicopters on charter to the Polar Continental Shelf Project (PCSP) from Quasar Aviation Ltd.
C-lMQ
Sikorsky S-76 helicopter on charter to Dome Petroleum from Okanagan Helicopters Ltd. Occasional use only.
Survey Boats
Brisk~ Bright~ Brave~ Bold and Barracuda, 8 metre fibreglass, Bertram hull , survey launches each painted a different colour for identification purposes.
Positioning System
ARGO DM54 medium frequency (1702 KHz) electronic pos1t1oning system operated in range-range and hyperbolic mode, 11 stations.
Echo Sounders
Simrad Skipper 802 50 KHz echo sounders, 8 units .
Sounding Digitizers
Myers Systems Incorporated 11 Bottom Tracker11 Model G-1097, 8 units.
Data Logger
Portable Hydrographic Acquisit ion System (PHAS) microprocessor based data logging system with navigation capability. 8 units.
Rad i OS
Robertson VHF lOOx radios equipped with headphones, noise cancelling microphones and fitted with selective calling decoder. 6 units.
Processing System •
A PDP11-34A disc based computer system complete with 20 mb of disc storage; one Tandberg TDC3000 dual drive cartridge recorder; one Kennedy 9000 9-track magn etic tape transport; one 36 11 Calcomp 1038 drum plotter; one Tektronix 4014 graphics terminal; two VTlOO video display terminals; and two LA120 printer terminals. 6
Side Scan Sonar Klein 3 channel 531T recorder, 50 KHz dual body fish.
Atlantic Geoscience Centre (AGC) Equipment
2 EPC model 4100 graphic recorders 2 Krohn-Hite model 3343 variable filter-amp! ifiers AGC High Voltage Airgun Trigger Unit NSRF 21 element active tapered hydrophone array Bolt 600B Par airgun with 5 or 10 cu. in. chamber Rix model K98 compressor Rix model Kl44 compressor 1800 lb. Benthos Piston corer with gravity corer trigger Lehigh 700 lb. gravity corer Benthos 800 lb. grav\ty corer Van Veen grab sampler 7
CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS
June 23 Hudson arrives I .O.S. Patricia Bay.
II 24 Loading survey boats and equipment, I .O.S.
II 25 Testing davits and ARGO , I . O. S. Hudson departs for shipyard, Esquimalt.
II 26 Continue loading at Esquimalt. Hudson undergoing engine repairs.
July 5 Engine trials at Victoria.
II 6 Hudson departs for Beaufort Sea.
II 7 Pacific Ocean, GEBCO, magnetics.
II 8 Pacific Ocean, GEBCO, magnetics.
II 9 Pacific Ocean , GEBCO , magnetics .
II 10 Pacific Ocean, GEBCO, magnetics .
II 11 Pacific Ocean, GEBCO, magnetics .
II 12 Un I mak Pass.
11 13 Bering Sea, GEBCO, magnetics .
II 14 Arctic Circle, King Neptune aboard.
II 15 Chukchi Sea.
II 16 In Ice, Wainwright, Alaska.
I I 17 In ice, Point Barrow.
II 18 Barrow, Alaska, testing survey boats.
II 19 Round Point Barrow, Alaska .
II 20 Barter Isl and.
II 21 In ice, Beaufort $ea.
II 22 Arrive Herschel Island.
II 23 Mary B VI a longs Ide, transfer Huntec Deep Tow. ARGO chain operational.
II 24 Calibration. 8
July 25 Training operations.
II 26 Training operations.
II 27 Commence survey operations, 587 miles of sounding.
II 28 Down for weather, S. E. 38 knots, ship check lines.
II 29 Continue boat sounding, 752 miles.
II 30 Continue boat sounding, 763 miles.
II 31 Continue boat sounding, 860 ml les.
August Continue boat sounding, 566 miles.
II 2 Down for weather, N.W. 32 knots, ship c heck li nes.
II 3 Down for weather, N.W . 38 knots, ship check lines.
II 4 0830 Resume boat sounding, 427 miles.
II 5 Continue boat sounding , 827 miles.
II 6 Continue boat sounding, 923 miles.
II 7 Continue boat sounding, 883 miles.
II 8 Continue boat sounding, 726 miles.
II 9 Down for weather, E. 28 knots, Side Scan, Seismic.
II 10 Continue boat sounding, 721 miles.
II 11 Continue boat sounding, 773 miles.
II 12 Continue boat sounding until 1600. S.E. 30 knots, 638 miles.
II 13 0800 Continue boat sounding 667 miles.
II 14 Continue boat sounding, 779 miles.
II 15 Continue boat sounding, 839 miles.
II 16 Continue boat sounding unt i 1 noon , s.w. 30 knots, 318 ml l es.
'.'i II 17 Down for weather, s.w. 30 knots, recover current meters at ice edge north of corridor.
II 18 0800 Continue boat sounding 586 ml les.
II 19 Continue boat sounding, 834 ml les.
II 20 Down for weather, N. E. 40 knots. 9
August 21 Down for weather, N.E. 35 knots.
II 22 Down for weather, W. - 30 knots.
II 23 1600 Continue boat sounding, 246 miles.
II 24 Continue boat sounding, 859 miles.
II 25 Continue boat sounding, 884 mi 1es.
11 26 Continue boat sounding, 814 miles.
