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A Grammar of Pacoh: a Mon-Khmer Language of the Central Highlands of Vietnam

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A Grammar of Pacoh: a Mon-Khmer Language of the Central Highlands of Vietnam A grammar of Pacoh: a Mon-Khmer language of the central highlands of Vietnam Pacific Linguistics 580 Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, southeast and south Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Publications are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise, who are usually not members of the editorial board. FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: John Bowden, Malcolm Ross and Darrell Tryon (Managing Editors), I Wayan Arka, David Nash, Andrew Pawley, Paul Sidwell, Jane Simpson EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Karen Adams, Arizona State University Lillian Huang, National Taiwan Normal Alexander Adelaar, University of Melbourne University Peter Austin, School of Oriental and African Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Universitas Atma Studies Jaya Byron Bender, University of Hawai‘i Marian Klamer, Universiteit Leiden Walter Bisang, Johannes Gutenberg- Harold Koch, The Australian National Universität Mainz University Robert Blust, University of Hawai‘i Frantisek Lichtenberk, University of David Bradley, La Trobe University Auckland Lyle Campbell, University of Utah John Lynch, University of the South Pacific James Collins, Universiti Kebangsaan Patrick McConvell, Australian Institute of Malaysia Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Bernard Comrie, Max Planck Institute for Studies Evolutionary Anthropology William McGregor, Aarhus Universitet Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, Universitas Atma Ulrike Mosel, Christian-Albrechts- Jaya Universität zu Kiel Matthew Dryer, State University of New York Claire Moyse-Faurie, Centre National de la at Buffalo Recherche Scientifique Jerold A. Edmondson, University of Texas Bernd Nothofer, Johann Wolfgang Goethe- at Arlington Universität Frankfurt am Main Nicholas Evans, University of Melbourne Ger Reesink, Universiteit Leiden Margaret Florey, Monash University Lawrence Reid, University of Hawai‘i William Foley, University of Sydney Jean-Claude Rivierre, Centre National de la Karl Franklin, Summer Institute of Recherche Scientifique Linguistics Melenaite Taumoefolau, University of Charles Grimes, Universitas Kristen Artha Auckland Wacana Kupang Tasaku Tsunoda, University of Tokyo Nikolaus Himmelmann, Ruhr-Universität John Wolff, Cornell University Bochum Elizabeth Zeitoun, Academica Sinica A grammar of Pacoh: a Mon-Khmer language of the central highlands of Vietnam Mark J. Alves Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies The Australian National University Published by Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Copyright in this edition is vested with Pacific Linguistics First published 2006 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Mark J. Alves A grammar of Pacoh: a Mon-Khmer language of the central highlands of Vietnam Bibliography. ISBN 0 85883 568 1 1. Pacoh language – Grammar. 2. Mon-Khmer languages – Vietnam – Grammar. 3. Vietnam – Languages. I. The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Pacific Linguistics. II. Title. 495.93 Copyedited Bernadette Hince Typeset by Jeanette Coombes Cover design by Addcolour Digital Pty Ltd Printed and bound by Addcolour Digital Pty Ltd, Fyshwick, Canberra Table of contents List of tables and figures ix Acknowledgements xi List of abbreviations and special glosses xii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose and use of this grammar 1 1.2 Linguistic affiliation and Mon-Khmer typological characteristics 2 1.3 Pacoh linguistic situation and sociolinguistic matters 3 1.4 Previous research and data collection 3 1.5 Data analysis and concepts 4 2 Phonology 6 2.1 The system of transcription 6 2.2 Consonants 6 2.2.1 Consonant classes 7 2.2.1.1 The glottal stop 9 2.2.1.2 The palatal fricative 10 2.2.1.3 The post-glottalized glides 10 2.2.2 Conditioned changes 11 2.2.3 Nasal assimilation in presyllables 12 2.3 Vowels 13 2.3.1 Summary of the vowel system 13 2.3.2 Vowel length 14 2.3.3 The ‘altered’ register: [+RTR] vowels 14 2.3.4 Diphthongs 15 2.4 Phonological word and syllable structure 15 2.4.1 Overall syllable and word structure 17 2.4.2 Prosodic constraints 18 2.4.3 Phonotactic constraints 20 2.4.4 Sonorant presyllables: nasals and liquids 20 2.4.5 Consonant clusters 21 v vi 2.5 Reduplication 21 2.5.1 Template reduplication 23 2.5.2 Initial-C reduplication 24 2.5.3 Partial reduplication 24 2.5.4 Infix and template reduplication 24 2.6 Intonation 24 2.7 