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A Política Religiosa Da Monarquia Inglesa Sob Jaime I E

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A Política Religiosa Da Monarquia Inglesa Sob Jaime I E Universidade Federal Fluminense Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia Área de História Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Flávio Lemos Alencar A POLÍTICA RELIGIOSA DA MONARQUIA INGLESA SOB JAIME I E A CRÍTICA DE FRANCISCO SUÁREZ NA DEFENSIO FIDEI (1613) Niterói 2012 Universidade Federal Fluminense Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia Área de História Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Flávio Lemos Alencar A POLÍTICA RELIGIOSA DA MONARQUIA INGLESA SOB JAIME I E A CRÍTICA DE FRANCISCO SUÁREZ NA DEFENSIO FIDEI (1613) Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em História pela Universidade Federal Fluminense. Orientador: Prof. Guilherme Pereira das Neves Niterói 2012 II Flávio Lemos Alencar A POLÍTICA RELIGIOSA DA MONARQUIA INGLESA SOB JAIME I E A CRÍTICA DE FRANCISCO SUÁREZ NA DEFENSIO FIDEI (1613) Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em História pela Universidade Federal Fluminense. Orientador: Prof. Guilherme Pereira das Neves Banca examinadora: ______________________________ Profª. Drª. Maria Fernanda Baptista Bicalho (Arguidora) Universidade Federal Fluminense ______________________________ Prof. Dr. Paulo Emílio Vauthier Borges de Macedo (Arguidor) Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro ______________________________ Prof. Guilherme Paulo Castagnoli Pereira das Neves (Orientador) Universidade Federal Fluminense III À Rosa das rosas e Flor das flores, como sempre. IV “Felizmente, jamais o passado morre completamente para o homem. O homem pode bem esquecê-lo, mas ele o guarda sempre consigo, porque o seu estado, tal como se apresenta em cada época, é produto e resumo de todas as épocas anteriores. Se o homem descer ao fundo de sua alma, nela poderá encontrar e distinguir essas diferentes épocas, segundo o que cada uma delas nele deixou.” Fustel de Coulanges (1830-1889) A Cidade Antiga, Introdução V RESUMO O objetivo da dissertação é estudar, por um lado, a relação entre teoria política e teologia na Inglaterra do rei Jaime I, atentando para a ligação entre os pressupostos religiosos protestantes e a afirmação da supremacia régia sobre a Igreja; por outro, pretende estudar a crítica a tais concepções e práticas levada a cabo por Francisco Suárez, jesuíta espanhol, que expõe, nos livros III e VI de sua obra Defensio fidei catholicae, uma teoria política acorde com a teologia católica e com a tradição política ibérica. O primeiro capítulo detém-se nas concepções políticas presentes nos principais reformadores que influenciaram o pensamento de Jaime I e o protestantismo inglês e escocês: Martinho Lutero, João Calvino e John Knox; bem como na fundação da Igreja anglicana, pelo rei Henrique VIII, e a evolução da doutrina anglicana durante seu reinado. O segundo capítulo aborda as vicissitudes da relação entre Elizabeth I e os católicos ingleses, em que a mãe de Jaime I, a rainha Maria I da Escócia, teve um papel de especial relevância. O terceiro capítulo, por fim, trata da ascensão do rei Jaime VI da Escócia ao trono inglês, sob o nome de Jaime I, e sua política religiosa, particularmente a imposição a todos os católicos de uma nova fórmula de juramento de fidelidade; e da crítica filosófica e teológica ao texto desse juramento, desenvolvida por Francisco Suárez. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Anglicanismo – Soberania – Francisco Suárez VI ABSTRACT The aim of the thesis is to study, firstly, the relationship between political theory and theology in King James I England, focusing on the link between the Protestant religious assumptions and the assertion of royal supremacy over the Church. Futhermore, it wants to study the critique of these conceptions and practices, undertaken by Francisco Suárez, a Spanish Jesuit, which exposes a political theory according to the Catholic theology and the Iberian political tradition in the books III and VI of his work Defensio catholicae fidei. The first chapter dwells on political conceptions present in the main reformers who influenced the thinking of James I and the English and Scottish Protestantism: Martin Luther, John Calvin and John Knox; as well as the foundation of the Anglican Church, by King Henry VIII, and the evolution of the Anglican doctrine during his reign. The second chapter deals with the vicissitudes of the relationship between Elizabeth I and the English Catholics, and the special role of the mother of James I, Queen Mary I of Scotland, on that issue. The third chapter finally comes to the accession of King James VI of Scotland to the English throne, under the name of James I, and his religious policy, particularly the imposition to all Catholics of a new formula of the oath of