II 27 Continue boat sounding until 1800, S.E. 25 knots, 477 miles.
II 28 Down for weather, S.E . 25-30 knots.
II 29 Continue boat sounding until 1900, W. 30 knots, 625 miles.
II 30 Down for weather, W. 40 knots.
II 31 Down for weather, W. 35-40 knots.
Sept. Off Tuktoyaktuk awaiting fuel barge.
II 2 Refueling.
II 3 Recovering ARGO stations.
11 4 Recovering ARGO stations. 1030 proceed eastwards . Total corridor sounding 17,394 miles.
II 5 Dolphin Union Strait track sounding.
II 6 Queen Maud Gulf, Victoria Strait, track sounding.
11 7 Larsen Sound, Frankl in Strait, track sounding.
II 8 In ice 74°36 1 N, l00°00 1 N. Proceeding Resolute Bay.
II 9 Anchored, Resolute Bay .
II 10 Anchored, Resolute Bay.
II 11 Proceeding Lancaster Sound.
II 12 Deploy ARGO, Cape Home.
II 13 Deploy ARGO, Cape Charles Yorke.
II 14 Deploy ARGO, Cape Crauford. Calibrate, commence sounding.
II 15 Ship sounding, Lancaster Sound.
II 16 Ship sounding, Lancaster Sound . 10
Sept. 17 Ship sounding, seismic p~ofiles, Lancaster Sound.
II 18 Ship sounding, Lancaster Sound.
II 19 Ship sounding, seismic profiles, Lancaster Sound.
II 20 Ship sounding, seismic profiles, Lancaster Sound.
II 21 Ship sounding, calibration, Lancaster Sound.
II 22 Down for weather, S.W. 40-50 knots.
II 23 Calibrate, ship sounding, Lancaster Sound.
II 24 Seismic profiles, coring, Lancaster Sound.
II 25 Recover ARGO, Cape Home.
II 26 Recover ARGO, Cape Crauford and Cape Charles Yorke, proceeding Resolute Bay.
II 27 Arrive Resolute Bay.
11 28 Unloading equipment.
11 29 Continue unloading.
11 30 Complete unloading.
Oct. Awaiting charter aircraft.
II 2 Depart Resolute Bay for Victoria. 11
INTRODUCTION
In anticipation of oil tanker traffic in 1985, an evaluation of the existing hydrogtaphlc survey coverage of the Northwest Passage was undertaken. Three areas of major concern were Identified: the Beaufort Sea, Prince of Wales Strait and an area of Parry Channel south of Bathurst Island. The primary area of concern, designated number one national priority by the Canadian Hydrographic Service for survey and charting action, is the Beaufort Sea. Numerous Pingo-Like-Features (PLFs), named for their resemblance to the well known pingo features on shore, are known to rise abruptly from an otherwise featureless seabed, some to within 15 metres of the surface of the Beaufort Sea. Intense exploration and development activities currently taking place in the area are tangible evidence of industry's commitment to production and therefore future deep draught traffic.
In early 1980, CSS Hudson was assigned to conduct hydrographic surveys in the Beaufort Sea commencing in the summer of 1981. The lead time thus afforded was used to advantage.
A series of studies was undertaken, both in-house and in the private sector, to improve the level of understanding of PLFs and their distribution pattern, to attempt to forecast 1 ikely areas of concentration, and to arrive at an optimum approach to the problem of detecting and charting these hazards to navigation. A number of contractors' reports document the various studies carried out, the salient points of which are noted here:
1. Pingo-Like-Features in the Beaufort Sea occur in an area bounded in the North and South by the 200 and the 20 metre contours. The East West boundaries are the 128° and 136° meridians West from Greenwich. The total area is about 9600 square nautical miles .
2. Pingo-Like-Features have base diameters between 100 metres and several thousand metres, and their gradients vary between 1 :3 and 1 :200.
3. Sonar, either swath or side scan may or may not detect all Pingo-Like Features.
Consideration of these studies Indicated that in order to assure detection of all PLFs, the area must be surveyed using vertical beam sounders on parallel sounding 1 ines 100 metres apart. The area should also be subjected to 100% bottom coverage with side scan sonar to ensure detection of atypical PLFs. To survey the entire area to these specifications would involve the running of some 186,000 1 ine miles of sounding and about 20,000 1 ine miles of side scan sonar sweeping at reduced speed. Previous surveys in the Beaufort Sea area have shown that about 10,000 1 ine miles of sounding can be expected from a 11 good 11 season. A 10 mile wide corridor, 170 miles long, surveyed to the previously mentioned specifications would involve the running of 31 ,500 1 ine miles of sounding, and 3200 miles of sonar sweeping. Considering the possibility of a 11 bad 11 season, this corridor approach offered the reasonable compromise of a surveyed, 11 swept11 and charted channel, albeit narrow, thro ~ gh the Beaufort Sea prior to the arrival of the first tanker. .::.... ·
136. 1 34° 132° 130° 12s· 126°
\.._ PROPOSED ISHIPPING CORRlDOR BSAUFORT SEA
71 720 1 I ~ !~i~p ing Co rridor I I I ~~-~ 1 Limits of Completed Nlodern Surveys Scale: approx 1'2,00P,000 ...··· ...... ·...... I' ·...... -.... .· ..