Loanword phonology 25 3 Morphology 27 3.1 Noun morphology 28 3.1.1 Common nouns 29 3.1.2 Kinship and animal noun word-formation 29 3.1.3 Pronoun morphology 30 3.1.4 Lexical compounds 31 3.1.5 Time-word morphology 32 3.2 Verb morphology 33 3.2.1 Causative verbs 33 3.2.2 Verbs with [/u-] and [/i-] pronominal prefixes 34 3.2.3 Plural stative verbs 35 3.2.4 Reciprocal verbs 35 3.2.5 Resultative adverbs 36 3.3 Reduplication 36 3.3.1 Clause-incorporative word-formation 36 3.3.2 Presyllable plus template reduplication 37 3.3.3 Template reduplication 38 4 Overview of basic phrase structure 39 4.1 Basic sentence structure 39 4.2 Complex sentence structure 42 4.3 Noun-phrase structure 43 4.4 Expressing relationships between nouns: prepositions and relator nouns 45 5 Adverbs 46 5.1 General adverbs 46 5.2 Intensifying adverb 48 5.3 Interrogative adverbs (‘how’ and ‘why’) 49 5.4 Result adverbs 49 5.5 Simultaneous adverb 50 vii 6 Conjunctions 51 6.1 Additive conjunction (‘and’) 51 6.2 Person conjunctions (‘and’) 52 6.3 Predicate-taking additive conjunction (‘and’) 53 6.4 Alternative conjunction (‘or’) 53 6.5 Contrast conjunction (‘but’) 53 7 Nouns 54 7.1 Common nouns 54 7.1.1 General common nouns 55 7.1.2 Human common nouns 56 7.1.3 Mass common nouns 56 7.1.4 Speech noun clauses 56 7.1.5 Proper common nouns 57 7.1.6 Semantically-generalized compound nouns 57 7.2 Count/unit nouns 57 7.2.1 General measure words 59 7.2.2 Countable time nouns 59 7.2.3 Classifiers 59 7.3 Pronouns and other pronominal nouns 60 7.3.1 Demonstrative pronouns 60 7.3.2 Indefinite and interrogative pronominal nouns 61 7.3.2.1 ‘Where’ and ‘wherever’ 63 7.3.2.2 ‘Who’ and ‘whoever’ 63 7.3.2.3 ‘What’, ‘whatever’, ‘which’, and ‘whichever’ 64 7.3.3 Personal pronouns 65 7.3.3.1 General pronouns 65 7.3.3.2 Possessive pronouns 66 7.3.3.3 Dative pronouns 67 7.3.4 Proper nouns: human pronouns 68 7.3.5 Social pronouns 68 7.4 Numerals and quantity nouns 70 7.4.1 Cardinal and ordinal numbers 71 7.4.2 Degree indefinite numerals 72 7.4.3 General and person indefinite numeral nouns 73 7.4.4 Interrogative numeral noun 73 7.4.5 Numerals without countable nouns 73 7.5 Relator nouns of location and possession 74 7.5.1 Dative relator nouns 74 7.5.2 Predicate-taking relator nouns 75 viii 7.5.3 Instrumental relator nouns 76 7.5.4 Locational relator nouns 76 7.5.5 Possessional relator nouns 77 7.6 Scope nouns 77 8 Prepositions 79 8.1 Comitative preposition 79 8.2 Comparative prepositions 79 8.3 Dative prepositions 80 8.4 Equative prepositions 80 8.5 Locational prepositions 81 8.6 VCT prepositions 82 8.6.1 Temporal prepositions 83 8.6.2 Purpose prepositions 83 9 Sentence particles 85 9.1 Aspect sentence particles (statements and questions) 85 9.2 Interrogative sentence particle 86 9.3 Clause-linking sentence particles 87 9.4 Comment sentence particles 89 9.5 Imperative sentence particle 90 9.6 Mood sentence particle 90 10 Basic verbs 91 10.1 Intransitive verbs 91 10.1.1 General intransitive verbs 91 10.1.2 Middle voice: inanimate-subject intransitive verbs 92 10.1.3 Reciprocal intransitive verbs 93 10.1.4 Stative intransitive verbs 93 10.2 Transitive verbs 95 10.2.1 General transitive verbs 95 10.2.2 Causative transitive verbs 96 10.2.3 Infinitival complement transitive verbs 96 10.2.4 Locative transitive verbs 97 10.3 Ditransitive verbs 97 10.4 Oblique-object verbs 99 10.4.1 General oblique object verbs 100 10.4.2 Speech and quote oblique-object verbs 100 10.4.3 Stative oblique-object verbs 101 10.4.3.1 Condition stative oblique-object verbs 101 10.4.3.2 Existence and possessive stative oblique-object verbs 102 ix 10.5 Impersonal oblique-object verbs 102 10.6 Locative verbs 103 11 Auxiliary verbs, SVCs, and VCT verbs 106 11.1 Aspectual VCT verbs 106 11.2 Auxiliary verbs 107 11.3 Causative VCT verbs 108 11.4 Ditransitive VCT verb 108 11.5 Motion intransitive VCT verbs 109 11.6 Negation: verb and noun negation VCT verbs 109 11.7 Stative VCT verbs 111 11.8 Thinking/speaking/feeling VCT verbs 111 11.9 Transitive VCT verbs 111 12 Glossary 113 12.1 Adverbs 113 12.2 Conjunctions 114 12.3 Common nouns 114 12.4 Numeral nouns 116 12.5 Pronouns 117 12.6 Relator nouns 117 12.7 Count/unit nouns and classifiers 117 12.8 Scope nouns 118 12.9 Prepositions 118 12.10 Sentence particles 119 12.11 Verbs 119 12.12 Auxiliary/SVC/VCT verbs 122 References 125 List of tables and figures Table 1: Pacoh consonants 7 Table 2: Distribution of Pacoh voiceless stops 7 Table 3: Distribution of Pacoh voiced stops 7 Table 4: Distribution of Pacoh aspirated stops 8 Table 5: Distribution of Pacoh fricatives 8 Table 6: Distribution of Pacoh nasals 8 Table 7: Distribution of Pacoh liquids 9 x Table 8: Distribution
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