Amazonas, Brazil

Jurisdictional indicators brief

State area: 1,559,149 km² (18.31% of Brazil) Original forest area: 1,458,477 km² Current forest area (2019): 1,423,167 km² (91.3% of Amazonas) Yearly deforestation (2019) 1,434 km² Yearly deforestation rate (2019) 0.1% Interannual deforestation change +37% (2018-2019) Accumulated deforestation (2001-2019): 15,515 km² Protected conservation areas: 412,668 km² (26.5% of Amazonas) Carbon stocks (2015): 17,639 millions tons (above ground biomass) Representative crops (2018): Cassava (889,002 tons); Sugarcane (252,734 tons); Pineapple (89,196 tons) Value of agricultural production (2016): $1,873,012,970 USD More on jurisdictional sustainability State of jurisdictional sustainability

Forest and people In 2019, the estimated area of tropical forest in the state of Amazonas was 1,423,167 km2, equivalent to 91.3% of the state’s total area, and to 44.7% of the tropical forest remaining in the nine states of the Brazilian legal Amazon. The total accumulated forest lost during the period 2001-2019 was 15,515 km2, equivalent to 1% of the forest area remaining in 2001. Amazonas concentrated about 47.1% of the carbon reserves stored in the biomass of the Brazilian tropical forest (about 17,639 mt C as of 2019).

a b 100% 91.3% 91.3% of the state is covered with forest DRAFT80%

60%

44.7% of Brazilian tropical forest area 40%

20%

47.1% of Brazilian tropical forest carbon stock 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2001 2019 No forest (%) Deforestation (%) Forest (%) Figure 1: a) forest share and b) transition of forest to deforestation over the last years

There were 4.3 million people living in Amazonas as of 2020, distributed in 19 municipalities, with 2.1 million people living in the capital city of Manaus. The state has formally designated conservation areas and indigenous territories, which respectively represent 26% and 29% of the state. There were an estimated 167,123 indigenous people living in the state in 2010 (see Figure 2).

http://earthinnovation.org BR-AM-1 Report created July 15, 2020 Figure 2: Map of most populated places (> 40,000 people) and indigenous and protected areas in Amazonas Deforestation The state of Amazonas reduced its yearly deforestation rate rapidly after reaching a maximum of 1,558 km2 in 2003. In 2009 the state registered the minimum yearly forest loss with 405 km2. Deforestation increased rapidly thereafter, and since 2016, the yearly deforestation has remained above 1,000 km2. Deforestation in Amazonas in 2019 was 1,434 km2 representing an interannual increase of 37% with respect to 2018 and amounting to14% of the total deforestation in the legal Amazon. With the 2019 increase, Amazonas positioned as the state with the third largest yearly deforestation area, after Para and Mato Grosso. The state deforestation rate in 2019 was 0.1%, the second lowest among the Amazon states in 2019. The state’s current deforestation is 65% above the reference baseline 1996-2005, and 98% above the reference baseline 1996-2015 (see Figure 3). 80% of the deforestation is located in the fiveDRAFT most affected municipalities in the state (see Figure 4). The municipality of Lábrea consistently registered the largest loss of tropical forest over the last years, reaching a maximum of 429 km2 lost in 2003. In 2019 the deforestation in Lábrea was 390 km2.

http://earthinnovation.org BR-AM-2 Report created July 15, 2020 1,558 1500 1,434

1000

value 720 712 610 502 500

97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1996 2019

Amazon deforestation Average 3−year deforestation Deforestation baseline Figure 3: Yearly deforestation (푘푚2) and deforestation baseline

a b 2020 390

2015

2010 Year

DRAFT2005 429

2000

Apuí Lábrea 2 Tapauá Guajará Humaitá Autazes Km Canutama Manicoré Boca do Acre Novo Aripuanã 0 100 200 300 Km2 100 200 300 400 Figure 4: a) Yearly deforestation by municipalities in 2019 b) Yearly deforestation in top 10 most affected municipalities (푘푚2)

http://earthinnovation.org BR-AM-3 Report created July 15, 2020 Table 1: Forest and deforestation indicators in the state of Amazonas Year Forest (km2) Deforestation Deforestation rate (%) Annual variation (%) 2001 1,437,909 634 0.04 3.6 2002 1,436,507 885 0.06 39.6 2003 1,435,482 1,558 0.11 76 2004 1,433,872 1,232 0.09 -20.9 2005 1,432,736 775 0.05 -37.1 2006 1,431,864 788 0.06 1.7 2007 1,431,137 610 0.04 -22.6 2008 1,430,593 604 0.04 -1 2009 1,429,971 405 0.03 -33 2010 1,429,622 595 0.04 46.9 2011 1,429,069 502 0.04 -15.6 2012 1,428,552 523 0.04 4.2 2013 1,428,073 583 0.04 11.5 2014 1,427,579 500 0.04 -14.2 2015 1,427,016 712 0.05 42.4 2016 1,426,318 1,129 DRAFT0.08 58.6 2017 1,425,301 1,001 0.07 -11.3 2018 1,424,255 1,045 0.07 4.4 2019 1,423,167 1,434 0.10 37.2

http://earthinnovation.org BR-AM-4 Report created July 15, 2020 DRAFT

http://earthinnovation.org BR-AM-5 Report created July 15, 2020 Burned area According to the NASA-USGS analysis of MODIS satellite observations, the average yearly burned area in Amazonas was 2,139 km2 for the period 2010-2020. This figure includes burned areas due to fires in forest, savannahs and opened agricultural areas. The burned area in 2019 was 3,672 km2 and the worst year in the last decade was 2010 with 3,833 km2 burned. In most years, the months of August and September represented the peak of the fire season (see Figure 5).