71• - ~ • : •• -· 1-VYV I Ip o pojnt.) stjpth gt~ 171° ,, ,, ,,,--- ,,,'... N ,, ,, ,, + ,, ,, ,, ~ ,, .~
, .... 'ti.I> ; L rJ\- r-1 \1------1 u 701 \ ~c/ -+~~---~----·/_::~~-~---r~-~~j /;}-t_,--~_/t .t'11~ ' ~ I \ I &9211 ( /- . - .-' --.j J / s \ 70° ) ,, ,- -· .-- ) ( ' : f d I I (J i ~ Ii·' I /I _: J ,-/.
136° 132· 130° 12s· 126°
, 13
Pingo on shore near Tuktoyaktuk
.,
Echogram over similar feature in Beaufort Sea 14
The proposed corridor was plpnned to avoid known concentrations of PLFs, to stay outside the 30 metre contour, and to be relatively close to areas of development activity. This proposed corridor was circulated to interested parties with the caveat that upon survey the corridor may prove to be impassab le or may l imlt the draught of proposed tankers. No negative comments being received, the Beaufort Sea corridor concept was adopted as official Canadian Hydrographic Service pol icy, and Hudson was tasked to commence the corridor survey in 1981.
PLANNING
General planning for the hydrographlc phase of Hudson 1 81 as the cruise came to be known, began in late January 1980 with the appointment of A.O. O'Connor to the position of Hydrographer-in-Charge.
A general concept was established; the survey would be conducted using high speed sounding boats operating 16 hours per day in shifts. During the evenings and periods of inclement weather Hudson would tow side scan sonar In the corridor. Personnel from the Atlantic Geoscience Centr\ would participate on an opportunity basis, collecting shallow seismic profiles and gravity cores. The potential volume of data from four high speed boats working 16 hours per day called for the data collection and processing procedures to be automated.
From this general plan, basic requirements in the way of equipment were identified. In keeping with our policy of redundancy of equipment on Arctic surveys, all equipment would be duplicated to allow the survey to continue while repairs were carried out.
l. Survey Boats
Five reliable high speed boats were required, four to run daily and the fifth for a spare in case of major failure. Suitable boats were available at I .O.S. but as Hudson was primarily equipped for major offshore oceanographic and geophysical programs her davits and chocks could not handle the 1.0.S. boats.
2. Echo Sounders
The echo sounders installed in the 1.0.S. boats were 10 years old and had seen better days, 8 new sounders were required.
3. Echo Sounder Digitizers
The main weak point in automated data collecting in sounding boats up to January 1980 had been the difficulty in digitizing echo soundings. A high priority was given to the development of a suitable digitizer, 8 of which would be required. 15
4. Positioning System
Previous surveys in the area through which the proposed corridor passed had used Decca 6f for positioning. The accuracy of this system ±100 metres was sufficient for surveys at scale l :100,000 using coarse line spacing. This survey at l :20,000 would require a system with higher accuracy. The corridor averaged 60 nautical miles offshore precluding use of the popular microwave systems. Three candidate systems were identified, a 11 beefed up 11 Mini-Fix system, Hi-Fix 6 and ARGO DM54. The Mini-Fix was to be tested in the Beaufort Sea in 1980 and, if it did not meet the requirements of the survey a close look would be taken at Hi-Fix 6 and ARGO.
5. Data Logging
A Portable Hydrographlc Acquisition System (PHAS) was introduced into Pacific Region in i976. This system had been used successfully onboard ship but had seen limited success in small boats. The existing 6 units needed refurbishing and a further 2 units were required. PHAS has a built-in capability to provide navigation information which would enable the boats to run straight lines rather than arcs. This capabil lty if developed would maximize production.
6. Data Processing
Pacific Region's existing data processing equipment was 10 years old and even if fully operational throughout the survey would have difficulty coping with the volume of data anticipated. A more powerful system was ., required.
7. Personnel
Eight hydrographers would be required to operate the sounding boats in shifts for 16 hours per day. Two hydrographers were required for relief and for ship watches at night. Data processing would fully occupy a further 2 hydrographers, the senior assistant and the Chief Hydrographer, bringing the total complement to 14. A minimum of 2 electronics technicians and 2 mechanics would be required to maintain electronic equipment, and boats respectively. Nine coxswains (8 plus l spare) were required to man the boats.
8. Side Scan Sonar
A Klein 100 KHz side scan sonar system had been used for sweeping in the Beaufort Sea with disappointing results In 1978. A 50 KHz system promised better results so arrangements were made to conduct trials of such a system in 1980 with a view to purchase for 1981 if it proved successful in detecting PLFs.
A planning meeting was held at B. 1.0. on March 21, 1980. In attendance, among others, were S.B. MacPhee, Dominion Hydrographer, and A.J. Kerr, G.R. Douglas and M. Bolton, Regional Hydrographers for Atlantic, Central and Pacific Regions respectively. At this meeting the general concept outlined above was adopted and detailed preparations began. 16
PREPARA.T IONS r
During the 1980 survey season in the Beaufort Sea, Pandora II tested a leased 50 KHz side scan sonar system in the PLF area. The system's performance exceeded expectations, detecting PLFs at ranges up to 600 metres, arrangements were made to purchase the system. Pandora II also conducted tests with the 11 beefed up 11 Mini-Fix system. Results of these tests were disappointing and Mini-Fix was stricken from the list of candidate positioning systems leaving Hi-Fix 6 and ARGO DM54. A panel of positioning system experts from Atlantic , Central and Pacific Regions met to examine each system. The panel unanimously recommended ARGO DM54 as the preferred system. This system was added to our shopping 1 ist.
