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AN ARMENIAN MEDITERRANEAN Words and Worlds in Motion CHAPTER 5
EDITED BY KATHRYN BABAYAN AND MICHAEL PIFER AN ARMENIAN MEDITERRANEAN Words and Worlds in Motion CHAPTER 5 From “Autonomous” to “Interactive” Histories: World History’s Challenge to Armenian Studies Sebouh David Aslanian In recent decades, world historians have moved away from more conventional studies of nations and national states to examine the role of transregional networks in facilitating hemispheric interactions and connectedness between This chapter was mostly written in the summer of 2009 and 2010 and episodically revised over the past few years. Earlier iterations were presented at Armenian Studies workshops at the University of California, Los Angeles in 2009, and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor in 2012 and 2015. I am grateful to the conveners of the workshops for the invitation and feedback. I would also like to thank especially Houri Berberian, Jirair Libaridian, David Myers, Stephen H. Rapp, Khachig Tölölyan, Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, Kathryn Babayan, Richard Antaramian, Giusto Traina, and Marc Mamigonian for their generous comments. As usual, I alone am responsible for any shortcomings. S. D. Aslanian (*) University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA © The Author(s) 2018 81 K. Babayan, M. Pifer (eds.), An Armenian Mediterranean, Mediterranean Perspectives, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72865-0_5 82 S. D. ASLANIAN cultures and regions.1 This shift from what may be called the optic of the nation(-state) to a global optic has enabled historians to examine large- scale historical processes -
The Armenians
THE ARMENIANS By C.F. DIXON-JOHNSON “Whosoever does wrong to a Christian or a Jew shall find me his accuser on the day of judgment.” (EL KORAN) Printed and Published by GEO TOULMIN & SONS, LTD. Northgate, Blackburn. 1916 Preface The following pages were first read as a paper before the “Société d’Etudes Ethnographiques.” They have since been amplified and are now being published at the request of a number of friends, who believe that the public should have an opportunity of judging whether or not “the Armenian Question” has another side than that which has been recently so assiduously promulgated throughout the Western World. Though the championship of Greek, Bulgarian and other similar “Christian, civilized methods of fighting,” as contrasted with “Moslem atrocities” in the Balkans and Asia Minor, has been so strenuously undertaken by Lord Bryce and others, the more recent developments in the Near East may perhaps already have opened the eyes of a great many thinking people to the realization that, in sacrificing the traditional friendship of the Turk to all this more or less sectarian clamor, British diplomacy has really done nothing better than to exchange the solid and advantageous reality for a most elusive and unreliable, if not positively dangerous, set of shadows. It seems illogical that the same party which recalled the officials (and among them our present War Minister) appointed by Lord Beaconsfield to assist the Turkish Government in reforming their administration and collecting the revenue in Asia Minor, and which on the advent of the Young Turks refused to lend British Administrators to whom ample and plenary powers were assured, should now, in its eagerness to vilify the Turk, lose sight of their own mistakes which have led in the main to the conditions of which it complains, and should so utterly condemn its own former policy. -
Indo-European Linguistics: an Introduction Indo-European Linguistics an Introduction
This page intentionally left blank Indo-European Linguistics The Indo-European language family comprises several hun- dred languages and dialects, including most of those spoken in Europe, and south, south-west and central Asia. Spoken by an estimated 3 billion people, it has the largest number of native speakers in the world today. This textbook provides an accessible introduction to the study of the Indo-European proto-language. It clearly sets out the methods for relating the languages to one another, presents an engaging discussion of the current debates and controversies concerning their clas- sification, and offers sample problems and suggestions for how to solve them. Complete with a comprehensive glossary, almost 100 tables in which language data and examples are clearly laid out, suggestions for further reading, discussion points and a range of exercises, this text will be an essential toolkit for all those studying historical linguistics, language typology and the Indo-European proto-language for the first time. james clackson is Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge, and is Fellow and Direc- tor of Studies, Jesus College, University of Cambridge. His previous books include The Linguistic Relationship between Armenian and Greek (1994) and Indo-European Word For- mation (co-edited with Birgit Anette Olson, 2004). CAMBRIDGE TEXTBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS General editors: p. austin, j. bresnan, b. comrie, s. crain, w. dressler, c. ewen, r. lass, d. lightfoot, k. rice, i. roberts, s. romaine, n. v. smith Indo-European Linguistics An Introduction In this series: j. allwood, l.-g. anderson and o.¨ dahl Logic in Linguistics d. -
Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans 8/29/07
Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans 8/29/07 1 Proto-Indo-European or Indo-Hittite PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN is the traditional name given to the ancestor language of the Indo-European family that is spread from Iceland to Chinese Turkestan and from Scandinavia to the Near East. A PROTO-LANGUAGE (Gk. prõtos ‘first’) refers to the earliest form of a language family presupposed by all of its descendants. There will forever be major gaps in our ability to reconstruct proto-languages, but as general linguistic knowledge becomes more sophisticated, so do the tools of reconstruction. The so-called Anatolian subfamily, consisting of Hittite, a –2nd millennium language from central Turkey, and its immediate relatives from Turkey and the Near East, is by far the most archaic branch of Indo-European. Since Anatolian was the first subfamily to break off, the ancestor family is now commonly referred to as INDO- HITTITE. Another archaic branch is Tocharian, from Chinese Turkestan. This is widely recognized as the second branch to split off from the rest. Much of the evidence for this evolutionary history is recent, and the terminology is not yet fixed. Instead of Indo- Hittite, many scholars still prefer Proto-Indo-European (PIE) as the name of the earliest reconstructable ancestor language of this particular family. Figure 1 is a recent cladistic model (from Ringe 2006: 5) of the Indo-European languages.1 Figure 1: Major divisions of the Indo-European family PIE Anatolian 5 North IE Tocharian5 W est IE Italo-Celtic5 Central IE C4eltic Itali c ! Central Indo-European consists of the other subfamilies, most important for our purposes being Greek, Indo-Iranian, Baltic, Slavic, and Germanic. -
Bulletin of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies
Bulletin of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies Volume 38 • 2005 Articles The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Septuagint....................... 1 John William Wevers The Septuagint in the Peshitta and Syro-Hexapla Translations of Amos 1:3–2:16 ..................................... 25 Petra Verwijs Tying It All Together: The Use of Particles in Old Greek Job......... 41 Claude Cox Rhetoric and Poetry in Greek Ecclesiastes....................... 55 James K. Aitken Calque-culations—Loan Words and the Lexicon.................. 79 Cameron Boyd-Taylor Gleanings of a Septuagint Lexicographer....................... 101 Takamitsu Muraoka Dissertation Abstract The Septuagint’s Translation of the Hebrew Verbal System in Chronicles.........................................109 Roger Blythe Good IOSCS Matters Program in Leiden....................................... 111 Executive Committee Meeting............................... 115 Business Meeting........................................ 118 Executive Report on Critical Texts............................ 119 Treasurer’s Report ....................................... 123 In memoriam Pierre Sandevoir............................... 127 i ii BIOSCS 38 (2005) Book Reviews Review of Adam Kamesar, Jerome, Greek Scholarship and the Hebrew Bible ...................................... 129 Alison Salvesen Review of Kristin De Troyer, Rewriting the Sacred Text: What the Old Greek Texts Tell Us about the Literary Growth of the Bible ..... 132 Robert J. V. Hiebert Review of Maarten J. J. Menken, -
Horse Power: Social Evolution in Medieval Europe
ABSTRACT HORSE POWER: SOCIAL EVOLUTION IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE My research is on the development of the horse as a status symbol in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. Horses throughout history are often restricted to the upper classes in non-nomadic societies simply due to the expense and time required of ownership of a 1,000lb prey animal. However, between 1000 and 1300 the perceived social value of the horse far surpasses the expense involved. After this point, ownership of quality animals begins to be regulated by law, such that a well off merchant or a lower level noble would not be legally allowed to own the most prestigious mounts, despite being able to easily afford one. Depictions of horses in literature become increasingly more elaborate and more reflective of their owners’ status and heroic value during this time. Changes over time in the frequency of horses being used, named, and given as gifts in literature from the same traditions, such as from the Waltharius to the Niebelungenlied, and the evolving Arthurian cycles, show a steady increase in the horse’s use as social currency. Later epics, such as La Chanson de Roland and La Cantar del Mio Cid, illustrate how firmly entrenched the horse became in not only the trappings of aristocracy, but also in marking an individuals nuanced position in society. Katrin Boniface May 2015 HORSE POWER: SOCIAL EVOLUTION IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE by Katrin Boniface A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History in the College of Social Sciences California State University, Fresno May 2015 APPROVED For the Department of History: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. -
