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Telephone Dialling Codes

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Telephone Dialling Codes TELEPHONE DIALLING CODES After the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, telephone calls were "connected" by "operators" in "exchanges" by plugging a cable into a socket to link the lines serving the caller and the call destination. Twenty years later, telephones started to be available with rotary dials which the caller used to select the number of the call destination. Electro-mechanical switching systems devised at the same time came into use a further ten years later, but manual switchboard operators were still connecting calls in remote exchanges in the early 1980s. The electro-mechanical switching systems (which continued as the principal technology until the early 1970s) imposed a limitation on the speed of dialling a digit. Dialling a complete ten- digit telephone number could take up to ten seconds, during which hardware resources had to be dedicated to an electrical circuit. The time to dial a digit was directly proportional to the numerical value of the digit, with the exception of zero, which required ten pulses in one second. In cities, telephone exchanges were given names which provided a mnemonic (easily memorable) code such as WHI (Whitehall) for the governmental district of London or PEN (Pennsylvania) for the area around Penn station in New York. Each exchange could support 10,000 customers who were allocated numbers between 0000 and 9999 to create a 7 digit sequence (eg WHI 1234). In towns and rural areas, a similar system was applied without the mnemonic, usually limited to 6 and 5 digits respectively. The British system of mnemonic exchange names endured until 1968, when the alphabetical codes were converted into numerals according to the corresponding digits on the rotary dial (eg Whitehall, WHI, became 944). Initial use of numerical area codes began in 1947 in large cities of the United States and Canada for connecting long-distance telephone calls between telephone switching centres (still known as telephone "exchanges" in Britain). Through the Bell System, AT&T (the American Telephone and Telegraph company) held a telephone monopoly in North America until 1982. AT&T organised a "numbering plan" to minimize the cost of providing automatic dialling to large population centres. The area codes for the largest cities in the USA were initially assigned based on the volume of telephone calls made in each area. The most populous areas received codes that required the least time for dialling using a rotary dial telephone. The densely populated areas of New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles and Detroit had large incoming call volumes and were assigned the shortest area codes (212, 312, 213, and 313 respectively). Areas that covered an entire state or province were given a zero as the middle digit, starting with 201 for New Jersey, and 202 for Washington DC. Direct distance dialing (DDD) began in 1951 in the United States, connecting 11 principal cities and from 1958 subscriber trunk dialling (STD) connected 6 principal cities in Britain. Unlike the USA, where three-digit area codes were applied to whole states and sequenced according to expected demand, British area codes were created first as two letter mnemonic abbreviations of names of cities, towns and rural districts (eg CO for Coventry) and then converted into numerals according to the corresponding digits on the rotary dial. As letters B and C both coincide with numeral 2 on the dial, the area code for Coventry became 203, between Bournemouth (202) and Bolton (204), all of which had been given their final digits according to historical sequence of establishing local exchanges. Thus a system was created which was based generally upon an alphabetical sequence of place names, however grouped together according to where the first letter of a name occurred on the telephone dial. These codes were then prefixed with zero as a means to recognise a call being made outside the caller's own area. American rotary dials differed from British dials, having the letters MNO corresponding to the numeral 6, whereas British dials had only MN corresponding to the numeral 6, with the letters OQ corresponding to the numeral 0 (zero). American dials had no letter Q, while numeral 0 (zero) had no corresponding letters. When alpha-numeric codes were replaced by solely numeric codes at the end of the 1960s, the technology favoured the American system and alpha-numeric codes containing both letter O and numeral zero (eg for Oxford) had to be reassigned, to leave the zero commencing digit available to provide direct dialling access to both the national and international systems. The introduction of fax machines and pagers in the 1980s required far more telephone numbers than had been