During her winter refit, davits, chocks and winches compatible with the 1.0.S. boats were fitted to Hudson.
A study of available echo sounders and digitizers was undertaken. Simrad Skipper 802 sounders were selected and a local company was contracted to develop and produce suitable digitizers .
Development officers and data processors from Atlantic and Pacific Regions met in Victoria to discuss the processing requirements of this survey and future Pacific Region surveys . They recommended purchase of a PDPll/34 system.
A contract was let to a local firm to develop a navigation package for PHAS. Simultaneously refurbishment of the existing PHAS units was undertaken in-house. In keeping with the redundancy pol icy 2 further units were ordered.
The 1.0.S. 8-metre survey boats are heavy, they weigh 10,000 lbs fully equipped. To maintain high speed, personnel, fuel and extraneous equipment mu st be kept to a minimum. Plans called for the launches to be manned by a coxswain and one hydrographer per shift. In order to minimize the fuel load, a four hour split shift schedule was developed. The boats ran from 0400 to 2000. One crew worked 0400 to 0800 and 1200 to 1600, the other crew worked the alternate shift. Maintenance was carried out between 2000 and 0400. This four hour shift system, in addition to minimizing fuel loads had the added advantage of reducing the fatigue of the boat crews in poor weather. Meal times onboard Hudson were adjusted to accommodate the boat shift system.
Time lost during crew changes and refueling could potentially offset any gains in speed made by light fuel and personnel loads. To minimize the alongside time a fast fueling system was designed and built. This system could deliver fuel to the boats at a rate of one gallon per second; a normal fuel requirement was 40 gallons.
The sounder bar check would be carried out alongside the ship. Hudson would lower a cone to the maximum depth required, reflective discs would be attached to the wire at 10 metre intervals. Each boat in turn would pass by the wire and calibrate its sounder in a matter of seconds. 250 Gallon Tank
'Shot' Tank Filling Valve 45 Gallon ·Shot' Tank Sight Gauge 90.Ba II Va Ive
CSS HUDSON
90• Ball Valve Quick Connect Coupling 18
I I BEAUFORT SEA I I WINCH ROOM I SOUNDER CALIBRATION I I ------~
CSS HUDSON SURVEY LAUNCH ---
..., 19
A local company was contracted to develop a computer-based boat control program. This program would optimize sounding boat deployment by producing hard copy shift assignments based upon progress to date and shoal examinations and inter! ines required. The program would also .. recommend the optimum ship position for launching, refueling and recovering the survey boats .
In keeping with the national priority of the survey, hydrographers from different regions were assigned to the survey to supplement Pacific Region personne 1 .
Key personnel at I .O.S. were assigned responsibi 1 ity for the various simultaneous preparation activities now underway. These personnel reported to a series of ~onthly progress meetings which commenced on October 10, 1980 and were designed to ensure preparations progressed on schedule. A full scale mockup of the survey was scheduled for May 1, 1981. Over the ensuing months, equipment and systems were assembled but it quickly became clear that the "artificial" dead! ine of May 1, would not be met. In fact the entire survey package was not complete until a few moments before 1000 hrs on July 6 when Hudson sailed from Victoria for the Beaufort Sea.
OPERATIONS
Hudson collected GEBCO and magnetics data on a smooth passage across the Pacific Ocean and through the Bering Sea. Ice was encountered North of Wainwright, Alaska, on July 16 . While awaiting favourable ice conditions along the North Coast of Alaska, hydrographers and ships crew practised using the docking, refueling , and crew changing system. On July 19, Hudson rounded Point Barrow and made good progress towards the Beaufort Sea. Ice slowed progress between Barter Island and Herschel Island but Hudson arrived off Herschel Island at 0600 on July 22, precisely on schedule .