Latin Derivatives Dictionary
Dedication: 3/15/05 I dedicate this collection to my friends Orville and Evelyn Brynelson and my parents George and Marion Greenwald. I especially thank James Steckel, Barbara Zbikowski, Gustavo Betancourt, and Joshua Ellis, colleagues and computer experts extraordinaire, for their invaluable assistance. Kathy Hart, MUHS librarian, was most helpful in suggesting sources. I further thank Gaylan DuBose, Ed Long, Hugh Himwich, Susan Schearer, Gardy Warren, and Kaye Warren for their encouragement and advice. My former students and now Classics professors Daniel Curley and Anthony Hollingsworth also deserve mention for their advice, assistance, and friendship. My student Michael Kocorowski encouraged and provoked me into beginning this dictionary. Certamen players Michael Fleisch, James Ruel, Jeff Tudor, and Ryan Thom were inspirations. Sue Smith provided advice. James Radtke, James Beaudoin, Richard Hallberg, Sylvester Kreilein, and James Wilkinson assisted with words from modern foreign languages. Without the advice of these and many others this dictionary could not have been compiled. Lastly I thank all my colleagues and students at Marquette University High School who have made my teaching career a joy. Basic sources: American College Dictionary (ACD) American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD) Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (ODEE) Oxford English Dictionary (OCD) Webster’s International Dictionary (eds. 2, 3) (W2, W3) Liddell and Scott (LS) Lewis and Short (LS) Oxford Latin Dictionary (OLD) Schaffer: Greek Derivative Dictionary, Latin Derivative Dictionary In addition many other sources were consulted; numerous etymology texts and readers were helpful. Zeno’s Word Frequency guide assisted in determining the relative importance of words. However, all judgments (and errors) are finally mine. -
Building an Ox Yoke Techguide
TechGuide Building an Ox Yoke By David Kramer Copyright 1997, Tillers International Types of Yokes on their forehead where the straps cross. The head yoke is traditional to parts of mainland Cattle have been domesticated and used as oxen Europe and South America. (Fig. 1) for thousands of years. Throughout this time a variety of harnessing systems have been developed and used for oxen, the most common system being the yoke. There are two main types of yokes: The head yoke and the neck yoke. Figure 2: A North American-style traditional neck yoke. A neck yoke rests directly on the necks of the Figure 1: A Bolivian-style head yoke on a team of oxen. It is carved and rounded to fit the animals' oxen. necks comfortably. Bows pass under the necks of the oxen and secure them in position. The oxen A head yoke is secured directly behind the horns transfer their power to the yoke beam by pushing of the oxen. The animals transfer their power to with the top of their neck directly against the the yoke beam by pushing on straps that wrap beam, and by pushing with their shoulders against around their horns, behind the yoke, and across the upper part of the bows. Neck yokes are the front of their head. The beam is shaped to fit traditional to England and much of North over the neck of the oxen. A leather pad is placed America. (Fig. 2) Revised: February 2000 1 www.tillersinternational.org Figure 3: Parts of a traditional neck yoke: A – yoke beam; B – bows; C – bow width and size of yoke; D – spacer block; E – bow pin; F – staple; G – pole ring; H – chain hook. -
Yoga‟S Spiritual Roots
Compiled by Mythri S Menon 1 [email protected] Yoga‟s Spiritual Roots What does the word “yoga” mean in Sanskrit? The word "Yoga" refers to the whole, a complete system, not merely one part, i.e., postures, or Asanas. According to the ancient sages, the entire purpose of Yoga is spiritual in nature. (Swami Jnaneshvara Bharati) The word yoga comes from the Sanskrit root „yuj’ meaning to yoke, to unite, to join, to harness, and to bring together. Yoga is concerned with the science and art of being, knowing and acting/doing (Ravi Ravindra). The depth of this union is the human consciousness merging with Divine consciousness. Other words used to describe “union” are Samadhi (Bliss), Moksha (Freedom), and Nirvana (Liberation). The state of freedom is beyond the dualities of being-nonbeing, knowledge-ignorance and action-non-action. When did yoga originate? A way of living called Sanātana Dharma सनातन धर्म, a way of Eternal Living, was believed to be in existence about 100,000 years ago during Satya Yuga – Golden Age, a time of everlasting peace, abundance and Eternal Truth seekers (sages, rishis, yogis) according to archeologists‟ findings. Yoga appears to be part of this lifestyle, however was discovered only 6000 years ago. Many claim that Yoga is primordial. It has existed whenever and wherever human beings in their search for self-realization, have attempted to connect with The One (Ravi Ravindra). IN other words, Yoga arose at the beginning of human civilization when man first realized his spiritual potential. It was believed to be revealed to the rishis so that humanity could have an opportunity to realize its divine nature (Swami Satyananda Sarasvathi). -