12 3 2 3 2 65 13 6 1 2

11 9 21 91 2 1 97 11 1 35 4

10 336 28 49 94 17 693 92 155 246 48

9 1,438 456 732 172 493 1,092 771 726 995 797

8 1,853 521 706 127 1,639 998 875 1,304 604 2,444

7 168 231 73 16 29 47 195 246 241 328

Month 6 7 5 8 3 18 6 12 30 95 15

5 1 1 4 34 7

4 2 1

3 1 1 42 25

2 17 435 2 2

1 1 5 2 297 6

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Year

4,000 3,833 DRAFT 3,672 3,000 2

m 2,000 K

1,000 418 0

12 14 16 18 2010 2019 year Figure 5: Monthly burned area since 2010 (km2). Source: EII analysis of MODIS-MCD64

http://earthinnovation.org BR-AM-6 Report created July 15, 2020 Emissions from deforestation The accumulated emissions from deforestation in the state of Amazonas between 2000 and 2019 amount to 957 million tons of CO2eq, which was equivalent to 7.4% of the total emissions from deforestation in the legal Amazon during this period. Considering the observed yearly deforestation, the mean carbon density of the state’s forest and the business as usual deforestation baseline, the accumulated gross avoided emissions from deforestation during the period from 2006 to 2019 was 166 million tons of CO2eq. This results from summing avoided emissions during the period from 2006 to 2019 in which the deforestation was lower than the business as usual deforestation baseline.

100 a b 31.33

89.4 30

64.08 20

13.14

32.16 10 25 Emissions CO2eq (Millions tons) 20.4 Avoided emissions CO2 (Millions tons) Avoided

0 0 0

02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 08 10 12 14 16 18 2000 2019 2006 2019

Figure 6: Emissions from deforestation (left) and avoided emissions (right) (CO2eq Millions tons) DRAFT

http://earthinnovation.org BR-AM-7 Report created July 15, 2020 Livestock

Table 2: Livestock indicators in Amazonas

Cattle Pig Poultry Fish Year 2018 2018 2018 2015 Herd size: 1,376,210 76,273 3,887,275 Slaughtered heads: 241,531 NA NA Meat production 54,611 NA NA (tons): Value (thousands): R$166,762 BRL

1.5

1.0

1.47 1.31 1.38 1.12 0.5 Heads (Millions)

0.0 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2018 Yearly cattle herd size in the state of Amazonas (2000−2018) 54.6

47.6 Meat production (thousand tons) 0.3 DRAFT 40

0.2 22.9

20 0.22 0.24 0.1

Slaughtered head (millions) 0.1

0.0 0

04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2018 Yearly cattle meat output in terms of slaughtered heads and meat production (thousand tons) in the state of Amazonas (2000−2018) Meat production (thousand tons) Slaughtered head (millions)

http://earthinnovation.org BR-AM-8 Report created July 15, 2020 Agriculture

Cassava 1.14 97 1.25 100 95 91 0.96 0.93 1.00 75 77 75 0.85 0.75 0.75 50 0.50

25 0.25

0 0.00

Sugarcane 1.25 100 Crop production (Millions tons)

1.00 75 0.75 50 0.50 0.37 0.30 0.30 25 0.24 0.22 0.25 4 6 6 5 4 0 0.00 Harvested area (Thousand hectares) Pineapple 1.25 100

1.00 75 0.75 50 DRAFT 0.50 25 0.25 0.09 0.10 0.02 3 0.02 5 0.03 3 4 2 0 0.00

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2000 2018

Crop production (Millions tons) Harvested area (Thousand hectares) Figure 7: Harvested area and production of the three crops most produced in Amazonas

http://earthinnovation.org BR-AM-9 Report created July 15, 2020 Aquaculture The plot shows the aquaculture production in the state of Amazonas over the last 6 years and the value of this production. The data includes production of fish such as Tambaqui, firewood catfish, Giant arapaima, Arapaima or Pirapitinga and includes only activities related with fish farming under controlled conditions. Does not include fishing activities.1

20,000 150 Value (million $R) in local prices

15,000 99 100

10,000 69

Production (Tons) 15,064 50 5,000 8,162

0 0

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Production (Tons) Value in local prices (million $R) Figure 8: Yearly aquaculture production (tons) and value of production (Reales) in Amazonas a b 2018 150 186 320 308 250 885 820 681 1,141 1,791

150 185 285 280 285 876 823 1,050 2,000

2016 150 326 315 870 617 854 695 793 1,225 4,500 Year DRAFT200 322 280 885 690 872 820 930 1,28514,100

2014 200 121 233 690 690 756 560 991 1,06514,433

200 105 215 433 1,450 655 1,200 891 1,150 5,472

Apuí Coari Iranduba Manaus Manaquiri Itacoatiara Manacapuru

Tons Rio Preto da Eva Benjamin Constant Presidente Figueiredo 500 1000 1500 Tons 5000 10000 Figure 9: a) Yearly aquaculture production (tons) in municipalities of Amazonas in 2018. b) Yearly aquaculture production by municipalities (Tons)

1The value of production don’t include the class Shellfish seeds, Shrimp, Shrimp larvae and post-larvae, Oysters, scallops and mussels, Other products (frog, alligator, crab, lobster, etc.) and Alevinos. http://earthinnovation.org BR-AM-10 Report created July 15, 2020