Plans had been made prior to departure to have hydrographers , geologists, coxswains, mechanics and a National Film Board crew arrive in lnuvik on July 22 for transfer by helicopter to the ship . The helicopter, a Bell 212 was supposed to be on charter from Shirley Air Services and in addition to transferring personnel was to sling concrete anchors ashore at Herschel Island, to anchor the ARGO antenna. Unfortunately, the helicopter was not available . The next couple of days were frustrating but, with the invaluable assistance of Tony Mortimer and Fred Stephenson (CHS employees from Victoria working at Tuktoyaktuk) who were able to charter at different times a Bell 206L, a Sikorsky 76, a Twin Otter on wheels, and a Beaver on floats, we managed to get the personnel aboard, the 100 foot antenna erected and the ARGO station on the air by 0200 on July 24. The remainder of the day was spent calibrating the ARGO chain (three more stations had been activated prior to our arrival by Tony and Fred et al) using the Polar Continental Shelf Project helicopter XMH. On July 25 we arrived in the ice-free western end of the proposed corridor and deployed our boats for testing and training. On July 25 and 26 the whole data gathering and processing system of this large scale automated survey was tested, debugged, repaired, replaced l
20
en route
100 ft ARGO antenna erected on Herschel Island I 21 I I I or otherwise rendered operational. This, to a lesser degree, appl led also to the hydrographers and coxswqins some of whom had not been exposed to all I of the equipment and techniques being used on this survey. I At 0400 on July 27, 4 boats were deployed in thick fog to start I surveying the proposed corridor. Our compressed training program paid off as I all 4 boats reappeared out of the fog at 0800 for the scheduled refueling stop and crew change. A few bugs still existed in the various components I of the system but by the end of the day we had collected and processed 587 I 1 inear miles of sounding. July 28 was lost to weather although check] ines were run by the ship. For the next 3 days the boats sounded 16 hours per I day for a July total of 2945 miles. The ship ran side scan sonar and seismic I 1 ines at night. I The survey continued in August. As everyone settled Into the I routine we were soon collecting and processing about 800 miles of sounding I per day. Our best day was 923 miles, the boat control program enabled us to keep up to date with shoal exams and inter] Ines thereby cutting down on deadhead time as we progressed along the corridor at a rate of 4.5 nautical miles per day . Unexpectedly, a large number of floating logs was encountered in the Beaufort Sea courtesy of the Mackenzie River runoff. Occasional coll is ions of logs and boats occurred costing us propellers, shafts and rudders but causing no major damage. The 4 hour shift system proved essential as we experienced very poor weather conditions and the boat crews were subjected to heavy pounding on most days. The refueling and crew change system worked well. The average turn-around time was less than 2 minutes .
On August 17 the weather precluded survey operations and the day was spent recovering 6 current meters near the ice edge north of the corridor. These meters had been deployed through the ice previously by members of the Frozen Sea Resarch Group at I .O.S.
By August 20 our progress along the corridor was such that the ARGO station at Herschel Island was no longer required and plans were made to move it to Duck Hawk Bluff near Sachs Harbour to extend coverage to the eastern end of the corridor. Poor flying weather aborted those plans, obliging us to continue for the remainder of the season with only 3 shore stations. The ARGO chain was reconfigured, calibrated and sounding continued. The survey boats were using ARGO in the hyperbolic mode while Hudson monitored the chain in both hyperbolic and range-range modes. Despite the poor weather, by September 1st , 17,394 1 !near miles of sounding had been collected and processed, 52% of the corridor had been completed. Side scan sonar coverage, run at 6 knots, had been obtained for 70% of the area covered by sounding. Twenty- five PLFs were detected and examined, 20 of which were previously uncharted.
Uncertainty of icebreaker assistance coupled with poor ice conditions in the east and the importance of ensuring a safe and successful eastern exit for Hudson caused the survey to be halted in early September.
Hudson refueled from a barge off Tuktoyaktuk on September 2nd. The spare boat, carried on the foredeck was transferred to the barge for transport to I . O. S. via the Mackenzie River system. The remaining ARGO 22
End of a shift. Boats check lane count then come alongside for refueling and crew change. Hudson is underway, the boat secured by a bow 1 ine, lies alongside fenders. 23
Changing crew. Briefcases contain shift assignment, tape cartridge, sounder cassette, manuals and thermos.
Brave
Hydrographers: Frizzle, Sargent Coxswains: Kirby, Warren 24
Refueling The VHF radio antenna is laid down to avoid damage. The ARGO antenna is mounted outboard and can remain vertical to maintain signal.
Bold
Hydrographers: Wood, Lyngberg Coxswains : Knoblauch, White 25
Bright
Hydrographers: Basterache, Palmer , Robitaille Coxswains: Lovelace, Laforest
Brisk
1-lydrographers: Daechsel , Halcro Coxswains: Young , Warren 26 stations were recovered on September 3· and 4 before Hudson departed for Bathurst Island via Dolphin and Union Strait, Coronation Gulf, Queen Maud Gulf and Victoria Strait.
Surveys were planned for an area south of Bathurst Island but on her arrival on Sept. 8 Hudson found the area covered by ice.
The contingency plan in this event was for Hudson to conduct ~atural resource surveys in the eastern approaches to Lancaster Sound. Hudson headed for Resolute Bay to pick up a helicopter and allow the now surplus hydrographers, electronics technicians, coxswains and mechanics to depart for their respective regions and ass ignment to other projects.
On September ll, with helicopter C-OKN secured onboard, Hudson departed Resolute Bay for Lancaster Sound. Over the next 3 days, 3 ARGO stations were deployed at Cape Home, Cape Crauford and Cape Charles Yorke. After calibration on September 14 ship sounding commenced; AGC personnel arrived that evening via Nanisivik.
Sounding continued for the next 12 days with period at slow speed to allow AGC personnel to collect seismic profiles, with occasional stops to collect grav ity cores.
Reconnaissance flights were made to Cape Liverpool, Cape Sherard, Philpots Island and Coburg Island to select HI-Fix sites for 1982 surveys. Suitable sites were Identified at all but Coburg Island where shear cl lffs fall straight to the sea.
A faulty fuel pump grounded OKN on September 24 and while awaitLng a spare, the ARGO station at Cape Home was recovered by ship's 1 ifeboat. A spare pump arrived in the evening of September 25 and was quickly fitted to OKN .