allegiance, and the theological and philosophical critique to text of the oath, as it was developed by Francisco Suárez. KEYWORDS Anglicanism – Sovereignty – Francisco Suárez VII AGRADECIMENTOS Não é possível completar um curso de mestrado e preparar uma dissertação sem contar com a ajuda de diferentes pessoas. No meu caso, isso não foi diferente, e quero expressar publicamente meus agradecimentos a todos que contribuíram, com muito ou com pouco, para que eu pudesse concluir esta pesquisa e chegar ao dia da defesa. Em primeiro lugar, devo agradecer a meus pais, que me garantiram a possibilidade de dedicar-me até agora somente aos estudos, e sempre me deram o necessário apoio para levar a cabo os projetos que decido abraçar. Também quero agradecer a meu irmão, minhas avós, meus tios, meus falecidos avôs – sem os quais eu sequer existiria e não poderia escrever qualquer dissertação –, meus padrinhos, meu afilhado, e ainda a tantos amigos, pelas diferentes e constantes ajudas que recebo deles. Agradecimento particular devo a meu orientador, professor Guilherme Pereira das Neves, em primeiro lugar por ter aceitado orientar-me, apesar do tema de pesquisa não estar entre os seus preferidos, e ainda por tê-lo feito com tanta dedicação, constante acompanhamento, encorajamentos em momentos de dificuldade, depositando sua confiança neste seu orientando. Devo ainda agradecer a minha primeira orientadora no mestrado, professora Maria Fernanda Bicalho, por todo incentivo que dela recebi, pelas valiosas lições ao longo de um ano de orientação, e também por ter escolhido para mim um ótimo orientador que continuasse seu trabalho. Outros professores também foram importantes na produção deste estudo, com quem, desde 2010 – e mesmo antes, em alguns casos –, debati diferentes aspectos da pesquisa, e a quem quero registrar meus agradecimentos: prof. Paulo Emílio Borges de Macedo, prof. Rafael Ruiz González, prof. Paulo Faitanin, prof. Daniel Nunes Pêcego, prof. José J. Albert Márquez, prof.ª Hebe Mattos, prof. Rodrigo Bentes, prof. Alex Catharino de Souza, prof. Walter dos Santos Rodrigues, prof. Marcus Boeira, prof. Ricardo Dip, prof. Felix Lamas, prof. Héctor Hernández, prof. Hugo Verdera, prof. Enrique Díaz Araujo, prof.ª Norma Côrtes, prof. Aquiles Guimarães, prof. Jorge Martínez Barrera, prof. Carlos Casanova, prof. Roberto Cajaraville, entre tantos que contribuíram de diversas maneiras para minha formação intelectual. VIII SUMÁRIO Introdução ………………………………………………………………….…….… 1 Capítulo 1. Religião e poder no alvorecer do protestantismo 1.1. O poder político em Lutero ….………………………………………………… 9 1.2. O poder político em Calvino e em Knox ……………………………………… 25 1.3. Henrique VIII: a instituição de uma Igreja anglicana ………….……………… 41 Capítulo 2. Maria Stuart na Inglaterra: a Coroa elisabetana e os católicos ingleses 2.1. A Escócia de Maria I entre a Igreja católica e a Inglaterra protestante …..…… 59 2.2. Maria Stuart, prisioneira na Inglaterra ….….….……………………….……… 77 2.3. Conspiração e espionagem sob Francis Walsingham ………………….……… 86 2.4. Anthony Babington: a última tentativa de libertar Maria Stuart ……………… 97 Capítulo 3. A Inglaterra de Jaime I e a Defensio fidei catholicae de Francisco Suárez 3.1. Jaime VI e I: herdeiro de Maria e de Elizabeth ….….………………………… 106 3.2. O juramento de fidelidade e a liberdade dos católicos ………….….…….…… 121 3.3. A elaboração crítica do poder por Francisco Suárez .….……………………… 139 3.4. A crítica de Francisco Suárez ao juramento de fidelidade de Jaime I ….….…. 161 Conclusão .….……………………………………………………………………… 171 Apêndices ………………………….….…………………………………………… 180 Fontes ……………………………………………………………………………… 197 Bibliografia ….….….……………………………………………………………… 198 IX INTRODUÇÃO Provavelmente não há, na história do pensamento político, tema mais candente que o da soberania: essa é a questão primeira, esteio necessário de quaisquer discussões ulteriores no campo da política. De fato, o debate – filosófico, teológico, político – travado, no início do século XVII, entre o jesuíta Francisco Suárez e o rei Jaime I da Inglaterra não tem em outro tema seu eixo fundamental. A partir do cisma anglicano, sob Henrique VIII, as relações entre a Igreja católica e a Inglaterra entraram em um período de especial tensão1. A posição do rei inglês era a afirmação categórica do poder real sobre a Igreja, uma nova situação que supunha um desafio prático e teórico para ambos os lados. De um lado, era necessário fundamentar a supremacia régia; do outro lado, buscava-se responder os argumentos dos regalistas, defendendo a independência da Igreja. Jaime VI da Escócia, que assumiu o trono inglês em 1603 com o nome de Jaime I, antes de se tornar rei da Inglaterra já javia tratado pessoalmente de teologia e filosofia política, publicando obras como Basilikon doron (1599) e The True Law of Free Monarchies (1598)2, em que analisava o assunto como um teórico, estabelecendo
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