anticipated in the design of the North American numbering plan and additional codes had to be added which eventually appeared to be random. However in Britain, the system was able to be enlarged in the 1990s by adding an additional digit at the beginning of each code (eg Coventry 0203 became 01203), retaining the logic Telephone dialling codes extracted from "Daddy Why…..?" © David Foster 2016 Page 1 of 8 of the numbering sequence until the end of the century, when it then became necessary to add further area codes that no longer conformed. Before such expansion was envisaged, the North American numbering system was unfortunately also applied to international direct dialling in the early 1970s. The framework international numbering system divided the world into nine regions and area code numbers were sequenced according to expected demand, but also political assumptions of national growth and development from an American point of view. These expectations and assumptions have proved to be mistaken and the framework has had to be relaxed to such an extent that much of the numbering now appears to be random and illogical. For further information, see tables which follow: Expansion changes in dialling codes for UK cities Showing the replacement of mnemonic alpha-numeric codes with corresponding numerals, then with additional prefix and suffix digits and most recently replacement with completely new codes. UK regional and city area dialling code system 1958-1979 Showing the replacement of mnemonic alpha-numeric codes with corresponding numeral codes, alongside the mnemonic name of the area served. London telephone exchange names to 1968 Showing the alphabetical mnemonic codes and mnemonic names, alongside the area served. USA area dialling codes Area codes in numerical sequence, alongside the area served. International country dialling codes Country codes in numerical sequence, alongside the country name, prefixed by the geographical zone. Expansion changes in dialling codes for UK cities current 1958 1968 1990 1995 2000 0113 Leeds 0 LE 2 0532 0113 0114 Sheffield 0 SH 2 0742 0114 0115 Nottingham 0 NO 2 0602 0115 0116 Leicester 0 LE 3 0533 0116 0117 Bristol 0 BR 2 0272 0117 0118 Reading 0 RE 4 0734 0118 0121 Birmingham B 1 02 021 0121 0131 Edinburgh E 1 03 031 0131 0141 Glasgow G 1 04 041 0141 0151 Liverpool L 1 05 051 0151 0161 Manchester M 1 06 061 0161 0191 Tyneside 0 NE 2 0632 091 0191 020 London (new) 020 3 020 London (inner) 01 071 0171 020 7 020 London (outer) 01 081 0181 020 8 023 8 Southampton 0 SO 3 0703 0238 023 9 Portsmouth 0 PO 1 0701 0239 024 Coventry 0 CO 3 0203 024 025 026 027 028 Northern Ireland 028 029 Cardiff 0CA2 0222 029 03 new national business numbers 04 05 corporate and internet numbers 06 07 mobile numbers 08 national business numbers 09 premium rate numbers Telephone dialling codes extracted from "Daddy Why…..?" © David Foster 2016 Page 2 of 8 UK regional and city area dialling code system 1958-1979 (with 01 prefix added 1995) 01 20 0 CO 0 Clitheroe 01 29 0 AY 0 Ayrshire, Cumnock 01 38 0 DV 0 Devizes 01 20 1 BO 1 Bournemouth 01 29 1 CW 1 Chepstow 01 38 1 FT 1 Fortrose 01 20 2 BO 2 Bournemouth 01 29 2 AY 2 Ayr 01 38 2 DU 2 Dundee 01 20 3 CO 3 Coventry 01 29 3 CY 3 Crawley 01 38 3 DU 3 Dunfermline 01 20 4 BO 4 Bolton 01 29 4 AY 4 Ayrshire, Ardrossan 01 38 4 DU 4 Dudley 01 20 5 BO 5 Boston 01 29 5 BY 5 Banbury 01 38 5 DU 5 Durham 01 20 6 CO 6 Colchester 01 29 6 AY 6 Aylesbury 01 38 6 EV 6 Evesham 01 20 7 CO 7 Consett 01 29 7 AX 7 Axminster 01 38 7 DU 7 Dumfries 01 20 8 BO 8 Bodmin 01 29 8 BX 8 Buxton 01 38 8 DU 8 Durham 01 20 9 CO 9 Cornwall, Redruth 01 29 9 BY 9 Bewdley 01 38 9 DU 9 Dumbarton 01 21 B 1 Birmingham 01 30 0 DO 0 Dorset, Cerne Abbas 01 39 0 EY 0 Eyemouth 01 22 0 CA 0 Cambridge 01 30 1 OC 1 Arrochar 01 39 1 FY 1 Fylde 01 22 1 BA 1 Bath 01 30 2 DO 2 Doncaster 01 39 2 EX 2 Exeter 01 22 2 CA 2 Cardiff 01 30 3 FO 3 Folkestone 01 39 3 FZ 3 Foula, Zetland 01 22 3 CA 3 Cambridge 01 30 4 DO 4 Dover 01 39 4 FX 4 Felixstowe 01 22 4 AB 4 Aberdeen 01 30 5 DO 5 Dorchester 01 39 5 EX 5 Exmouth 01 22 5 BA 5 Bath 01 30 6 DO 6 Dorking 01 39 6 DW 6 Downpatrick 01 22 6 BA 6 Barnsley 01 30 7 FO 7 Forfar 01 39 7 FW 7 Fort William 01 22 7 CA 7 Canterbury 01 30 8 DO 8 Dorset, Bridport 01 39 8 EX 8 Exmoor 01 22 8 CA 8 Carlisle 01 30 9 FO 9 Forres 01 39 9 DY 9 Dawley 01 22 9 BA 9 Barrow 01 31 E 1 Edinburgh 01 40 0 HO 0 Honington 01 23 0 BE 0 Bedford 01 32 0 FA 0 Fort Augustus 01 40 1 HO 1 Hornsea 01 23 1 BE 1 Belfast 01 32 1 EA 1 Eastbourne 01 40 2 HO 2 Hornchurch 01 23 2 BE 2 Belfast 01 32 2 DA 2 Dartford 01 40 3 HO 3 Horsham 01 23 3 AD 3 Ashford 01 32 3 EA 3 Eastbourne 01 40 4 HO 4 Honiton 01 23 4 BE 4 Bedford 01 32 4 FA 4 Falkirk 01 40 5 GO 5 Goole 01 23 5 AD 5 Abingdon 01 32 5 DA 5 Darlington 01 40 6 HO 6 Holbeach 01 23 6 CE 6 Coatbridge 01 32 6 FA 6 Falmouth 01 40
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