On September 26 in Northwesterly winds of 35 knots and with snow flurr ies, OKN recovered the ARGO stations from Cape Crauford and Cape Charles Yorke and the two Mini Ranger stations to the east. By 1530 Hudson was en route to Resolute through new ice. We anchored off Resolute Bay, which was full of ice, at 1230 on September 27. The transfer of equipment ashore by OKN began on September 28, a beautiful day with the temperature -15°C. This operation involved the packing, sl lnging and stowing on pallets of 18,000 lbs of survey equipment, most of It very fragile. This operation was completed by 1600 on September 30 .
The survey party and equipment returned , via chartered aircraft to 1. 0. S. on October 2nd . 27
ARGO Station at Cape Home, Lancaster Sound
~ ·
Ship sounding, Lancaster Sound
29
CONCLUSIONS
General
The primary objective of Hudson 's 1981 Arctic cruise was the hydrographic survey of the Beaufort Sea shipping corridor. Despite poor weather and a shortened season, the cruise was successful in that 52% of the corridor was surveyed.
CSS Hudson
The ship, her Master, officers and crew were Ideally suited to the task. The only criticism Is th9t of the davits which are not suitable for hand! Ing hydrographic survey boats.
Survey Boats
The five boats ran for a total of 1471.28 hours with very few mechanical breakdowns, they consumed 10,380 gallons of diesel fuel, 70 gallons of lube oil, 15 fuel filters and 6 lube oil filters . Collisions with logs cost 4 propellers, 2 shafts and 5 rudders.
The fine performance of these boats can be credited to a comprehensive refurbishing program prior to departure and regular maintenance by dedicated mechanics during the survey operation .
By keeping the boats light on fuel , personnel and extraneous equipment, high speeds were maintained. Brisk could sound at 20 knots in good weather, all boats exceeded 16 knots.
Each boat was painted a different colour for identification purposes, this helped to identify each boat when all were approaching the ship together through the spray.
The boat windows were fitted with tinted sun control film to cut down glare on the T.V. monitor used to display steering information .
The seats in the boats could not stand u~ to the pounding to which they were subjected, an improved seat design is required.
Minor leaks were and still are a problem.
Echo Sounders
. The 50 KHz Simrad Skipper 802 echo sounders worked very well. The depths encountered in the Beaufort Sea were less than 100 metres, although the sounders have been tested satisfactorily In greater depths. The removable paper cassette system helped speed up the crew change. The one problem encountered with the sounder was the tendency of the paper drive to stick occasionally. This problem would have been more serious If the soundings were to be manually scaled rather than digitized on l lne. 30
Sounding Digitizers
The Myers Systems Inc. Bottom Tracker , Model G-1097 performed flawlessly. The shallow depths and relatively smooth bottom helped, although the digitizer has been tested in greater depths.
In Lancaster Sound the Bottom Tracker was able to digitize soundings, shown on a very noisy echo sounder graph, in the 750 metre range on a boat running at 14 knots.
Data Logger PHAS
The performance of PHAS was, in the 1 lght of previous experience, remarkable. This success was again due to a comprehensive refurbishment program prior to departure, and repair and maintenance procedures by 2 dedicated electronics technicians. All data on the boats and the ship was logged by PHAS.
The navigation system, although not complete was used for the entire survey and performed very well. With the addition of heading and speed parameters and some changes suggested by this year~ experience, the system will be hard to beat.
Positioning System
A few learning bugs and finger problems were experienced with the ARGO DM54 positioning system, but on the whole the equipment performed extremely well .
A monitor station was operated at Tuktoyaktuk. The chain was also monitored onboard Hudson by a 4 channel analog recorder, and by an HP85 calculator which was programmed to compute the best fix from up to 4 ranges and to detect lane jumps.
In the Beaufort Sea Hudson operated In the range-range and hyperbolic modes (2 mobile stations) while the boats operated in the hyperbolic mode only. In Lancaster So~nd Hudson operated in the range-range mode from 3 stations. In neither area, at ranges up to 200 kilometers, was skywave Interference experienced.
Phase distortion was experienced around the ship. To overcome this problem a lane check buoy system was developed. With the ship underway a free floating danbuoy was deployed and its lane count noted. As the buoy cleared the ship the boats checked in at the buoy, the last boat recovered the buoy. This procedure was repeated on each arrival and departure of the boats.
The ARGO shore stations were very portable, the average time required to deploy a station was 3 hours, most of this time was spent activating and stabilizing the thermo-electric generators. 31
PROCESS SOFTWARE HARDWARE
COLLECTING PHAS PHAS UNIT CASSETTE ARGO SOUNDER
,, PDPl l ARCHIVING ARC KENNEDY 9 TRACK
PDP 11 PROCESSING P8l DISK STORAGE
PDP 11 " VERIFICATION IGEDIT TEKTRONIX TERMINAL
PDPl 1 FIELD PLOT DEPTHP PLOTTER PLOTT I NG OF SOUND r NGS
FILES MERGED POST AT IDES PDPl 1 FIELD SEASON VELOCITY PROCESS ING & TIDES
OVERPLOT 57 56 UN I VAC REMOVAL 5 COMPUTER 571 55
FINAL FINAL PLOTTING KONGSBERG FIELD PLOTTER OF FIELD SHEET SHEET
DATA PROCESSING FLOWCHART - - -·------
32
Installation of Electronic Equipment
The success of this automated survey depended upon the performance of all boat mounted electronic equipment. These boats, pounding as they do, subject this fragile equipment to severe shocks In a damp, salty, environment for 16 hours per day. The major steps to ensure consistent performance included, ingenious shock mounting, not turning equipment off, and overnight charging of batteries and heating of boat cabins.
