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Comparsion of Speed Zoning Procedures and Their Effectiveness

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Comparsion of Speed Zoning Procedures and Their Effectiveness ~~-~= I •- 228 .. C65 SPEED ..· ZONING PROCEDURES .ANDTHElREF'FECfiVENESS FINAL REPORT Pre.pared .for Michigan D~partment ..of ·Transportation Traf.fic·.·a~d·· SafetY Divtsi«>ll 425 Nest qt:tawa P,O, Box 30050 lansing, .Mi~lri.!Jal'!. 4890!1 Prepare!! b:Y MattinR.Par~er. &.···Assoc;iates, ..Inc 38~49 Laurenwood Dr 1ve. .. .. · W~yne, Michigan····!1~184-l073 FOREWORD This report describes the findings of a study conducted to determine if including factors in addition to the 85th percentile speed could increase the effectiveness of Michigan's speed zoning procedure as measured by improved safety and increased driver comp 1i.ance. The study included an examination of speed zoning methods used in other states, including Michigan; an assessment of using selected quantitative methods on Michigan highways; a before and after accident analysis of speed zones implemented on nonlimited access highways in Michigan; and an assessment of how time and location of the speed survey stations affect the 85th percentile speed. To improve safety and driver compliance, it is recommended that speed 1imits be posted w.ithin 5 mi/h of the 85th percentile speed. Appreciation is given to the traffic officials who returned the survey and provided background information on their speed zoning procedure. NOTICE The information contained in this report was compiled exclusively for the use of the Michigan Department of Transportation. Recommendations contained herein are based upon the research data obtained and the expertise of the author. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or pol icy of the Michigan Department of Transportation. Technical Report Documentation Page l, Report No. 2. Government Aceess1on No. 3, Recipient's Catalog No. 4. Title ond Subtitle 5, Report Dote COMPARISON OF SPEED ZONING PROCEDURES September 1992 AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS 6. Performing Orgoni~otion Code 8. Performing Organir.otion Report No. 7, Author1 s) M.R. Parker, Jr. 9, Performing Orgoni~ofion Nome and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) l Martin R. Parker & Associates, Inc. 11. Contract or Gront No. 38549 Laurenwood Drive . 89-1204 Wayne, Michigan 48184-1073 13. Type of Report ond Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Nome and Address Final Report Michigan Department of Transportation Sept. 1989 - Sept. 1992 P.O. Box 30050 14. Sponsoring Agency Code lansing, Michigan 48909 15. Supplementary Notes Contract Manager: Kamel Boctor 16. Abstract This study was conducted to determine if including factors in addition to the 85th percentile speed could increase the effectiveness of the Michigan speed zoning procedure by improving safety and increasing driver compliance. The scope included a nationwide survey to identify current speed zoning methods, a before and after accident analysis of Michigan speed zones established on nonlimited access highways, and an assessment of the effects of methods used by selected states to set speed 1 imits. In addition, the effects that time of day and location of the speed survey station have on the 85th percentile speed were examined on selected Michigan roadways. The analysis of ace i dents at 68 sites on nonlimited access highways revealed that the current Michigan speed zoning method reduced total accidents by, 2.2 percent. Accidents were reduced by 3.5 percent at sites I posted within 5 mi/h of the 85th percentile speed. Lowering speed limits I more than 5 mi/h below the 85th percentile speed did not reduce accidents. An assessment of speed zoning methods revea 1ed that the current Michigan I method of setting speed limits within 5 mi/h of the 85th percentile speed I was superior to the other methods examined in this study. Recommendations are offered to minimize time of day effects and data I collection errors. 17. Key W~;~rds 18, Oi5tribution Stotemen1 85th Percentile Speed, Speed Zoning Criteria, Accident Analysis, Driver Compliance 22. Price 19. Security Clossil, (of this report) 20. Security C!assif, (of this poge) 21· No. of Pages Unclassified Unclassified 116 Form DOT F 1700.7 IB-721 Reproduction of completed page authorized Symbol Symbol To Find Symbol lENGTH lENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm mm millimeters 0.039 inches in n feel 0.305 meters m m meters 3.28 feet h yd yards 0.914 meters m m meters 1.09 yards yd mi miles 1.61 kilometers km km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA AREA in 2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm' mm' square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2 n• square feet 0.093 square meters m' m' square meters 10.764 square feet It' yd' square yards 0.836 square meters m' m' square meters 1.195 square yards ac 2 ac aaes 0.405 hectares ha ha hectares 2.47 acres ini 2 mi square miles 2.59 square kilometers km' km' square kilometers 0.386 square miles VOLUME VOLUME noz fluidounces 29.57 milliliters ml ml milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces noz gal gallons 3.785 liters I I liters 0.264 gallons gal It' cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m' m' cubic meters 35.71 cubic feet It' yd' cubic yards 0.765 cubic merers m' m' cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd' NOTE: Volumes greater than 1000 I shall be shown in m3• MASS MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g g grams 0.035 ounces oz lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb T sho(! tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams Mg Mg megagrams 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T TEMPERATURE (exact) TEMPERATURE (exact) OF Fahrenheil S(F-32)/9 Celcius oc oc Celcius 1.8C + 32 Fahrenheit OF temperature or (F-32)/1.8 temperature temperature temperature IlLUMINATION ILlUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc II foot-lamberts 3.426 candela/m 2 cdlm2 cdlm 2 candela/m 2 0.2919 foot-lamberts fl FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS .lbl poundforce 4.45 neo.vtons N N newtons 0.225 pound force lbl psi poundforc:e per 6.89 kilopascals kPa kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per psi square inch square inch "S\ is the August 1992) E380. TABLE OF CONTENTS Section EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................ vii INTRODUCTION . 1 OBJECTIVES............................................................... 1 METHOD. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 EVALUATION OF SPEED ZONING METHODS....................................... 3 INTRODUCTION............................................... 3 METHOD................................................................ 4 METHODS USED TO ESTABLISH SPEED ZONES................................. 4 Factors Considered................................................. 4 Summary of Methods Used. 6 Adjustments and Deviations From the Procedure...................... 7 Problems Experienced in Using Existing Methods ........... , ......... 10 RATIONALE AND BASIS FOR QUANTIFYING FACTORS ........................... 10 EVALUATIONS OF SPEED ZONING PROCEDURES................................ 11 ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT PRACTICES....................................... 12 PROCEDURES RECOMMENDED FOR FURTHER STUDY .............................. 13 COMPARISON OF SPEED ZOIHNG PROCEDURES.................................... 15 INTRODUCTION.......................................................... 15 METHOD. • . .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 SITE SELECTION.......................... 16 ACCIDENT ANALYSIS .........•................................... ·........ 17 Accident Analysts Methodology...................................... 18 Ace i dent Ana 1ys is Procedure. .. .. .. .. .. • . 23 Accident Analysis Results.......................................... 26 Discussion of Accident Findings .................................... 29 COMPARISON OF SPEED ZONING METHODS .................................... 32 Recommended Speed Limit Results................. .. 32 DRIVER COMPLIANCE.................................................. 36 ASSESSMENT OF QUANTITATIVE METHODS ....... ·..................... .. .. .. 37 Assessment Criteria. 40 Discussion of Methods ........................................ ·...... 42 RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE. 44 iii . TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Section DETERMINATION Of TIME Of DAY AND LOCATION EFfECTS ........................ 46. INTRODUCTION......................................................... 46 METHOD................................................................ 46 SITE SELECTION........................................................ 47 TIME EFFECTS.......................................................... 47 Hour of Day Effects................................................ 47 Results..................................... 55 Discussion of Results.............................................. 57 Day of Week Effects................................................ 61 Season a 1 Effects.................................. 62 Summary of Time Effects................................ 64 LOCATION EFFECTS.......................... 65 Intersection Effects ............................................... 65 Commercial and Residential Development Effects ..................... 66 Horizontal Curve Effects ........... : ........... : ................... 66 OTHER EFFECTS..................................... 67 Accident Effects................................................... 67 Free-Flow Versus All Vehicle Speed Effects ......................... 68 Data Co 11 ect ion Effects. .. .. 68 One Lane Versus Multilane Effects.................................. 70 25 Mi/h Speed Zones. 71 RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE. 71 FIELD VALIDATION OF RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE ................................ 73 INTRODUCTION................................................. 73 METHOD. 73 DATA COLLECTION. 73 RESULTS ............................................................... 74 RECOMMENDED
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