A Learner's Guide to the Old Church Slavic Language
Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 109 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) Philip J. Regier A Learner's Guide to the Old Church Slavic Language Teil 1 Grammar with Exercises Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D.C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG-Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbH. Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access S l a v is t ic h e B eiträge BEGRÜNDET VON ALOIS SCHMAUS HERAUSGEGEBEN VON JOHANNES HOLTHUSEN UND JOSEF SCHRENK REDAKTION: PETER REHDER Band 109 Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access PHILIP J. REGIER A LEARNER’S GUIDE TO THE OLD CHURCH SLAVIC LANGUAGE Part 1 Grammar with Exercises VERLAG OTTO SAGNER • MÜNCHEN 1977 Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access ISBN 3-87690-130-8 Copyright by Verlag Otto Sagner, München 1977 Abteilung der Firma Kubon & Sagner, München Druck: Alexander Grossmann Fàustlestr. 1, D-8000 München 2 Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access 00050629 PREFACE This book is intended as a guide for those who wish to learn a language which is important for comparative Slavic studies (in order to facilitate subsequent study of more than one of the Slavic languages, just as Latin facilitates study of the Romance languages), for an understanding of the Church Slavic element of Russian (as important as the Latin element in English) , or for comparative Indo-European studies. -
The Emergence of the Kartvelians +
001_021_Georgia_Ch1_Layout 1 30/08/2012 17:46 Page 11 1 The Emergence of the Kartvelians + he origins of the Georgian people(s), their ethno - genesis , like that of most nations, precedes documentary evi dence. T It is a subject where conjecture and wishful thinking have played a greater part than science or logic. One source for conjecture is linguis - tic: the Georgian language carries traces of its contacts and substrata over many centuries, possibly millennia; place names give clues to the lan - guages spoken by previous inhabitants of an area. Archaeology also sheds light on early history, and can be eloquent about culture, about popula tion levels and dates, but it cannot reliably identify the ethnic, let alone the linguistic affiliation of relicts of human activity. Finally, from the second millennium bc we have terse, sparse, but often precise, records in clay and stone of the Assyrian, Hittite and Urartu empires of Anatolia, which list hostile, conquered and vassal neighbours and give material from which the existence of the precursors of today’s Kartvelians (Georgians, Mingrelians, Laz and Svans) can be deduced. From the middle of the first millennium bc , more extensive narrative accounts of the inhabitants of northeast Anatolia and western Georgia (Colchis) are provided by Greek historians and geographers, but the chronology is blurred, as are the lines between observation, legend and rumour. 1 The oldest linguistic evidence lies in the modern Kartvelian lan guages: basic items of vocabulary, such as mk’erdi , chest; k’udi , tail; tbili , warm; zghmart’li , medlar; rka , horn; krcxila , hornbeam; p’iri , face; ekvsi , six; shvi di , seven; trevs , drags, suggest links to an Indo-European dialect with a consonant system reminiscent of the Italo-Celtic group from which Latin derives. -
THE NORTH CAUCASUS: T Minorities at a Crossroads • 94/5 the NORTH CAUCASUS : Minorities at a Crossroads an MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT
MINORITY RIGHTS GROUP INTERNATIONAL R E P O R THE NORTH CAUCASUS: T Minorities at a Crossroads • 94/5 THE NORTH CAUCASUS : Minorities at a Crossroads AN MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT G R M by HELEN KRAG and LARS FUNCH THE NORTH CAUCASUS: Minorities at a Crossroads by Helen Krag and Lars Funch © Minority Rights Group 1994 Acknowledgements British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Minority Rights Group gratefully acknowledges support A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library of the Danish Commission on Security and ISBN 1 897693 70 2 Disarmament, and all organizations and individuals who ISSN 0303 6252 gave financial and other assistance for this report. Published December 1994 Typeset by Brixton Graphics This report has been commissioned and is published by Printed in the UK on chlorine-free paper by Manchester Free Press Minority Rights Group as a contribution to public under- standing of the issue which forms its subject. The text and the views of the individual authors do not necessarily represent, in every detail and in all its aspects, the collective view of Minority Rights Group. THE AUTHORS DR HELEN KRAG is an associate professor and Head of Minority Studies at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, with a particular interest in minority-majority relations in Eastern Europe and the former USSR. Dr Krag is the Chair of MRG’s affiliate in Denmark, and a member of MRG’s Council and Programme Committee. She has written extensively on minority issues in the former USSR and Eastern Europe and acts as an advisor to various international bodies and human rights organi- zations.