Processing System
The various components of the processing system were assembled and interfaced prior to Hudson's departure from Victoria, but, several programs remained to be debugged en route to the Beaufort Sea. Once operational the entire system performed very well. All data was processed, verified, plotted and available for scrutiny within 2 hours of each shift's end. On these field plots the inked soundings were colour coded for ease of identification of the work of each boat. The boat control program could be easily updated to keep track of areas requiring further examination and offered efficient "verify" assignments on demand. All data need only tide and sound velocity corrections before being pl-0tted in final field sheet form on the flatbed plotter at 1.0.S.
Side Scan Sonar
After a few initial problems the Klein side scan sonar performed as expected. Slow towing speeds, to facil ltate the collection of seismic data, 1 imited sonar coverage to about 70% of the area sounded.
Shift Schedule
In addition to increasing sounding speed by decreasing the amount of fuel carried, the 4 hour shift system enhanced the morale of the boat crews particularly in poor weather. Minimum time was lost alongside thanks to the fast fueling system. The record turn-around time was 1 minute and 35 seconds while the average was about 2 minutes.
Weather
Poor weather in the Beaufort Sea precluded operation of the survey boats on 12.75 days or 36% of the available dperational time. During this time Hudson was able to run check sounding 1 ines, side scan sonar and seismic profiles. The ice in the Beaufort Sea cooperated by staying clear of the corridor, but ice in the Eastern Arctic caused us to leave the Beaufort Sea early and also prevented operations at Bathurst Island.
From the point of view of weather, 1981 could be described as an average year for hydrographic operations in the Canadian Arctic. so·
Barrow
' \ ' ' \ ' \ \ 50 \ \ \ \ w w ' \ ' ' ' \ ' ' \
' \ \ \ ' ' ' 1 ' ' HUDSON 81 ' TRACK PLOT \ 60· \ \ so· Depart Victoria 6 July '
Arrive Resolute Bay 2 Octobe~' \ \
' \ \
140" so· 110· -:;,,·
I I ACCURACY CONTOURS I I /ARGO - HYPERBO IC CONF~GURATIFN
BEAUFORT s A 1981 I I \ I I
I t40m I I I I
\ I '
~e r s chel / "'- 01 I o- o i: -ARGO :RANSMITTE\
l 8 l 0 ..
136" 134° - I 3t 12s·
SIDE-SCAN ONAR COVERA E BEAUFORT S A CORRIDOR
8 Area Completed 1981
VJ V1 136° 130° 12a·
SOUNDED AR A BEAUFORT SE CORRIDOR
Co mpleted 1981
7 (!------+------1------f------+------171• 37
82 81
Survey rea
!:::. Argo sit DEVON IS AND
Cape Home
LAN CASTE SOUND
Cape Cape Charles York Crauford
BYLOT ISLAND
BAFFIN IS AND
82 81 80
39
FIELD REPORT STATISTICS___ MONTHLY __ _ PROJECT_ - _ FINAL FIELD _X__ YEAR 1981 FROM July 6· TO October 2
Establishment c:::.:::. HULJ:::.UN A. D. O'Connor H.l.C.
Proj~ct Proj~ct Proj~ Proj~ Num er Num er Num er Num r Project Name Beaufort Sea Survey 7710/81 Project Name Lancaster Sound 7210-704 ~ Project Name Project Name
Resources 40TAL Number of Hydrographers * 14/776 10/224 2 /1000 Number of Scientists * 3/132 3/51 6/183 Number of Electronic Technicians 3/256 1/28 4/284 No. of Student Assistants and Casuals * - - - No. of Support Personnel (Ship's Crew, etc.) * 6411840 60/1680 124/5520 Total Personnel * 84/5004 74/1983 158/6987 Number of Ships 1 1 2 Number of launches c; 0 c; Number of land Vehicles - - - Number (and type) <>fAircraft ~ Rotary 1 Rotary 3 Number of Minor Support Staff 1/44 - 1/44 Other (specify)
should provide two figures separated by a slash. The first figure being the average number on strength and the second being the man * days. e.g. - number of Hydrographers: 5/100 (an average of 5 Hydrographers spent 100 man days on the project). 40
FIELD REPORT STATISTICS___ MONTHLY- __ PROJECT __ _ FINAL FIELD-!-- YEAR 1981 FROM _6_July TO 2 October
CSS HUDSON Establishment Project Project Project Project Number Number Number Number TOTAL H.l.C. A.D. O'Connor 7710/81 7710-704 + (nm) ~ounding (Linear Ns.Jutii;;al Mile~/KM) (nm) (nm) Shio Soundina 4,050 2,294 6,344 Launch Soundina l7_1q4 l7.3g4 Other (specify) Total Sounding :21 ,444 2,294 123 '738 Reconnaissance (Track) Sounding l .272 l ,272 2 2 2 2 2 Area sounded (N.M ) (Km ) 884 nm 160 nm ! 044 nm
Shoals Examined Shoal Examinations (Ship) - - Shoal Examinations (Launch) ? c; - Shoal Examinations (Sweep) - - Shoal Examinations (other - specify) - - Shoal Examinations (Total ) 25 - z~
Navigational Aids Shore Aids Positioned (including ranges) - - Floating Aids Positioned - - Navii:iational Ranaes Sounded - - Navigational Ranges Drifted - - Sector Ranges Positioned - - Navigational Aids Established - -
~·i x FIELD REPORT STATISTICS- -- MONTHLY_ - .:.. PROJECT --- FINAL FIELD- -- I YEAR 1981 FROM --=6:..-=..J=-u l:...... Yc_____ TO 2 October
HUDSON Establishment css Project Project Project Project Number Number Number Number TOTAL H.l.C. A. D. O'Connor 7710-81 7710-70 44 --Time: Total operational days 60 28 88 Days actual field work 60 28 88 Days lost (weather) 12.75 1 13. 75 Days lost (Sat. Sun. holidays) training l. 25 0 l. 25 Days lost (Equipment failure) h P 1 i r 0 n t er 2 0 2 Days lost in Transit 16 6 22 Days lost in port for supplies, bunker, etc. l 3 4 ca11brat1on 8 Davs lost , other causes _ ~ 3 5 -4-~ Total Man days in period (staff) A4n 168 1008 Total Man days worked (staff) 840 168 1008 Man days:- (staff) (a) Sounding 360 78 438 (b) Shoal Examinations l 0 lo {c) Wharf surveys ( d) Oceanography (e) Geophysics 100 30 130 (f) Tides & Water levels (g) Collecting bottom samples 8 8 16 ( h) Horizontal Control c;n 27 77 (i) Shoreline and Low WaterirlQ (i) Data processing & office admin. 240 25 265 (k) Sailina Directions ~--- · I ii Place Names (m) Current observations I 14 14 (n) Photo-ident (o) Other (specify) Training 30 30 Calibration 28 28 42
FIELD REPORT STATISTICS___ MONTHLY __ _ PROJECT - - _ FINAL FIELD - ~ - YEAR 1981 FROM July 6 TO October 2
css HUDSON Establishment Project Project Project Project TOTAL Number Number H.1.C. A. D. O'CooaQr Number Number 7710-81 7710-70J4 Shore Control:. Signals built - - Signals re-built Towers built Number of Stations occupied Number of Stations re-occupied 2 3 5 Number of Stations permanently marked - - Distance Traversed (N.M.) (K.M.) 4 - 4 Number of Elevations Measured - - Number of Heights Measured Number of Stations Photo ldent. Other (specify)
Calibrations No. of Calibration Stations 2 2 4 Lambda, Decca, Hi fix • Mini-fix, ARGO 2 2 4 Loran , Decca Navigator ______
No.------of t /C's marked and referenced 4 0 43
FIEl.D REPORT STATISTICS_ -- MONTHLY- -- PROJECT- -- FINAL FIELD_x- - YEAR 1981 FROM Ju 1Y 6 TO October 2 - Establishment css HUDSON Project Project Project Project Number Number Number Number TOTAL H.l.C. 8.Q. Q'CQO'!JQr - 7 710-81 17710-7041 Tide and Current Dl!ta Recording gauges established 4 - l1 Recording gauges recovered 4 - 4 Staff aauaes established - - Bench marks recovered 8 - 8 Bench marks established - - Bench marks levelled - - Distance levelled (N.M.)(K.M.) 5 nm - 5 nm .. No. of Current Meters Set Out - - No. of Current Meters recovered 6 - 6 No. of hours of Current Measurements - ·-. 6 (Other than with Moored Meters)
Oceanogra~- No. of Oceanographic Stations - - Gravity Profiles-survey (N.M.) (KM) - - Gravity Profiles-track (N.M.) (KM) - - IVlaanetic Profiles-survey (N.M.l IKMI 3348 nm 3348 nm Magnetic Profiles-track (N.M.) (KM) 1000 nm 200 nm 1200 nm Seismic Profiles-survev IN.M.l (KM) Seismic Profiles-track (N.M.) (KM} Number of Water Samoles 44
FIELD REPORT STATISTICS _ _ _ MONTHLY __ _ PROJECT_ - - FINAL FIELD __x _ YEAR 1981 FROM Jul Y 6 TO _____October 2 _
Establishment css HUDSON Project Project Proiect Project Number Number Number Number TOTAL H.1.C. A.O. O'Connor 7710-81 7710-704 q
Bottom Sam2les: Number of bottom.samples (grab) l - 1 No. of bottom samples (underway) - - No. of bottom samples (Armed Lead) . - - No. of Cores 17 10 ?7 No. of Samples Retained 18 10 28
Miscellaneous No. of DanQers to Navigation, rocks, ruins, pilings, etc., fixed. Shoreline checked Wharves surveyed No. of Reference buoys streamed 6 - 6 No. of Reference buoys recovered 6 - 6 No. of Shore Stations Established 2 2 4 Lambda, Hi-fix __ ARGO. ______4 3 7 ------Helicopter Flvina Hours 1 f.1 45 206 45
• FIELD REPORT STATISTICS___ MONTHLY __ _ PROJECT --- FINAL FIELD --x - october 2 YEAR 1981 FROM July 6 10
Establishment css l:lUDSON Project Project· Project Project H.l.C. A.O. O'Connor Number Number Number Number 7710-81 7710-7044
Data Submitted from the Field (Include file numbers) - - -
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